Name: 冰與新物種之歌 (A Song of Ice and New Species)
Uploaded: 2024-07-22T13:49:56.000Z
Duration: 5 min 14 s

This week on SciShow News, we're talking about things that have been lost and things that have been found.

本週的科學秀新聞，我們將討論丟失的東西和找到的東西。

情態助動詞 B1

But you might find when you're dealing with the world, things that are lost might be lost forever.

但你可能會發現，當你面對這個世界時，失去的東西可能會永遠失去。

情態副詞

And things that have been found, well, they're not always exactly new.

而已經發現的東西，也不一定都是新的。

For example, one thing we're losing, and fast, ice.

例如，我們正在迅速失去的一樣東西--冰。

We have talked many, many times before about how some of the world's biggest ice sheets are shrinking, like those in Greenland and West Antarctica.

我們以前曾多次談到世界上一些最大的冰原是如何縮小的，比如格陵蘭島和南極洲西部的冰原。

But this week, researchers said that they've discovered a huge and sudden melt going on where they'd never seen it before, the southern Antarctic Peninsula.

但本週，研究人員說，他們在南極半島南部發現了他們從未見過的巨大突然融化現象。

While ice sheets in other nearby parts of Antarctica have been losing mass as the climate warms, the southern peninsula has stayed unusually stable, at least until 2009.

隨著氣候變暖，南極洲附近其他地區的冰層品質不斷下降，而南極半島南部卻異常穩定，至少在 2009 年之前一直如此。

That's when, according to scientists from the University of Bristol, the coastal glaciers that feed the peninsula's ice sheets suddenly began to melt fast.

布里斯托爾大學的科學家稱，就在那時，為半島冰原提供養分的沿海冰川突然開始快速融化。

Over the last five years, they say, the glaciers there have released 300 trillion liters of water into the ocean.

他們說，在過去五年裡，那裡的冰川向海洋釋放了 300 萬億升水。

This rapid melt was originally detected by the CryoSat-2 satellite, which uses radar to measure the thickness of Earth's polar ice.

這種快速融化最初是由 CryoSat-2 衛星探測到的，該衛星利用雷達測量地球極地冰層的厚度。

And its data showed that some of the glaciers at the southern peninsula were thinning by as much as 4 meters a year.

其數據顯示，南部半島的一些冰川每年變薄多達 4 米。

The melt was then confirmed by another satellite, called GRACE, which found that the peninsula has lost enough mass, in the form of ice, to actually cause a measurable change in the region's gravitation.

隨後，另一顆名為 "GRACE "的衛星證實了這種融化現象，它發現半島以冰的形式失去了足夠的品質，實際上導致了該地區引力發生了可測量的變化。

However, researchers say that this melting doesn't seem to be caused by the same factors we've seen elsewhere, like a decrease in snowfall or a rise in air temperature.

不過，研究人員說，這種融化似乎並不是由我們在其他地方看到的那些因素造成的，比如降雪量減少或氣溫升高。

Instead, these glaciers are melting from underneath.

相反，這些冰川正在從下面融化。

Ice shelves that surround the glaciers used to give them some protection from rising temperatures.

冰川周圍的冰架曾經在一定程度上保護冰川不受氣溫上升的影響。

But changes in wind patterns around Antarctica have brought warm ocean currents right up to the coast of the peninsula, and they've been, as the scientists put it, eating away at the ice.

但是，南極洲周圍風型的變化將暖洋流帶到了半島海岸，用科學家的話說，暖洋流一直在侵蝕冰層。

Eventually, the ice shelves got so thin that they weren't doing much shielding anymore, and the glaciers started to melt.

最後，冰架變得非常薄，再也起不到什麼屏蔽作用，冰川開始融化。

So considering that Antarctica is basically hemorrhaging fresh water into the ocean as we speak, the researchers say that step one in understanding this problem is to start broadening our study of the polar ice caps beyond just the biggest and most obvious problem areas.

是以，考慮到南極洲的淡水正在大量流入海洋，研究人員認為，要了解這個問題，第一步就是開始擴大我們對極地冰蓋的研究，而不僅僅侷限於最大和最明顯的問題區域。

Because it turns out, we might be losing a lot more ice than we knew about.

因為事實證明，我們失去的冰可能比我們知道的要多得多。

Alright, let's go to the found department, because it's time we welcomed some new forms of life into the scientific record.

好了，讓我們去 "發現 "部門吧，因為是時候歡迎一些新的生命形式出現在科學記錄中了。

Every year around this time, the International Institute for Species Exploration, based out of the College of Environmental Science and Forestry in New York, celebrates the birthday of everyone's favorite founding taxonomist, Carl Linnaeus, by announcing the ten most important, most endangered, or just plain weirdest new species that have been discovered in the past year.

每年這個時候，紐約環境科學與林業學院的國際物種探索研究所都會慶祝大家最喜愛的分類學奠基人卡爾-林奈的生日，宣佈過去一年中發現的十個最重要、最瀕危或最奇特的新物種。

For example, allow me to introduce you to this Sulawesi fanged frog.

