You might have a bit of money saved, it's probably not enough for a house, but you decide you should probably invest it in something.

你可能存了一些錢，但這些錢可能還不夠買房子，但你決定也許應該把這些錢投資在一些事情上。

You could invest in stocks, shares, equities, government bonds, corporate bonds, real estate, foreign exchange, crypto, NFTs, futures, fine art, watches, there seems to be tons of stuff out there.

您可以投資股票、股份、證券、政府債券、公司債券、房地產、外匯、加密貨幣、NFTs、期貨、藝術品、手錶，似乎有數不清的東西。

And you might have even seen those ads on YouTube from the gurus talking about day trading and trading foreign exchange and how you could make money in that way through investing.

你甚至可能在 YouTube 上看到那些大師們的廣告，談論日間交易和外匯交易，以及如何通過這種方式投資賺錢。

And on top of all of this confusion, there's the very real fear that you might lose all of that money that you've worked so hard to save up.

除了這些困惑之外，還有一種非常真實的恐懼，那就是你可能會失去你辛辛苦苦攢下的所有錢。

So in light of all of that, this is the ultimate guide to investing for beginners.

有鑑於此，這就是新手投資的終極指南。

And we're going to split this video up into four parts, which are going to be timestamped down below.

我們將把這段視頻抽成四個部分，下面會有時間戳。

So you can skip around if you feel like it.

所以，如果你喜歡，可以跳著看。

Part one is going to be about the basics and the philosophy behind investing.

第一部分將介紹投資的基礎知識和理念。

Part two is about why and how to invest your money in stocks and shares.

第二部分是關於為什麼以及如何將資金投資於股票和股份。

In part three, we're going to be addressing common fears and questions and concerns about investing.

在第三部分，我們將討論關於投資的常見恐懼、問題和顧慮。

Like what if I lose all my money?

比如我把錢都輸光了怎麼辦？

And then in part four, we're going to talk about fast lane investing, which is an alternative approach to the traditional investing thing to build wealth.

在第四部分，我們將討論快車道投資，這是傳統投資之外的另一種積累財富的方法。

Part one, the philosophy and basics of investing.

第一部分，投資哲學和基礎知識。

So let's start by talking about what is the point of investing.

那麼，讓我們先來談談投資的意義何在。

The point of investing is for your money to be able to make more money.

投資的意義在於讓你的錢能夠賺更多的錢。

So let's say you start off with a thousand dollars that you saved up through your hard earned labor.

假設你一開始有一千美元，這是你通過辛勤勞動積攢下來的。

Now you could put that money under your mattress, or you could put it in a bank current account.

現在，你可以把這筆錢放在床墊下，也可以存入銀行活期賬戶。

But the problem with that is that there's this thing called inflation that you might have been reading about on the news.

但問題是，你可能在新聞上看到過一種叫通貨膨脹的東西。

And so your thousand dollars might be able to buy you a MacBook Air right now.

是以，你的一千美元也許現在就能買到一臺 MacBook Air。

But a few years from now, when inflation goes up, that MacBook Air is going to cost $1,200.

但幾年後，當通貨膨脹率上升時，這臺 MacBook Air 的價格將達到 1200 美元。

And so over time, your money loses its purchasing power, which is why you want to ideally invest in something because when you invest in something, your money grows magically on its own.

是以，隨著時間的推移，你的錢就會失去購買力，這就是為什麼你希望最好投資於某些東西，因為當你投資於某些東西時，你的錢就會神奇地自行增長。

More on that later.

稍後再詳述。

And that means you can combat the effects of inflation.

這意味著您可以抵禦通貨膨脹的影響。

And that brings us to the next question, which is how does the money magically grow in the first place?

這就引出了下一個問題，即錢是如何神奇地增長的？

And generally, the philosophy behind investing is that you buy something now and that something makes you more money over time.

