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  • Hypothetically, if anything would be the fingerprint of our true creator, it would be the core moral values written on our hearts.

    假設一下,如果有什麼能成為我們真正造物主的指紋,那就是寫在我們心中的核心道德價值觀。

  • Any true creator would not contradict our most deeply held moral sentiments.

    任何真正的造物主都不會違揹我們最深刻的道德情感。

  • Only a counterfeit would demand we cast our own conscience aside.

    只有冒牌貨才會要求我們拋棄自己的良知。

  • After all, isn't discarding our own conscience the very definition of immorality?

    畢竟,拋棄自己的良知不正是不道德的定義嗎?

  • I think this topic of objective morality and subjective morality is really more important than I had realized before.

    我覺得客觀道德和主觀道德這個話題真的比我之前意識到的更重要。

  • I'm starting to see that the appeal to an objective morality is one of the foundational attractions to these belief sets of, like, Christianity and Islam.

    我開始意識到,對客觀道德的訴求是基督教和伊斯蘭教等這些信仰的基本吸引力之一。

  • And I feel like if people had more tolerance or acceptance of subjective morality, they wouldn't be so drawn to these authoritarian ideas and even totalitarian systems of government.

    我覺得,如果人們對主觀道德有更多的寬容或接受,他們就不會被這些獨裁思想甚至極權政府制度所吸引。

  • And these fundamental misunderstandings of objective morality and subjective morality are really preventing the possibilities of cooperation and negotiation that would otherwise be there.

    而這些對客觀道德和主觀道德的根本誤解,確實阻礙了本來可以實現的合作與談判的可能性。

  • So Frank goes on to make these assertions in the following video clip I'm about to play, as well as in his book, Stealing from God.

    是以,弗蘭克在我接下來播放的視頻片段中,以及在他的著作《偷竊上帝》中,繼續提出了這些論斷。

  • But I've identified at least five false assumptions, and each false assumption individually would actually falsify Frank's conclusion.

    但我至少發現了五個錯誤的假設,而每個錯誤的假設實際上都能單獨地證偽弗蘭克的結論。

  • So I really want to get into depth on what objective morality is and what subjective morality looks like.

    是以,我真的想深入探討一下什麼是客觀道德,什麼是主觀道德。

  • Because I think that a lot of people are drawn to the security and structure and sense of orderliness that comes with having a predefined set of moral beliefs.

    因為我認為,很多人都會被安全感、結構感和秩序感所吸引,而這種安全感、結構感和秩序感正是擁有一套預定義的道德信仰所帶來的。

  • People feel the only alternative is complete and total relativism, which I think the true state of things is an ultimately subjective morality, but with a lot of objective aspects to it.

    人們認為唯一的選擇就是完全徹底的相對主義,而我認為事情的真實情況是,道德最終是主觀的,但也有很多客觀方面。

  • And having a better understanding of the true state of things will really improve conversations and help us to move forward in a better way.

    更好地瞭解事情的真實情況將真正改善對話,幫助我們以更好的方式向前邁進。

  • And just to be clear, the definition of objective that I'm going by is something that holds consistently true in all situations, regardless of who perceives it or any conditions.

    為了明確起見,我對 "客觀 "所下的定義是,無論在任何情況下,無論由誰感知,也無論在任何條件下,它都始終是真實的。

  • And the definition of subjective that I'm using is an idea formed by a specific mind that may or may not hold true under different conditions or when perceived by a different mind.

    我所使用的主觀定義是,由特定思維形成的想法,在不同條件下或由不同思維感知時可能成立,也可能不成立。

  • So I want to clear up misunderstandings on subjective moral values and really present the idea that objective morality is just an illusion anyway.

    是以,我想澄清人們對主觀道德價值觀的誤解,真正提出客觀道德無論如何都只是一種幻覺的觀點。

  • Neither side actually has access to an objective morality.

    實際上,雙方都無法獲得客觀的道德標準。

  • But I do think that any attempt at establishing objective morality or claiming that there's some inherent objective morality is really just an attempt to elevate one's own subjective morals to a higher level than it actually warrants.

    但我確實認為,任何試圖建立客觀道德或聲稱存在某種固有的客觀道德的做法,實際上只是試圖將自己的主觀道德提升到比實際應有的更高水平。

  • It's like saying, no, my opinions are, of course, the correct ones, because to the individual, it really seems and feels through their perception that their moral values are correct.

    這就好比說,不,我的觀點當然是正確的,因為對個人而言,通過他們的感知,他們的道德價值觀似乎真的是正確的。

  • We need to have this ability to see outside ourselves and how our minds are forming our own subjective moral values and a totally different entity, their mind is going to form somewhat different moral values.

    我們需要有這種能力,跳出我們自己,看到我們的思想是如何形成我們自己的主觀道德價值觀的,而一個完全不同的實體,他們的思想會形成有些不同的道德價值觀。

  • And this misunderstanding gives people the inclination to judge the other side more harshly.

    這種誤解讓人們傾向於對另一方做出更嚴厲的評判。

  • And we saw this even in the 30-year war between Catholics and Protestants, where both sides thought that they had the correct moral values and the other side was objectively wrong.

    我們甚至在天主教和新教之間長達 30 年的戰爭中也看到了這一點,雙方都認為自己擁有正確的道德價值觀,而另一方客觀上是錯誤的。

  • And because of this, they felt justified in brutally killing each other.

    正因為如此,他們覺得有理由殘忍地自相殘殺。

  • About 4 to 8 million Christians were persecuted by other Christians during this 30-year time frame.

    在這 30 年間,約有 400 萬至 800 萬基督徒受到其他基督徒的迫害。

  • And this is one of the reasons I think it's important to build up a comfort with subjectivity and to just acknowledge the true state of things rather than to have to impose our own subjective moral values as the one objective morality.

    這也是我認為必須建立對主觀性的舒適感的原因之一,承認事物的真實狀態,而不是將我們自己的主觀道德觀強加給他人,作為唯一的客觀道德。

  • And that's what I want to discuss here.

    這就是我想在這裡討論的問題。

  • But first, let's hear what Frank Turk has to say.

    但首先,讓我們聽聽弗蘭克-特克怎麼說。

  • If you're going to complain that Christians have been judgmental or evil or done wrong things, fine.

    如果你要抱怨基督徒有批判性、邪惡或做錯事,那好吧。

  • I can agree, Christians have been judgmental and evil and have done wrong things.

    我同意,基督徒也有批判、邪惡和做錯事的時候。

  • But those things wouldn't be wrong unless God existed.

    但如果上帝不存在,這些事情就不會是錯的。

  • But atheists don't have God in their worldview.

    但無神論者的世界觀裡沒有上帝。

  • So they actually have to steal from God to argue against him.