例如，請允許我向您介紹這隻蘇拉威西獠牙蛙。

Yes, it is a frog with fangs, or more accurately, two spikes that protrude from its jaw.

是的，這是一隻長著尖牙的青蛙，更準確地說，是兩根從下巴伸出的尖刺。

But that's not even the weirdest thing about it.

It's also the only known frog that gives birth to tadpoles.

它也是目前已知的唯一一種能產下蝌蚪的青蛙。

Most frogs lay eggs in the water, which are then fertilized externally, but a handful of frogs are known to fertilize their eggs internally, and then lay fertilized eggs, or give birth to tiny froglets.

大多數青蛙在水中產卵，然後在體外受精，但也有少數青蛙在體內受精，然後產下受精卵，或產下小青蛙。

But this new species, named L. larvipartis, takes the middle route and gives birth to live but immature tadpoles.

但這個被命名為 L. larvipartis 的新物種採取了中間路線，產下了活的但未成熟的蝌蚪。

Well, scientists in Indonesia got a clue when a biologist picked up a specimen, and it suddenly went into frog labor, and spurted out a bunch of tadpoles into her hand.

印度尼西亞的科學家得到了一條線索，一位生物學家拿起一個標本，它突然進入了青蛙分娩期，向她的手上噴出了一群蝌蚪。

那麼，是什麼造就了這一切呢？

No, I mean, I'm literally not saying it's aliens.

不，我的意思是，我真的沒說那是外星人。

But it did take 20 years or so for scientists to figure out who was behind these strange, perfectly symmetrical formations on the seafloor.

但是，科學家們確實花了 20 多年的時間，才弄清這些奇特的、完全對稱的海底地貌的幕後黑手是誰。

Last year, biologists in Japan figured out that they were the work of the white-spotted pufferfish.

去年，日本的生物學家發現它們是白斑河豚的傑作。

Underwater photographers first identified these weird formations in the mid-1990s, and after years of scouting around Japan's Ryukyu Islands, scientists discovered that male puffers made these ornate patterns as nests to attract mates.

20 世紀 90 年代中期，水下攝影師首次發現了這些怪異的圖案。經過多年在日本琉球群島的考察，科學家發現雄性河豚將這些華麗的圖案作為吸引配偶的巢穴。

The puffers with the most fastidious nests get the ladies, it seems, but the nests are only used once to spawn, and then they're abandoned.

看來，築巢最嚴謹的河豚能得到女士們的青睞，但巢穴只用來產卵一次，然後就被遺棄了。

But these fancy circles aren't just for show.

不過，這些花哨的圓圈可不是擺設。

Scientists determined that the male pufferfish shimmy over the sand to create its ridges and hollows, which protect the fertilized eggs from ocean currents.

科學家確定，雄性河豚在沙地上搖晃，形成沙脊和沙坑，保護受精卵不受洋流的影響。

And then there are the discoveries that remind us that being new to science is by no means the same thing as being, quote, discovered.

還有一些發現提醒我們，對於科學來說，新發現與被發現絕不是一回事。

Botanists came across this plant in the mountains of southern Mexico, where locals have been using it for centuries in their annual Christmas displays.

植物學家是在墨西哥南部山區發現這種植物的，幾個世紀以來，當地人一直將其用於每年的聖誕裝飾。

But scientists had no idea that it was its own species until last year.

但直到去年，科學家們才知道它是一個獨立的物種。

It turns out to be a type of bromeliad, a mostly tropical plant with stiff, colorful leaves.

原來，這是一種鳳梨科植物，多為熱帶植物，葉片堅硬，色彩斑斕。

The one that you probably most recently saw was a pineapple.

你最近看到的可能是一個菠蘿。

But this newly-discovered species only grows on cliffs and rock faces in Mexican forests between 1,800 and 2,100 meters in elevation.

但這種新發現的物種只生長在海拔 1800 米到 2100 米之間墨西哥森林的懸崖和巖壁上。

These bromeliad's bright pink and green leaves have made them favored by locals for use in Christmas nativity scenes, so scientists gave this unusual new plant species the name religiosa, or religious, in honor of how it's been used since way before scientists knew it was a thing.

這些鳳梨葉鮮豔的粉紅色和綠色使它們受到當地人的青睞，被用於聖誕節的耶穌誕生場景，是以科學家給這種不尋常的植物新品種取名為religiosa，即religious，以紀念它在科學家知道它的存在之前就已經被使用了。

Thanks to scientists for discovering all kinds of great stuff, and thank you for discovering SciShow News, which is brought to you by our patrons on Patreon.

感謝科學家們發現了各種偉大的東西，也感謝您發現了《科學秀新聞》，它是由我們在 Patreon 上的贊助人為您帶來的。

If you want to help us keep making this show, you can go to patreon.com slash scishow.

如果你想幫助我們繼續製作這個節目，可以訪問 patreon.com slash scishow。

 And don't forget to go to youtube.com slash scishow and subscribe to keep seeing more.

別忘了訪問 youtube.com slash scishow 並訂閱，以便繼續觀看更多內容。