一般來說，投資背後的哲學是，你現在買一些東西，隨著時間的推移，這些東西會讓你賺更多的錢。

And there are two ways in which the thing that you buy can make you more money.

你買的東西可以通過兩種方式讓你賺更多的錢。

Let's say you buy a house.

比方說，你買了一棟房子。

It costs a certain amount of money to buy a house right now.

現在買房要花一定的錢。

But there's two ways the house makes you money.

但房子有兩種賺錢方式。

Number one, you can rent the house out.

第一，你可以把房子租出去。

And so you're getting rental income every month.

這樣，你每個月都能獲得租金收入。

And secondly, hopefully, in theory, the value of the house will also rise over time.

其次，從理論上講，希望房子的價值也能隨著時間的推移而提高。

If you hadn't bought the house and you just had that money sitting in a bank account, then over time, you're going to be losing money because inflation is going to eat away at your savings.

如果你沒有買房，只是把錢存在銀行賬戶裡，那麼隨著時間的推移，你的錢會越來越少，因為通貨膨脹會侵蝕你的儲蓄。

Now, houses are an interesting example because you get rental income.

現在，房屋是一個有趣的例子，因為你可以獲得租金收入。

And it's very easy for us to imagine what that looks like.

我們很容易想象出那是什麼樣子。

You're like, everyone pays rent.

每個人都要付房租。

And so you're making money.

這樣你就賺到錢了。

But with most other asset classes, you don't have this equivalent of rental.

但在大多數其他資產類別中，你沒有這種等價的租金。

Instead, a lot of these things you're buying and then you're going to sell them for a higher price over time.

相反，很多東西你買了之後，隨著時間的推移，你會以更高的價格賣出去。

The main exception to this is some stocks and shares, which we're going to talk about a little bit later in the video.

主要的例外情況是一些股票和股份，我們稍後會在視頻中談到。

And these asset classes is a long list of things that you probably have heard of, but you might not be entirely familiar with.

這些資產類別是一個長長的清單，你可能聽說過，但可能並不完全熟悉。

You know, we've got stocks, shares and equities, which are kind of the same thing.

你知道，我們有股票、股份和證券，這些都是一樣的東西。

We've got hedge funds.

我們有對沖基金。

We've got index funds.

我們有指數基金。

We've got bonds, government bonds, corporate bonds.

我們有債券、政府債券、公司債券。

You might have heard some people investing in watches and in fine arts.

您可能聽說過有人投資手錶和藝術品。

You've probably heard of people investing in crypto and either gaining lots or losing lots.

你可能聽說過有人投資加密貨幣，要麼賺了很多，要麼虧了很多。

In my case, losing quite a bit of money because crypto has crashed recently.

就我而言，由於最近加密貨幣崩盤，我損失了不少錢。

And a lot of this can get very complicated quite quickly.

很多事情很快就會變得非常複雜。

And so we're going to simplify things.

是以，我們要把事情簡化。

And for the rest of this video, we're going to talk about investing in stocks and shares, because that is the main kind of investing that normal people like you and me can unlock fairly easily.

在本視頻的其餘部分，我們將討論股票投資，因為這是像你我這樣的普通人能夠相當輕鬆地解鎖的主要投資方式。

You don't need to have large amounts of money, which you need to invest in a house.

您不需要擁有投資房屋所需的鉅額資金。

You don't need to take on huge amounts of risk and gambling and stuff like you need to do with crypto.

你不需要像使用加密貨幣那樣，承擔巨大的風險和賭博之類的東西。

And you don't need to be an accredited investor or anything like you need to invest in like angel investing companies or all this fun stuff.

你不需要成為認可投資者，也不需要投資天使投資公司或其他有趣的東西。

So stocks and shares are kind of the basics of investing.

是以，股票和股份是投資的基本要素。

And usually when people talk about investing their money, what they're referring to is I want to buy some Tesla or I want to buy some Netflix or I want to buy some Amazon.