    是以,他們實際上不得不偷竊上帝的東西來反駁上帝。

  • They, in effect, have to sit in God's lap to slap his face.

    實際上,他們不得不坐在上帝的腿上打他的臉。

  • So if I had to kind of paraphrase what Frank Turk is saying here, I think his logic is that Christianity offers the objective moral framework.

    是以,如果讓我轉述弗蘭克-特克在這裡所說的話,我認為他的邏輯是,基督教提供了客觀的道德框架。

  • So those who are detached from Christianity don't really have a moral objective framework to point to.

    是以,那些脫離基督教的人其實並沒有一個道德的客觀框架可以指向。

  • So without that reference, atheists are not able to even contribute to the discussion of moral topics.

    是以,如果沒有這種參照,無神論者甚至無法參與道德話題的討論。

  • In many cases now, I've seen conversations being shut down where a theist will say, well, you have no right to speak on moral topics because you don't have an objectively moral framework to reference.

    在很多情況下,我看到有神論者會說,好吧,你無權談論道德話題,因為你沒有客觀的道德框架可以參考。

  • But this is just built on many misunderstandings of morality.

    但這只是建立在對道德的許多誤解之上。

  • And here I'd like to discuss some of the false assumptions that underlie Frank Turk's assertion.

    在此,我想討論一下弗蘭克-特克的論斷所依據的一些錯誤假設。

  • So let's take a closer look at false assumption number one, which is that God has successfully communicated an objective set of moral values through his Holy Bible.

    是以,讓我們仔細看看錯誤假設一,即上帝通過《聖經》成功地傳達了一套客觀的道德價值觀。

  • So the Bible does prescribe some moral values, but many of them are either too vague or contradicting each other in other areas that they can't be used in an objective way by even the most well-meaning Christians.

    是以,《聖經》確實規定了一些道德價值觀,但其中許多價值觀要麼過於模糊,要麼在其他方面相互矛盾,即使是最善意的基督徒也無法客觀地使用它們。

  • Hence why we find so many different Christian denominations working to find a unifying message in the Bible, yet one cannot be found.

    是以,我們才會發現有那麼多不同的基督教派在努力尋找《聖經》中的統一資訊,但卻找不到一個。

  • I discussed this phenomenon a bit in one of my previous videos, chapter three of my deconversion journey.

    我在之前的一個視頻中,也就是 "我的脫胎換骨之旅 "的第三章中,對這種現象進行了一些討論。

  • So I'll just play this clip here.

    所以,我就在這裡播放這個片段。

  • Different denominations of Christianity were literally doing completely different things trying to get to this heaven and evade this hell.

    基督教的不同教派做著完全不同的事情,試圖進入天堂,逃避地獄。

  • The Bible was too vague about the specifics.

    聖經》對具體細節的描述過於模糊。

  • Why didn't God take this more seriously?

    上帝為什麼不認真對待這件事?

  • Why didn't God use his best efforts to communicate to us what's needed?

    上帝為什麼不盡他最大的努力向我們傳達所需要的東西呢?

  • Is salvation by faith, works, grace, saying the sinner's prayer, being baptized, once saved, always saved?

    得救是靠信心、行為、恩典、做罪人的禱告、受洗、一次得救、永遠得救嗎?

  • You know, who knows?

    誰知道呢?

  • I will again reference the Catholic and Protestant wars where over a period of 30 years, four to eight million Christians were brutally killed by other Christians, both sides truly believing that they interpreted God's objective morals correctly.

    我要再次提到天主教和新教戰爭,在 30 年的時間裡,有 400 萬至 800 萬基督徒被其他基督徒殘忍殺害,雙方都堅信自己對上帝客觀道德的解釋是正確的。

  • Virtually every concept expressed in the Bible is under interpretational dispute.

    實際上,《聖經》中表達的每一個概念在解釋上都存在爭議。

  • So whether or not there actually is a God trying to communicate a single set of morals to humans, it's pretty much irrelevant because it's just not working.

    是以,無論是否真的有上帝試圖向人類傳達一套單一的道德觀,這都是無關緊要的,因為這根本行不通。

  • It fails to do so.

    它沒有做到這一點。

  • There's just too much of a disconnect between the text and fallible humans who are trying their best to understand a unifying message from it.

    文本與那些盡力從中理解統一資訊的易犯錯的人類之間存在著太多的脫節。

  • In topics of such great moral significance as slavery, both sides attempted to justify their position through the text of the Bible.

    在奴隸制這樣具有重大道德意義的話題上,雙方都試圖通過《聖經》文本為自己的立場辯護。

  • So we see that the Bible wasn't this unifying objective message, but it was individual minds applying their own morality to the Bible and using it to justify their own positions.

    是以我們看到,《聖經》並不是一個統一的客觀資訊,而是個人將自己的道德觀應用於《聖經》,並用它來證明自己的立場。

  • We also see this in matters such as women's rights and homosexuality.

    我們在婦女權利和同志等問題上也看到了這一點。

  • The Bible ultimately fails at providing Christians with a unifying, consistent morality.

    聖經》最終未能為基督徒提供統一、一致的道德觀。

  • So that brings me to false assumption number two, which is that God has instilled the same set of moral values on the hearts of each of his creation, and therefore there is a truly objective morality for Christians to reference with authority when discussing moral topics.

    這就引出了第二個錯誤假設,即上帝在他所創造的每一個人心中都灌輸了同樣的道德價值觀,是以基督徒在討論道德話題時可以權威地參考真正客觀的道德觀。

  • But if that is a false assumption and everyone, including any potential God, actually has their own moral values, then morality is ultimately subjective and values are unique to each mind perceiving it.

    但如果這是一個錯誤的假設,每個人,包括任何潛在的上帝,實際上都有自己的道德價值觀,那麼道德歸根結底是主觀的,價值觀是每個感知道德的心靈所獨有的。

  • Most evangelicals, like Frank, subscribe to a philosophy called divine command theory, which at least provides the illusion of an objective morality.

    大多數福音派教徒,比如弗蘭克,都信奉一種叫做 "神聖命令論 "的哲學,這種理論至少提供了一種客觀道德的假象。

  • Let's hear a description from a YouTuber who did a really great job at describing it.

    讓我們聽聽一位 YouTuber 的描述,他的描述非常精彩。

  • What is divine command theory?

    什麼是神聖命令理論?

  • According to the philosopher and divine command theorist John Hare, it is the view that what makes something morally wrong is that God forbids it, and what makes something morally right is that God requires it.

    根據哲學家和神諭論者約翰-黑爾的觀點,神諭論認為,使某件事在道德上成為錯誤的原因是上帝禁止這樣做,而使某件事在道德上成為正確的原因是上帝要求這樣做。

  • There are three main components in that description.

    這一描述有三個主要組成部分。

  • One, divine commands.

    其一,神聖的命令。

  • Two, moral obligations.

    第二,道德義務。

  • And three, a relation between the two.

    第三,兩者之間的關係。

  • Divine commands can be communicated through a number of means, including special revelation and conscience.

    神的命令可以通過多種方式傳達,包括特殊啟示和良知。

  • The relation between divine commands and moral obligations can be understood in different ways.

    神聖命令與道德義務之間的關係可以有不同的理解。

  • One way is causal, meaning that God's commands cause our moral obligations.

    一種方式是因果關係,即上帝的命令導致了我們的道德義務。

  • A second way is constitutive, meaning that God's commands constitute or ground our moral obligations.

    第二種方式是構成性的,即上帝的命令構成了我們的道德義務或道德義務的基礎。

  • A third way is one of identity, meaning that God's commands are identical to our moral obligations.

    第三種方式是同一性,即上帝的命令與我們的道德義務相同。

  • One final point needs to be made.

    最後還需要說明一點。

  • Contemporary defenders of divine command theory do not say that God's commands make something morally good.

    當代神聖命令理論的捍衛者並沒有說上帝的命令使某些東西在道德上是好的。

  • One can have a different account of moral value.

    人們可以對道德價值有不同的解釋。

  • Rather, defenders of divine command theory offer the theory merely as a theistic account or explanation of our moral obligations.

    相反,"神諭論 "的捍衛者只是將該理論作為對我們道德義務的有神論解釋或說明。

  • So what he's saying is that the older school of thought regarding divine command theory was that God has instilled the same set of morals on each person.

    是以,他的意思是,關於神諭理論的舊學派認為,上帝給每個人都灌輸了同樣的道德觀。

  • But now the more contemporary thought is in recognizing that people will have separate opinions on morality from God.

    但現在更現代的思想是承認人們對道德會有不同於上帝的看法。

  • And I think this is an acknowledgment of how people are finding discrepancy between their own moral values and what's portrayed in the Bible.

    我認為,這是對人們發現自己的道德價值觀與《聖經》中的描述之間存在差異的一種認可。

  • Important here is that we see an acknowledgment that our moral intuitions are sometimes separate from the God of the Bible.

    重要的是,我們在這裡看到了一種承認,即我們的道德直覺有時與《聖經》中的上帝是分離的。

  • We're able to see something he does and it triggers our conscience.

    我們能夠看到他所做的一些事情,並觸發我們的良知。

  • Since our values are not by necessity equal to God's, this indicates that each party has a separate set of inner core moral values.

    既然我們的價值觀不一定等同於上帝的價值觀,這就表明每一方都有一套獨立的內在核心道德價值觀。

  • So through this contemporary perspective of divine command theory, all the values are still subjective to the mind perceiving it, except that we're commanded to actually disregard our own moral values and instead adopt this foreign set that's imposed on us by Christianity.

    是以,通過神聖命令理論的當代視角,所有的價值觀仍然是主觀的,只是我們被命令無視自己的道德價值觀,轉而採用基督教強加給我們的這套外來價值觀。

  • Let's consider another evangelical apologist named William Lane Craig as he discusses divine command theory with Alex O'Connor.

    讓我們看看另一位福音派辯士威廉-萊恩-克雷格(William Lane Craig)與亞歷克斯-奧康納(Alex O'Connor)討論神聖命令理論時的情形。

  • Highly understandable why one would be troubled by this.

    非常理解為什麼有人會為此感到困擾。

  • I remember when I first heard Philip Quinn, a philosopher at the University of Notre Dame, speak on divine command morality and these cases in the Old Testament.

    我記得第一次聽聖母大學的哲學家菲利普-奎恩(Philip Quinn)講述神諭道德和《舊約全書》中的這些案例時的情景。

  • It made me feel terribly uncomfortable.

    這讓我感到非常不舒服。

  • I mean, it is very difficult.

    我的意思是,這非常困難。

  • But as a philosopher, I'm required to say what I think about something, not how I feel about it.

    但作為一名哲學家,我必須說出我對某件事情的看法,而不是我的感受。

  • And when I dispassionately weigh metaethical theories about the sources of moral obligation and prohibition,

    當我冷靜地權衡有關道德義務和禁令來源的元倫理學理論時、

  • I can't think of any other moral theory that better grounds objective moral values and duties than divine command morality.

    我想不出還有哪種道德理論能比神諭道德更好地為客觀道德價值和義務提供依據。

  • So in this clip, William Lane Craig actually acknowledges that his own conscience is triggered by the actions of the God of the Bible.

    是以,在這個片段中,威廉-萊恩-克雷格實際上承認,他自己的良知是由《聖經》中上帝的行為引發的。

  • It's just that he's learned to suppress or disregard his own feelings, his own moral sentiments are to be disregarded, and favor of whatever the Bible God does is good.

    只是他學會了壓制或無視自己的感受,自己的道德情感被忽視,而傾向於《聖經》中上帝所做的一切都是好的。

  • And the justification he provides for doing this is that he feels divine command theory is the only path to an objective morality, which he seems to think is the only tolerable solution to moral questions.

    他這樣做的理由是,他認為神聖命令論是通往客觀道德的唯一途徑,他似乎認為這是解決道德問題的唯一可容忍的辦法。

  • Basically, he has no tolerance for subjectivity.

    基本上,他不能容忍主觀性。

  • Divine command theory is essentially a denial of our own morals in exchange for an external set of beliefs.

    神諭論本質上是對我們自身道德的否定,以換取一套外在的信仰。

  • This is an eradication of self and any of the moral safeguards that we formed for good reason.

    這是在抹殺自我,也是在抹殺我們合理形成的任何道德保障。

  • If it were truly the case that God had imparted his moral values on our hearts, then we wouldn't see these discrepancies between his proclamations and his actions and our own moral sensitivities.

    如果上帝真的把他的道德價值觀傳授給了我們的心靈,那麼我們就不會看到他的宣言和行動與我們自己的道德感之間存在這些差異。

  • It should be one and the same. It should be simple for us to view him as good.

    這應該是一脈相承的。我們應該很容易把他視為好人。

  • So when we start to view the Bible and his actions as being against our own conscience,

    是以,當我們開始認為《聖經》和他的行為違背了我們自己的良知時、

  • I think that's a pretty good signal that it's a counterfeit.

    我認為這是一個很好的信號,說明它是假冒的。

  • Since we have contradicting values with the God of the Bible, this falsifies the claim that the God of the Bible wrote his morals on our hearts.

    由於我們的價值觀與《聖經》中的上帝相矛盾,這就證偽了《聖經》中的上帝將他的道德觀寫在我們心中的說法。

  • So either God exists and created us with subjective values, or that the portrayal of God from the Bible is false.