通常，當人們談到投資理財時，他們指的是我想買特斯拉，我想買 Netflix，我想買亞馬遜。

And so we're going to talk about that.

所以我們要談談這個問題。

Part two, why and how to invest in stocks and shares.

第二部分，為什麼以及如何投資股票和股份。

So when you're investing in stocks and shares, for example, you're basically buying a percentage ownership in the company that you're investing in.

是以，舉例來說，當您投資股票時，您基本上是在購買所投資公司的一定比例的所有權。

So let's say I wanted to buy shares in Apple, for example, Apple is a publicly traded company, which means the public can trade Apple stock.

比如說，我想購買蘋果公司的股票，蘋果公司是一家上市公司，這意味著公眾可以買賣蘋果公司的股票。

Now in a dream world, I would just be able to go to apple.com forward slash and buy and I'd be able to buy a stock of Apple.

在夢幻世界裡，我只需登錄 apple.com，點擊 "購買"，就能買到蘋果公司的股票。

And now I own some percentage of the company.

現在，我擁有公司一定比例的股份。

In reality, I can't do that directly.

實際上，我無法直接這樣做。

I have to go through a middleman, which we call a broker.

我必須通過一箇中間人，我們稱之為經紀人。

But once I've gone through this middleman platform, I now personally own a piece of Apple.

但是，一旦我通過了這個中間商平臺，我個人就擁有了蘋果公司的一部分。

Now I can make money from stocks and shares in two different ways.

現在，我可以通過兩種不同的方式從股票和股份中賺錢。

Firstly, I can make money because I'm hoping the price of Apple or whatever stock I've invested in is going to rise over time.

首先，我可以賺錢，因為我希望蘋果公司或我投資的任何股票的價格隨著時間的推移而上漲。

So 10 years later, I could sell it for a lot more money than I bought it, fingers crossed.

是以，10 年後，我可能會把它賣掉，賺到比我買它時多得多的錢，但願如此。

But the second way in which you can make money through stocks and shares is similar to how you make a rental income on a house, because certain companies will pay what they call dividends.

但通過股票賺錢的第二種方式與房屋出租收入類似，因為某些公司會支付所謂的股息。

So for example, in the UK, there's a company called BT, British Telecom, and they pay dividends.

例如，在英國，有一家名為英國電信（BT）的公司，他們支付股息。

So when you own a piece of BT, you're not just hoping that the price will rise over time.

是以，當你擁有一塊英國電信資產時，你並不只是希望它的價格會隨著時間的推移而上漲。

They're also literally paying out some of the profits that the company makes to their shareholders.

實際上，他們也在向股東支付公司的部分利潤。

And so if for example, you were ridiculously rich, and you owned 20% of BT, then every time they declare a dividend, which might be every three months, you would get 20% of the profits that they are distributing to shareholders.

舉例來說，如果你非常富有，擁有英國電信公司 20% 的股份，那麼每次他們宣佈分紅（可能是每三個月一次），你就能獲得他們分配給股東的利潤的 20%。

In reality, you and me, we're probably not going to own 20% of a huge company like that, because that would cost absolutely billions.

實際上，你和我都不可能擁有這樣一家大公司 20% 的股份，因為那絕對需要數十億美元。

But instead, we might get you know, $10 $15 $20 like $5 $5 47 here and there.

但相反，我們可能會得到 10 美元、15 美元、20 美元，比如這裡 5 美元、那裡 47 美元。

If we invest in lots of companies that are paying out dividends, then it feels like you've got this free kind of rental income.

如果我們投資了很多正在分紅的公司，那麼你就會感覺有了這種免費的租金收入。

But really, it's profits from these companies coming into your account every month.

但實際上，是這些公司的利潤每月進入你的賬戶。

And that's pretty cool.

這很酷。

So at this point, okay, cool, you can now buy stocks in these different companies, you can own a small percentage of said company.