    是以,要麼上帝存在並創造了具有主觀價值觀的我們,要麼《聖經》中對上帝的描述是錯誤的。

  • So this idea is not merely similar to totalitarian ideas. It is one and the same.

    是以,這種思想不僅僅與極權主義思想相似。它是一脈相承的。

  • The idea of replacing and disregarding your own self, your own conscience, and moral values with an externally imposed set is exactly what happens in these dictatorships, such as Kim Jong-un in North Korea demanding that his values are the objective moral code.

    用外部強加的一套價值觀來取代和漠視自己、自己的良知和道德價值觀,這正是這些獨裁者的想法,比如北韓的金正恩就要求將自己的價值觀作為客觀的道德準則。

  • So bam! Now there's an objective set of moral codes that everyone can reference in conversation, but that doesn't make it actually the inherently superior moral values.

    所以,現在有了一套客觀的道德規範,每個人都可以在談話中參考,但這並不意味著它實際上就是固有的優越道德價值觀。

  • It's just the moral values of the person who's in charge.

    這只是負責人的道德價值觀。

  • Like with Christianity, it's merely the moral values of the God character being imposed on everybody else.

    就像基督教一樣,它只是將上帝角色的道德價值觀強加給其他人。

  • And although morals are ultimately subjective, we can identify some very ubiquitous shared moral values that are deeply ingrained in the DNA of most humans, such as empathy, and we can appeal to those and say, the way you're treating people goes against our core instincts of empathy.

    雖然道德歸根結底是主觀的,但我們可以找出一些非常普遍的共同道德價值觀,這些價值觀深深根植於大多數人的基因中,比如同理心,我們可以訴諸這些價值觀,並說,你待人接物的方式違背了我們同理心的核心本能。

  • There are several common areas of moral contention that the average person finds when they look into the God of the Bible and the God of Christianity, and some of those are God-commanding practices such as stoning to death of disobedient children, the subjugation of women being treated as property, and the instructions and acceptance of slavery.

    普通人在研究《聖經》中的上帝和基督教的上帝時,會發現有幾個共同的道德爭論點,其中一些是上帝命令的做法,如用石頭砸死不聽話的孩子、把婦女當作財產來征服,以及訓示和接受奴隸制。

  • The New Testament also presents some ideas that we would find deeply immoral, such as eternal punishment for finite offenses, prioritizing God and religion over a family, including our own children who are completely dependent on us.

    新約》還提出了一些我們會認為極不道德的觀點,如對有限的冒犯給予永恆的懲罰,將上帝和宗教置於家庭之上,包括完全依賴於我們的孩子。

  • And we even see God punishing unrelated parties for the crimes of someone else, such as original sin, where women are given very painful birth as the result of Eve's sin.

    我們甚至可以看到上帝因他人的罪行而懲罰無關的人,比如原罪,夏娃的罪導致婦女生下非常痛苦的孩子。

  • And we see many occurrences of this throughout the Bible.

    在《聖經》中,我們可以看到許多這樣的例子。

  • Some other ideas that I have trouble with is that belief without evidence is a virtue, and also that it's healthy to fear those who we love.

    還有一些觀點讓我難以接受,比如沒有證據的信仰是一種美德,以及害怕我們所愛的人是健康的。

  • The Bible really teaches that fear and love go hand in hand, and that it's a healthy relationship to fear those who claim to love you.

    聖經》確實教導我們,恐懼和愛是相輔相成的,恐懼那些聲稱愛你的人是一種健康的關係。

  • And when we question these moral stances, it's not that we're actually questioning God, it's that we're questioning the validity of the texts that ascribe these attributes to God.

    當我們質疑這些道德立場時,我們實際上並不是在質疑上帝,而是在質疑將這些屬性賦予上帝的文本的有效性。

  • If the Bible had actually come from a Creator God, then it would be the simplest thing in the world for us to view Him as morally superior and even the epitome of goodness, because it would have been Him who wrote our values on our hearts, so there wouldn't be these constant conflicts.

    如果《聖經》真的來自造物主上帝,那麼我們把他視為道德至高無上,甚至是善良的縮影,將是世界上最簡單的事情,因為是他把我們的價值觀寫在我們的心裡,所以就不會有這些不斷的衝突。

  • So to me, that's a signal of the Bible being a counterfeit, that it's not actually describing the same God who created me, if a God created me at all.

    是以,在我看來,這是《聖經》被偽造的一個信號,它實際上描述的並不是創造我的那位上帝,如果有上帝創造了我的話。

  • So if we find morality lacking throughout the Bible, then we should question whether it actually came from a God, or if it just came from the minds of men who lived at that time.

    是以,如果我們發現整本《聖經》都缺乏道德,那麼我們就應該質疑它究竟是來自上帝,還是隻是來自當時人們的思想。

  • In fact, this is a huge part of the deconstruction movement.

    事實上,這是解構運動的一個重要組成部分。

  • So many people are citing moral reasons for wanting to deconstruct their beliefs.

    許多人都以道德為由,希望解構自己的信仰。

  • They're starting to find some parts of the Bible so intolerable that they need to reinterpret it through the lens of their own subjective morals.

    他們開始發現《聖經》中的某些部分是如此難以容忍,以至於他們需要通過自己的主觀道德觀來重新解釋《聖經》。

  • This actually really reminds me of a conversation I had with my youth pastor way back when I was a teenager, still a Christian.

    事實上,這讓我想起了我還是個十幾歲的基督徒時與我的青年牧師的一次談話。

  • He told us that he had a bold prediction, and that was that within the next decade there was going to be a new trend of people actually saying that the Bible is immoral.

    他告訴我們,他有一個大膽的預測,那就是在未來十年內,將會出現一種新的趨勢,那就是人們真的會說《聖經》是不道德的。

  • And at the time, that just blew my mind.

    當時,我簡直不敢相信。

  • I didn't understand it, because under all that indoctrination,

    我不明白,因為在所有這些灌輸之下、

  • I so perceived the Bible as pure goodness.

    我是如此地認為《聖經》是純粹的善良。

  • And I just asked him, like, why? How is that possible?

    我就問他,為什麼?這怎麼可能?

  • How are people going to say the Bible is immoral?

    人們怎麼會說《聖經》不道德呢?

  • And he was wise enough to not really answer, so he didn't say anything.

    他很聰明,沒有真正回答,所以什麼也沒說。

  • But later in the service, he actually played for us a clip from Edward Currant, the atheist YouTuber. I believe he's the one who coined the phrase

    但在後來的禮拜中,他居然為我們播放了無神論優酷用戶愛德華-柯蘭特(Edward Currant)的一段視頻。我相信是他創造了這個短語

  • Checkmate Atheist.

    將死無神論者

  • Checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate, checkmate.

    將死,將死,將死,將死,將死,將死,將死,將死,將死,將死。

  • Proving once again that godless atheists are dumb and deluded, this has been Edward Currant.

    愛德華-柯蘭特(Edward Currant)再次證明了無神的無神論者是愚蠢和痴心妄想的。

  • And he did a video on Pascal's Wager that our pastor played for us.

    他還錄製了一段關於帕斯卡爾賭注的視頻,我們的牧師為我們播放了這段視頻。

  • And so basically, it just dawned on me that he was probably going on YouTube and finding all of these YouTubers talking about how the Bible is immoral.

    於是我恍然大悟,他可能是上了YouTube,發現所有這些YouTubers都在談論《聖經》如何不道德。

  • And that's what was actually behind his great prediction.

    而這正是他的偉大預測背後的真正原因。

  • But now today, I do see the prediction as accurate.

    但今天,我確實認為這一預測是準確的。

  • Lots of people are saying that they find the Bible to be in conflict with their own morals.

    很多人都說,他們發現《聖經》與自己的道德觀相沖突。

  • But now I've completely flipped, and I actually view it as a good thing.

    但現在我完全翻轉過來了,我認為這其實是件好事。

  • So now I realize that his prophecy was merely the result of him watching some atheist YouTubers and noticing a trend, what I would call an inevitable trend as our morals progress over time.

    現在我意識到,他的預言只不過是他觀看了一些無神論者的 YouTubers,並注意到了一種趨勢,也就是我所說的隨著時間推移我們道德進步的必然趨勢。

  • Looking back at the men who lived 2,000 years ago, there's going to be more and more of a conflict.

    回顧兩千年前的人,衝突會越來越多。

  • Let's say I develop an AI robot as a software developer.

    假設我作為軟件開發人員開發了一個人工智能機器人。

  • Does the mere fact that I created it make my morals inherently superior to it?

    難道僅僅因為是我創造了它,我的道德就天生比它優越嗎?

  • Of course, I could make the claim that mine are superior, but that wouldn't make it so.

    當然,我也可以說我的更優越,但這並不能說明問題。

  • So even if there is a creator God that doesn't make its values automatically objective, there could hypothetically be an evil creator.

    是以,即使存在一個創世神,它也不會讓自己的價值觀自動客觀化,假設可能存在一個邪惡的創世神。

  • So that brings me to false assumption number three, which is that where our morals contradict with God's,

    這就引出了第三個錯誤假設,即我們的道德與上帝的道德相牴觸、

  • God's are automatically objectively superior.

    上帝的東西在客觀上自動高人一等。

  • But I think this is a false assumption.

    但我認為這是一個錯誤的假設。

  • And if this assumption is false, then Frank Turek's conclusion is also false, because that would mean that Christians don't have an objectively high moral ground to point to in discussions with atheists.

    如果這個假設是錯誤的,那麼弗蘭克-圖雷克的結論也是錯誤的,因為這意味著基督徒在與無神論者討論時沒有客觀的道德高地可言。

  • So we've established that God's morals are separate from our own.

    是以,我們已經確定,上帝的道德與我們自己的道德是分開的。

  • So each party, God and us, are simply separate minds perceiving moral values subjectively.

    是以,上帝和我們雙方都只是主觀感知道德價值的獨立思維。

  • So the truth of moral claims are dependent on the mind perceiving it.

    是以,道德主張的真實性取決於心靈的感知。

  • But there is a type of claim that has inherent truth or falsity to it, and we call these claims of objective fact.

    但有一種說法本身就有真假之分,我們稱之為客觀事實的說法。

  • These are claims like 1 plus 1 equals 2.

    這些說法就像 1 加 1 等於 2。

  • But the fact that 1 plus 1 equals 2 doesn't in and of itself tell us anything about how we ought to live our lives.

    但是,1 加 1 等於 2 這一事實本身並不能告訴我們應該如何生活。

  • Facts alone can't prescribe to us how we should live our lives.

    事實本身並不能規定我們應該如何生活。

  • And this is the premise of the claims made by philosopher David Hume.

    而這正是哲學家大衛-休謨提出這一主張的前提。

  • David Hume was a Scottish philosopher and historian who lived in the 1700s, and he was generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers who spoke English.

    大衛-休謨(David Hume)是蘇格蘭哲學家和歷史學家,生活在 17 世紀,人們普遍認為他是講英語的最重要的哲學家之一。

  • And Hume's most well-known philosophical contribution was that you can never derive an ought from an is.

    而休謨最著名的哲學貢獻是,你永遠無法從 "是 "推導出 "應當"。

  • A fact alone can never tell us how we ought to live our lives.

    單憑事實永遠無法告訴我們應該如何生活。

  • And this understanding alone grants us so much freedom because it means that a dictator can't come along and say that we need to live our lives a certain way because there is no inherent objective path.

    僅僅是這種理解就賦予了我們如此多的自由,因為這意味著獨裁者不可能來告訴我們必須以某種方式生活,因為並不存在固有的客觀道路。

  • Moral values answer the question, how should I live my life?

    道德價值觀回答了 "我應該如何生活?

  • Whereas objective fact claims answer the question, what is the true state of things in the universe?

    而客觀事實主張回答的問題是:宇宙中事物的真實狀態是什麼?

  • One is subjective and one is objective.

    一個是主觀的,一個是客觀的。

  • One has inherent truth and the other is open to the mind perceiving it.

    一個是固有的真理,另一個是開放的心靈感知。

  • I can decide for myself how I should live my life.

    我可以自己決定如何生活。

  • There are many who challenge Hume's claims here, but I'm of the opinion that they are merely clinging to the false sense of security that they get from the idea of objective morality.

    有很多人在這裡質疑休謨的說法,但我認為,他們只是在堅持從客觀道德觀念中獲得的虛假安全感。

  • I don't see any valid way to successfully derive an ought from an is, or a way to tell people how they should live their lives based on facts alone.

    我看不出有什麼有效的方法可以成功地從 "是 "中推導出 "應當",也看不出有什麼方法可以僅憑事實就告訴人們應當如何生活。

  • Even if there is a god and it does have an opinion on moral value, he clearly hasn't installed those moral values into the heart of every sentient being that he created.

    即使真有上帝,而且他對道德價值有自己的看法,但他顯然沒有把這些道德價值植入他所創造的每一個有生命的人的心中。

  • So that leaves him as just another subjective mind amongst many others without a clear reason why his would be morally superior, just because he's the creator.

    是以,他只是眾多主觀思想中的一個,沒有明確的理由說明為什麼他的思想在道德上更優越,僅僅因為他是創造者。

  • And that leads me to the false assumption number four, which is that subjectivity leads to complete relativism and there aren't any objective aspects to subjective morality.