所以在這一點上，好吧，很酷，你現在可以購買這些不同公司的股票，你可以擁有上述公司的一小部分股份。

But how are you supposed to choose which companies should you put all your money in Apple or Netflix or on Disney Plus?

但是，你該如何選擇將全部資金投入蘋果、Netflix 或迪士尼 Plus 呢？

Or should you go with Shell or British Petroleum or Ralph Lauren or like, I don't know, Unilever or you know, these brands that you might be familiar with.

還是應該選擇殼牌、英國石油、拉爾夫-勞倫（Ralph Lauren）或聯合利華（Unilever）之類的品牌？

Now at this point, people have varying different opinions on the matter.

在這一點上，人們的看法各不相同。

But I'm going to cite Warren Buffett's opinion on this, which is also my opinion on this, which is that if you're a beginner to investing, unless you are legitimately a financial professional who literally does this full time for a living, you should not try and pick stocks.

但我要引用沃倫-巴菲特（Warren Buffett）的觀點，這也是我的觀點，那就是如果你是投資新手，除非你是合法的金融專業人士，以全職工作為生，否則你不應該嘗試挑選股票。

The average person will not know enough to know which stocks to buy.

普通人不可能知道該買哪些股票。

They won't know enough to know when to buy them.

他們不知道什麼時候該買。

But they don't have to.

但他們不必這樣做。

Because they can buy all of America through an index fund.

因為他們可以通過指數基金買下整個美國。

Because realistically, you and me, we're not really going to have an insight into, oh, I reckon Apple's going to do really well because whatever, or I reckon Disney's going to do really well because whatever.

因為現實生活中，你和我都不可能真正洞察到：哦，我認為蘋果公司會做得很好，因為不管怎樣；或者我認為迪斯尼公司會做得很好，因為不管怎樣。

There are literally financial professionals whose full time day job it is to do that kind of analysis.

實際上，有一些金融專業人士每天的全職工作就是做這種分析。

And even then, they don't get it right a lot of the time.

即便如此，他們很多時候也做不好。

And so what you can instead do is instead of worrying about stock picking, what you should do, probably not financial advice, lol, is invest in an index fund.

是以，你可以做的是，與其擔心選股，不如投資指數基金，這可能不是什麼理財建議，笑。

And that begs the question, what the hell is an index fund?

這就引出了一個問題：指數基金到底是什麼？

Well, an index fund is a fund and a fund is a basket, like a group of stocks and shares or other things, but stocks and shares, for example.

指數基金是一種基金，而基金是一個籃子，比如一組股票和股份或其他東西，但以股票和股份為例。

And the index component means that this fund tracks a particular stock market index.

指數成分意味著該基金跟蹤特定的股票市場指數。

For example, in the US, there is a really famous index fund called the S&P 500.

例如，美國有一個非常著名的指數基金，叫做標準普爾 500 指數。

And this is basically the top 500 biggest companies in the US.

這基本上是美國最大的 500 家公司。

And you can see here, these are the components of the S&P 500 right now.

你可以看到，這些是標準普爾 500 指數目前的成分股。

So Apple makes up 6.4% of the S&P 500.

是以，蘋果公司佔標準普爾 500 指數的 6.4%。

It's a big company.

這是一家大公司。

Then we've got Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, which is Google, Berkshire Hathaway, which is Warren Buffett's company, Alphabet, Class C, which is also Google, Nvidia, Tesla, ExxonMobil, you might be familiar with quite a lot of these companies.

然後是微軟、亞馬遜、Alphabet（即谷歌）、伯克希爾-哈撒韋公司（即巴菲特的公司）、Alphabet、C 類公司（也是谷歌）、Nvidia、特斯拉、埃克森美孚，這些公司中的很多你可能都很熟悉。

But if we Ralph Lauren and Hasbro, and didn't realize Hasbro was in the S&P 500.