    這就引出了第四個錯誤假設,即主觀性導致完全的相對主義,主觀道德不存在任何客觀方面。

  • The important thing to understand about subjective morality is that, yes, morality is unique to each mind perceiving, but as human beings, as one species, we have a whole lot in common as far as similar cultures, shared experiences, and most of all, the DNA is so common with each other.

    關於主觀道德,重要的是要明白,是的,道德對每個人的思想感知來說都是獨一無二的,但作為人類,作為一個物種,我們有很多共同點,比如相似的文化、共同的經歷,最重要的是,我們彼此的 DNA 是如此的相似。

  • Even completely unrelated humans have 99.9% of their DNA in common, so we're going to have a lot of common ground.

    即使是完全沒有血緣關係的人類,其 DNA 也有 99.9% 的共同點,所以我們會有很多共同點。

  • There's going to be a lot of shared subjective values by which we can refer to in moral conversations.

    在道德對話中,我們可以參考很多共同的主觀價值觀。

  • The thing with subjective morality is that we're recognizing that we don't have the ability to transfer our moral values onto somebody else's mind.

    主觀道德的問題在於,我們認識到,我們沒有能力把自己的道德價值觀轉移到別人的頭腦中。

  • There's no way of forcing someone else to abide by our moral values.

    我們無法強迫別人遵守我們的道德價值觀。

  • And a very common instinct is that we want to share our values.

    一個非常普遍的本能是,我們希望分享我們的價值觀。

  • We want our values to spread.

    我們希望我們的價值觀得到傳播。

  • We feel safer in an environment where our values are recognized and held up.

    在我們的價值觀得到認可和支持的環境中,我們會感到更安全。

  • So many of us have the instinct to try to persuade others to take on our subjective values.

    我們很多人都有試圖說服他人接受我們主觀價值觀的本能。

  • But again, it can't be forced, so we have to strategically try to convince others to take on the values that we find important.

    但同樣,這也是無法強迫的,所以我們必須有策略地說服他人接受我們認為重要的價值觀。

  • And of course, we should always be willing to reconsider our own values as well in the process.

    當然,在這個過程中,我們也應該始終願意重新考慮自己的價值觀。

  • So there's a continual refining process where people discuss with each other or display certain moral values in their actions and that can influence others.

    是以,有一個不斷完善的過程,在這個過程中,人們會相互討論,或在行動中表現出一定的道德價值觀,從而影響他人。

  • But the way we can try to persuade others is by being aware of what values they hold.

    但我們說服他人的方法是瞭解他們的價值觀。

  • And you can appeal to their existing values to persuade them with ways that are better or worse and trying to uphold their own values that they already have.

    你可以訴諸他們已有的價值觀,用更好或更壞的方式說服他們,並努力維護他們已有的價值觀。

  • I see that people have lower level values and higher core moral values.

    我看到,人們有低層次的價值觀和高層次的核心道德觀。

  • Now the higher core moral values are going to be very hard, if not impossible, to change.

    現在,更高的核心道德價值觀將很難改變,甚至不可能改變。

  • These are the ones that are really instinctive in the person and have really been learned and solidified throughout their life.

    這些都是人的本能,也是人一生中真正學到並鞏固的。

  • And we have these lower level moral values that build upon the core moral values.

    在核心道德價值觀的基礎上,我們還有這些低層次的道德價值觀。

  • These lower level values are more likely to be dependent on objective fact.

    這些較低層次的價值觀更有可能取決於客觀事實。

  • And as we know, objective facts can be either true or false.

    我們知道,客觀事實有真有假。

  • So this means that it is possible to have a wrong moral value and that's going to be more likely to happen in a person's lower level values that are dependent on objective fact.

    是以,這就意味著有可能出現錯誤的道德價值觀,而這種情況更有可能發生在一個人依賴於客觀事實的低層次價值觀中。

  • So just to sort of recap, even within the framework of recognizing ultimately subjective morality, we have a lot of room for discussions with others.

    是以,即使在承認道德最終是主觀的框架內,我們也有很大的空間與他人進行討論。

  • We can discuss objective fact claims.

    我們可以討論客觀事實的主張。

  • We can identify shared moral values or simply appeal to a moral value in another person.

    我們可以確定共同的道德價值觀,也可以簡單地訴諸他人的道德價值觀。

  • And we can discuss objectively better ways to uphold those values as well as objectively worse ways of fulfilling your values.

    我們可以討論維護這些價值觀的客觀上更好的方法,也可以討論實現你的價值觀的客觀上更糟糕的方法。

  • Because there's a lot of room for error when our values are dependent on objective fact claims.

    因為當我們的價值觀依賴於客觀事實的主張時,就有很大的出錯空間。

  • So there's a whole lot of room for changing values or persuading others.

    是以,改變價值觀或說服他人的空間很大。

  • There's a really good example that Sam Harris brings up that I'd like to take a closer look at.

    山姆-哈里斯(Sam Harris)提出了一個非常好的例子,我想仔細研究一下。

  • Imagine we found a culture that was removing the eyeballs of every third child.

    想象一下,我們發現有一種文化,每三個孩子中就有一個被摘除眼球。

  • Would you then agree that we had found a culture that was not perfectly maximizing human well-being?

    那麼,你是否同意,我們已經發現了一種並不能完美地最大化人類福祉的文化?

  • And she said it would depend on why they were doing it.

    她說這取決於他們為什麼要這麼做。

  • Okay.

    好的

  • So after I picked my jaw back up off the floor, I said, okay, let's say they're doing it for religious reasons.

    我把下巴從地上抬起來,然後說,好吧,就算他們是出於宗教原因。

  • Let's say they have a scripture which says every third should walk in darkness or some such nonsense.

    比方說,他們有一本經書說,每三分之一的人都應該在黑暗中行走,或者諸如此類的廢話。

  • So we see that this hypothetical cult member holds a lower level value that he should pluck out the eye of every third person.

    是以,我們可以看到,這個假想的邪教成員持有一種較低級的價值觀,即他應該挖出每第三個人的眼睛。

  • Whereas Sam holds an opposing lower level value which says he needs to do whatever possible to prevent the cult member from plucking people's eyes out.

    而山姆則持有相反的低層次價值觀,即他需要盡一切可能阻止邪教成員挖出人們的眼睛。

  • We can see that they both have an underlying shared moral value which is that the suffering of sentient beings should be avoided unless necessary.

    我們可以看到,它們都有一個潛在的共同道德價值觀,即除非必要,否則應避免眾生遭受痛苦。

  • What's different and is causing them both to have opposing lower level values is their objective fact beliefs, so what they believe to be true about the universe.

    不同的是,他們的客觀事實信念,也就是他們認為宇宙的真相是什麼,導致他們都有對立的低層次價值觀。

  • Sam, on one hand, does not believe any God exists.

    一方面,薩姆不相信上帝的存在。

  • Whereas this cult member believes God exists but also believes that God wants every third person to live in blindness.

    而這個邪教成員相信上帝存在,但也相信上帝希望每三個人都生活在盲目之中。

  • Where there is room for discussion is that Sam can challenge the objective fact beliefs because these can be objectively true or false.

    討論的空間在於,山姆可以對客觀事實的信念提出質疑,因為這些信念在客觀上可能是真的,也可能是假的。

  • And if Sam can prove that either God doesn't exist or God wants every third to live in blindness are false, then they would both be left with just the same high level value which is suffering of sentient beings should be avoided.

    如果山姆能證明上帝不存在或者上帝希望每三分之一的人都生活在盲目中都是錯誤的,那麼他們就都只剩下了同樣的高層次價值觀,即應該避免眾生的痛苦。

  • And then they would be in agreement and neither party would feel it's necessary to pluck people's eyes out.

    這樣他們就會達成一致,雙方都不會覺得有必要挖掉別人的眼睛。

  • And I think this example Sam provides is actually pretty symbolic for things that are really happening across the world.

    我認為,薩姆提供的這個例子對於世界各地正在發生的事情來說,其實很有象徵意義。

  • People are doing harmful things because of their religious beliefs.

    人們因為宗教信仰而做出有害的事情。

  • So I think this is what motivated Sam to launch his attack on ideas that are superstitious, lower level values that are based upon incorrect fact claims.

    是以,我認為這就是薩姆發起攻擊的動機,他攻擊的是建立在不正確的事實主張基礎上的迷信思想和低級價值觀。

  • So he attacks the ideas that are embedded in these systems of belief which lead to harmful activity.

    是以,他抨擊了這些信仰體系中蘊含的導致有害活動的思想。

  • He does this through a lot of public discussion, publishing books.

    他通過大量的公開討論和出版書籍來實現這一目標。

  • He will vote against letting such irrational activities become legalized and he'll encourage others to vote likewise by appealing to their empathy and the highly commonly shared value that suffering and sentient beings should be avoided.

    他將投票反對讓這種不合理的活動合法化,他還將鼓勵其他人也投同樣的票,利用他們的同情心和 "應避免痛苦和眾生 "這一高度一致的價值觀。

  • One of our major advantages has been being a social species.

    作為一個社會性物種,我們的主要優勢之一就是社會性。

  • So a lot of our evolved core moral values come from cooperation and being able to put our minds together and work together towards goals.

    是以,我們進化出的很多核心道德價值觀都來自於合作,來自於我們能夠集思廣益、齊心協力實現目標。

  • And religion was probably originally a way of kind of organizing this, putting it all into a code.

    而宗教最初可能是一種組織方式,把這一切都歸結為一種代碼。

  • But now we can have a better, more clear understanding of morality and know we don't have to follow the objective code that was set by people who lived 2,000 years ago because it really hinders progress to have their ideas constantly overriding our progression.

    但現在,我們對道德有了更好、更清晰的認識,知道我們不必遵循兩千年前的人制定的客觀準則,因為他們的想法不斷壓倒我們的進步,確實阻礙了我們的進步。

  • We also evolved with a lot of strong tribal instincts of wanting to protect our tribe and our family members even at the expense of our own well-being.

    我們還進化出了許多強烈的部落本能,想要保護自己的部落和家人,甚至不惜犧牲自己的幸福。

  • But I think with cognitive advancements, many people are being able to establish their tribe as the entire planet or just sentient beings in general are all part of our tribe that we want to protect.

    但我認為,隨著認知能力的進步,很多人都能建立起自己的部落,因為整個地球或一般有生命的生物都是我們部落的一部分,我們都想保護他們。

  • We don't want to see harm or suffering on any sentient beings, especially if it's just completely unnecessary.

    我們不希望看到任何有情眾生受到傷害或痛苦,尤其是在完全沒有必要的情況下。

  • So these highly shared subjective values that are very common among our species are pretty much as close as it gets to an objective morality.

    是以,這些在我們人類中非常普遍的高度共享的主觀價值觀,已經非常接近客觀道德了。

  • It's still ultimately subjective, but there's a lot of objectivity there to work with.

    雖然歸根結底還是主觀的,但有很多客觀因素可以利用。

  • I can appeal to the existing values in others, especially when it's a shared value that we both have.

    我可以吸引他人的現有價值觀,尤其是當這是我們共同擁有的價值觀時。

  • How do we best alleviate suffering and sentient beings?

    我們如何才能最好地減輕痛苦和眾生的痛苦?

  • And there are objective ways of reaching this goal, and there are objectively worse ways of achieving this goal.

    實現這一目標有客觀的途徑,也有客觀上更糟糕的途徑。

  • And a lot of our lower-level moral values are hinged upon false objective fact claims.

    我們很多低層次的道德價值觀都是建立在虛假的客觀事實之上的。

  • Our core moral values are at the highest level, and these are going to be the ones that really can't be changed.

    我們的核心道德價值觀是最高級別的,這些將是真正無法改變的。

  • These are our values which evolved in us, so they're in our DNA.

    這些都是我們的價值觀,是我們的基因。

  • They exist in us from birth.

    它們從一出生就存在於我們體內。

  • So one example would be empathy for other sentient beings.

    是以,一個例子就是對其他有情眾生的同情。

  • We feel bad when we see suffering in others, and we can feel joy when others are feeling joy.

    當我們看到別人痛苦時,我們會感到難過;當別人感到快樂時,我們也會感到快樂。

  • Another similar one would be reciprocity.

    另一個類似的例子是互惠。

  • When somebody else does something for you, you feel...

    當別人為你做事時,你會覺得...

  • When someone else does something for you, you often feel a strong inclination to reciprocate, to give something back to them.

    當別人為你做了一些事情時,你往往會有一種強烈的回報傾向,想要回饋他們。

  • And I think another core moral value may be in misleading others.

    我認為,另一個核心道德價值觀可能是誤導他人。

  • You feel like there's something wrong when your words don't match up with your actions.

    當你的言行不一致時,你就會覺得有問題。

  • People are going to hold these moral values to different extents, but it's there to some degree in almost everybody.

    人們持有這些道德價值觀的程度各不相同,但幾乎每個人都在一定程度上持有這些價值觀。

  • External agents can cause us to suppress our core moral values.

    外部因素會使我們壓抑自己的核心道德價值觀。

  • For example, I felt strongly that Christianity caused me to suppress my moral values of empathy for others, and this is one of the harms I really see in the religion.

    例如,我強烈地感受到,基督教壓抑了我同情他人的道德價值觀,這是我真正看到的宗教危害之一。

  • So I stress so much about

    所以我非常強調

  • Don't allow an external set of beliefs to override your core moral values.

    不要讓外部信仰凌駕於你的核心道德價值觀之上。

  • Just one example of this happening is

    其中一個例子是

  • I think many parents feel wrong about physically harming their children, but they do it anyways because the belief system has overridden their own values.