但是，如果我們不知道孩之寶也在標準普爾 500 指數中，也不知道拉爾夫-勞倫和孩之寶也在標準普爾 500 指數中。

But you can see that Hasbro makes up 0.21% of the S&P 500 compared to Apple's 6.4%, because those companies are hugely different in, I guess, market cap or valuation, right?

但你可以看到，孩之寶佔標準普爾 500 指數的 0.21%，而蘋果佔 6.4%，因為這兩家公司在市值或估值方面相差甚遠，對吧？

So the point of the S&P 500 is that it gives you a single number that you can graph over time of like how valuable the US stock market is.

是以，標準普爾 500 指數的意義在於，它為您提供了一個單一的數字，您可以用圖表來表示美國股市在一段時間內的價值。

Because to be honest, most of the value of the US stock market is in these 500 companies.

因為說實話，美國股市的大部分價值都在這 500 家公司身上。

And so if the value of these 500 companies is slowly increasing over time, which it generally does, that means the US stock market is doing well.

是以，如果這 500 家公司的價值隨著時間的推移緩慢增長（一般來說是這樣），那就意味著美國股市表現良好。

And these companies are doing well and life is all good.

這些公司經營良好，生活一切順利。

If for example, you're in a recession where the stock market is going down, or if for example, COVID has just become a thing and the stock market has gone down.

舉例來說，如果你正處於經濟衰退時期，股市下跌，或者如果 COVID 剛剛興起，股市下跌。

That means that collectively people have decided that the value of these stocks is lower than it once was.

這意味著，人們集體認為這些股票的價值已經低於從前。

And so the graph will go down in those moments.

是以，在這些時刻，圖表會下降。

So what does this all mean for you and me as normal retail investors?

那麼，這一切對你我這些普通散戶投資者意味著什麼呢？

Well, basically what means is we can invest in an index fund.

基本上，這意味著我們可以投資指數基金。

So let's say I put $1,000 into the S&P 500 index fund.

假設我向標準普爾 500 指數基金投入了 1000 美元。

That's very good, because it means that my $1,000 is now split between 500 of these companies.

這非常好，因為這意味著我的 1000 美元現在被 500 家公司瓜分了。

And crucially, it's split based on the weighting in the S&P 500.

最重要的是，它是根據標準普爾 500 指數的權重來劃分的。

So of my $1,000 that I've just put into the S&P 500, 6.4% would be in Apple stock.

是以，在我剛剛投入標準普爾 500 指數的 1000 美元中，有 6.4% 是蘋果股票。

And so now I own $64 worth of Apple stock.

現在我擁有價值 64 美元的蘋果股票。

And that's pretty cool.

這很酷。

I now own a bit of Apple. 5.4% of that would be Microsoft.

我現在擁有一些蘋果公司的股票。其中 5.4% 是微軟。

So I now own $54 worth of Microsoft stock.

是以，我現在擁有價值 54 美元的微軟股票。

And 0.015% of that is going to be Ralph Lauren, which is 498th on the S&P 500.

其中 0.015% 是拉爾夫-勞倫（Ralph Lauren），該公司在標準普爾 500 指數中排名第 498 位。

And so I now own $14 worth of Ralph Lauren stock.

是以，我現在擁有價值 14 美元的拉夫勞倫股票。

Now, this is a very good thing.

現在，這是一件非常好的事情。

And this is what Warren Buffett recommends.

這也是巴菲特的建議。

In my view, for most people, the best thing to do is to own the S&P 500.

我認為，對大多數人來說，最好的辦法是持有標準普爾 500 指數。

He says that, hey, if you had an extra $100,000 to invest, you should just put it straight into the S&P 500 or some other big index fund, because over time, your money is going to track the market.

他說，嘿，如果你有額外的 10 萬美元可以投資，你應該直接投入標準普爾 500 指數或其他大型指數基金，因為隨著時間的推移，你的錢會追蹤市場。

You're not trying to say, hey, I have a crucial insight into the market, and I know that Apple is going to outperform all of these other companies.