    我認為,很多父母都覺得傷害孩子的身體是不對的,但他們還是這麼做了,因為他們的信仰體系壓倒了他們自己的價值觀。

  • So this is a huge harm with religion that I see.

    是以,在我看來,這是宗教的一大危害。

  • It's like, yeah, you're getting this illusion of an objective morality that makes you feel safer, but it's not safer because it's actually overriding and suppressing your very important core moral values.

    這就好比,是的,你得到了一種客觀道德的幻覺,讓你感覺更安全,但這並不安全,因為它實際上壓倒並壓制了你非常重要的核心道德價值觀。

  • So let's take, for example, Frank himself.

    就拿弗蘭克本人來說吧。

  • He's holding this low-level value that atheists shouldn't be allowed to participate in moral discussions since they don't follow his illusion of objective morality.

    他持有這樣一種低級的價值觀,即無神論者不應該被允許參與道德討論,因為他們不符合他對客觀道德的幻想。

  • He's holding this value, but it's dependent on many false objective fact claims.

    他持有這種價值觀,但它依賴於許多虛假的客觀事實主張。

  • And the five false assumptions that we're discussing here.

    以及我們在此討論的五個錯誤假設。

  • Hypothetically, if we could get Frank to acknowledge that any one of these assumptions are indeed false, then he would have to change then he would really have to change his incorrect moral value that atheists shouldn't be included in discussions on moral topics.

    假設一下,如果我們能讓弗蘭克承認這些假設中的任何一個確實是錯誤的,那麼他就必須改變,那麼他就真的必須改變他那不正確的道德價值觀,即無神論者不應該參與道德話題的討論。

  • Now let's take a look at the false assumption number five, which Frank is making, and that is that it's actually good for us to discard our own conscience and our own moral sentiments whenever they contradict with the God of the Bible.

    現在讓我們來看看弗蘭克提出的第五個錯誤假設,即只要我們的良心和道德情感與《聖經》中的上帝相牴觸,拋棄它們對我們來說其實是件好事。

  • So when we're presented with sets of beliefs that make claims about the creator God, and those claims feel very wrong to us in our conscience, then I think we really need to question this belief system.

    是以,當我們看到一些信仰對造物主上帝提出要求,而這些要求在我們的良知中感覺非常錯誤時,我認為我們真的需要質疑這個信仰體系。

  • If there's a creator God, then if anything at all would be the fingerprint of who he is, it would be the morals that are on our heart.

    如果真有造物主上帝,那麼如果說有什麼能成為他的指紋,那就是我們心中的道德。

  • So if our morals are offended by an external set of beliefs, then I think it's very safe to say we can just discard it.

    是以,如果我們的道德被一套外在的信仰所冒犯,那麼我認為我們可以非常安全地說,我們可以直接拋棄它。

  • It would be nothing but manipulation for someone to continue to force this external set of beliefs that go against our conscience.

    如果有人繼續強迫我們接受這套違背良心的外在信仰,那隻能是一種操縱。

  • And like I said, some examples of the way Christianity offends my conscience is the discarding of the majority of humans in the afterlife through either sending them to hell or nihilism, and then showing great favoritism to those who were able to believe in him, even though it's very clear to me that belief is not a choice.

    就像我說過的,基督教觸犯我良知的一些例子是,它通過將大多數人打入地獄或虛無主義的方式拋棄他們的來世,然後對那些能夠相信他的人大加偏愛,儘管我很清楚,信仰並不是一種選擇。

  • So you're punishing and rewarding people based on something arbitrary, and this greatly offends my conscience, and so I discard the belief system.

    是以,你是在根據一些武斷的東西來懲罰和獎勵人們,這極大地冒犯了我的良知,所以我拋棄了這個信仰體系。

  • I think Frank is completely wrong to say that the reverse should be true, that if we come across a system of belief proposed by Christianity, if it offends our conscience, then we discard our conscience rather than the belief system.

    我認為弗蘭克的說法是完全錯誤的,他說如果我們遇到基督教提出的信仰體系,如果它冒犯了我們的良知,那麼我們就應該拋棄我們的良知而不是信仰體系。

  • I think he really has that backwards.

    我覺得他真的把話說反了。

  • Having an external set of moral values imposed on us overrides our own personal conscience, which has been constructed and derived from our own unique experiences and the lessons that we've learned in life.

    外在強加給我們的道德價值觀會壓倒我們的個人良知,而個人良知是由我們自己的獨特經歷和生活中的經驗教訓構建和衍生出來的。

  • Some of these lessons have been very hard learned, and we shouldn't just discard them when someone tries to impose a new set of values on us.

    其中有些教訓是非常艱苦的,當有人試圖將一套新的價值觀強加給我們時,我們不應該將它們棄之不顧。

  • The allowance of subjective moral judgment is pivotal to happiness and autonomy, and it encourages negotiation and cooperation.

    允許主觀道德判斷是幸福和自主的關鍵,它鼓勵協商與合作。

  • Giving people space and trust to have their own identity and their own opinions leads to more safety and protection than trying to abide by the illusion of an objective morality.

    給予人們空間和信任,讓他們擁有自己的身份和觀點,比試圖遵守客觀道德的假象更能帶來安全和保護。

  • Atheists could absolutely be included in the marketplace of moral ideas if we can find and appeal to each other's shared moral values, then even atheists and theists can have shared discussions on topics of morality.

    如果我們能夠找到並呼籲彼此共同的道德價值觀,那麼無神論者絕對可以被納入道德思想市場,甚至無神論者和有神論者也可以就道德話題進行共同討論。

  • Specific ideas can and should be discussed, debated, and sometimes we find people hold beliefs that are entirely born through manipulation from a third party, and they're not really standing on any core moral value or even objective fact claim.

    具體的觀點可以也應該被討論、辯論,有時我們會發現人們持有的信念完全是在第三方的操縱下產生的,他們並不是真正站在任何核心道德價值甚至客觀事實的主張上。

  • People are usually much more than just their religious beliefs or lack thereof, so if you try hard enough and you look deep enough, you can find shared common values.

    人們通常不僅僅是有宗教信仰或沒有宗教信仰,是以,如果你足夠努力,足夠深入,你就能找到共同的價值觀。

  • So if you've made it this far, thank you so much for listening and hearing me out.

    如果你能堅持到現在,非常感謝你的聆聽和支持。

  • If you'd like to hear more discussions like this, please make sure to subscribe.

    如果您想聽到更多類似的討論,請務必訂閱。

  • you

Hypothetically, if anything would be the fingerprint of our true creator, it would be the core moral values written on our hearts.

假設一下,如果有什麼能成為我們真正造物主的指紋,那就是寫在我們心中的核心道德價值觀。

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