你不是想說，嘿，我對市場有重要的洞察力，我知道蘋果公司的表現會超過其他所有公司。

Instead, you're thinking, you know what, I'm just a normal person.

相反，你會想，你知道嗎，我只是個普通人。

I don't have time to spend 80,000 hours a week trying to research the shit out of all this stuff.

我可沒時間每週花 8 萬個小時去研究這些東西。

I'm just going to kind of diversify my money across all these top 500 big companies in the US.

我只是想把我的資金分散到所有這些美國 500 強大公司中去。

I think overall US companies are going to go up over time, and therefore I don't have to think too hard about this.

我認為，隨著時間的推移，美國公司的整體業績會上升，是以我不需要考慮太多。

So what's the alternative?

那麼，還有什麼選擇呢？

Well, we talked about how you could theoretically pick stocks yourself.

我們說過理論上你可以自己選股。

So you could say, you know what, I'm going to ignore the S&P 500.

所以你可以說，你知道嗎，我打算忽略標準普爾 500 指數。

But chances are, you're not going to beat the market.

但是，你有可能無法戰勝市場。

Chances are, unless you just get really lucky, you're not going to be reliably able to get the returns that you would get by just investing in all 500 of these companies.

除非你真的很幸運，否則你很可能無法像投資所有 500 家公司那樣獲得可靠的回報。

Now, there've been a bunch of studies and surveys, and Warren Buffett even did a challenge experiment thing about this that basically show that very few funds overall actually outperform the S&P 500.

現在，已經有很多研究和調查，沃倫-巴菲特（Warren Buffett）甚至為此做了一個挑戰實驗，結果顯示，很少有基金的整體表現能真正跑贏標準普爾 500 指數。

And if you've got a fund that beats the S&P 500, i.e. it does better in that year than the S&P 500 did, it's unlikely to do the same the following year.

如果你的基金跑贏了標準普爾 500 指數，即當年的業績好於標準普爾 500 指數，那麼下一年的業績也不太可能與標準普爾 500 指數持平。

And so a lot of funds are trying to, quote, beat the market.

是以，很多基金都在試圖，引用一句話，戰勝市場。

But as Warren Buffett and a lot of these other people say, you cannot beat the market.

但正如沃倫-巴菲特和其他很多人所說，你無法戰勝市場。

So let's just invest in the market directly.

所以，我們還是直接投資市場吧。

Just put your money in an index fund and don't think too hard about it.

把錢放在指數基金裡，別想太多。

Every single person I know who has invested by picking stocks has lost money.

我認識的每一個通過挑選股票進行投資的人都賠了錢。

And every single person I know who has invested by just investing in an index fund has made money over time.

我認識的每一個投資指數基金的人，隨著時間的推移都賺了錢。

The next question that this raises is, okay, cool, I want to invest in a stock market index fund.

下一個問題是，好吧，我想投資股市指數基金。

How the hell do I do that?

我到底該怎麼做？

Do I just go on S&P 500.com forward slash buy and buy some index funds?

我是否只需登錄 S&P 500.com forward slash buy 併購買一些指數基金？

Again, it's not quite how it works.

同樣，這也不完全是它的工作原理。

You need a bit of a middleman.

你需要一箇中間人。

And that's where these kind of online platforms come in.

這就是這類在線平臺的作用所在。

Now, this is going to vary depending on whatever country you're in.

這取決於您所在的國家。

So if you want to find a stocks and shares investment platform in your country, then just Google that.

是以，如果您想找到本國的股票投資平臺，只需 Google 即可。

In the UK, for example, there are loads.

例如，在英國就有很多。

The ones that I personally use are Charles Stanley Direct, because that's the first one I started using in 2015.

我個人使用的是 Charles Stanley Direct，因為這是我在 2015 年開始使用的第一款產品。

I also use Vanguard.

我還使用 Vanguard。