In addition to already changing the name, I have also narrowed down our agenda from 10 bullet points to 7.

除了已經更改的名稱外，我還將我們的議程從 10 個要點縮減為 7 個要點。

There was some overlap and I think this will make for a much more concise episode.

有些內容是重疊的，我認為這將使這一集更加簡潔。

Also a good time to note that these episodes won't be standardized in terms of their length.

另外，還需要說明的是，這些劇集的長度不會統一。

Some books will require more and some will require less.

有些書需要的更多，有些書需要的更少。

Nonetheless, my goal for this series is very simple, I'll state it quickly and then we will dive in.

儘管如此，我這個系列的目標非常簡單，我簡單說一下，然後我們就進入正題。

I want this to be a secular look at the historic collection of the 66 books of the canonized Protestant Bible.

我希望這是對新教《聖經》正典中 66 卷書的歷史回顧。

I want to help separate what is myth, what is theology, what is history, what is actual, what is not, etc.

我想幫助大家釐清什麼是神話、什麼是神學、什麼是歷史、什麼是現實、什麼不是，等等。

So without further ado, let's get into Exodus and point 1 is that of a book overview.

話不多說，讓我們進入《出埃及記》，第一點是全書概述。

So where did we leave off in Genesis?

那麼，我們在《創世紀》中從哪裡開始呢？

We left off with Joseph in Egypt and sure enough Exodus story picks up in Egypt but this time it is with God's people being slaves in Egypt.

出埃及記》的故事在埃及重演，但這次是上帝的子民在埃及為奴。

Exodus 12.40 tells us that the Israelites were in captivity in Egypt for 430 years.

出埃及記》12.40 告訴我們，以色列人在埃及被囚禁了 430 年。

In terms of a number of how big this people group was, that is debated among scholars and I'm not even going to list a number here because there are so many different claims that are so wide ranging from one another.

至於這個民族群體有多大，學者們還在爭論，我甚至不想在這裡列出一個數字，因為有太多不同的說法，相互之間的差異太大。

But what the Bible does say is that this group of individuals was prospering like crazy.

但《聖經》確實說，這群人正在瘋狂地繁衍生息。

They were filling the land so much to the point that the new pharaoh was concerned about the numbers of these individuals.

他們把土地填得滿滿的，以至於新法老擔心這些人的數量。

The narrative really begins with the introduction of Moses.

故事真正開始於對摩西的介紹。

Moses is going to be our featured lead for this story.

摩西將是我們這次報道的主角。

In addition to Moses, the other main characters of course are going to be Pharaoh, his siblings Miriam and Aaron, his right hand man Joshua which will take a more prominent role in the books to come, and the people themselves, the Israelite nation.

除了摩西之外，其他主要人物當然還有法老、他的兄弟姐妹米利暗和亞倫、他的得力助手約書亞（約書亞將在接下來的書中扮演更重要的角色）以及以色列民族本身。

After all, this story is a continuation of God's first covenant and that first covenant we saw in Genesis with Abraham that he would bless Abraham's descendants by making them a great nation, that they would inherit the land of Canaan, and that they would be a blessing to all nations.

畢竟，這個故事是上帝第一個盟約的延續，也是我們在《創世紀》中看到的與亞伯拉罕的第一個盟約的延續，即上帝將祝福亞伯拉罕的後裔，使他們成為一個偉大的民族，他們將繼承迦南地，他們將成為萬國的祝福。

I think that last one is a little bit controversial because if you're going to get point two where you inherit Canaan, you're definitely not going to be a blessing to the Canaanites, yet alone a whole host of other things that we're going to see throughout the rest of the Pentateuch.

我認為最後一條有點爭議，因為如果你要得到第二點，即繼承迦南，你肯定不會成為迦南人的祝福，更不用說我們在摩西五其他地方看到的其他一系列事情了。

But what we're going to get in this story is a continuation of that Abrahamic covenant or really a redoing already of a new covenant with Moses, establishing Moses as a leader and giving law.

但在這個故事中，我們將看到的是亞伯拉罕之約的延續，或者說是與摩西重新簽訂的新約，將摩西確立為領袖並頒佈律法。

So, in addition to the Exodus itself from Egypt, the wandering in the desert, the many miracles that happen, we do reach the law where Moses is given the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, and then the end of Exodus is really focused on the tabernacle which I think is something that maybe a lot of Christians don't know much about and probably a lot of non-believers know little to nothing about.

是以，除了出埃及本身、在沙漠中的流浪、發生的許多神蹟之外，我們還到達了律法，摩西在西奈山被授予了十誡，然後《出埃及記》的結尾主要集中在會幕上，我認為這是許多基督徒不甚瞭解的東西，可能許多非信徒也知之甚少，甚至一無所知。

But it's an extremely important part of this book and it has a lot of far-reaching implications into God's character and God's connection to his chosen people.

但這是本書中極其重要的一部分，對上帝的性格以及上帝與其選民的關係有著深遠的影響。

Long story short, this is the origin story of the Israelite nation.

長話短說，這就是以色列民族的起源故事。

We had a prequel in Genesis that was paving the way, but this is that actual birth of the nation.

我們在《創世紀》中有一個前傳，為國家的誕生鋪平了道路，但這才是國家真正的誕生。

So, let's dive into point two, authorship and date.

那麼，讓我們來談談第二點，作者和日期。

Now here we might be a little more brief because I handled this in a lot of detail in the Genesis video.

在這裡，我們可能要簡短一點，因為我在《創世紀》視頻中對此做了很多詳細介紹。

So, if you haven't watched the Genesis one yet, watch this and my point two there will explain the huge difference between the potential that Moses wrote this book and all the divine inspiration that that would require, the ability for him to foretell his own death, and a much more supernatural presence in general to get this word.

所以，如果你還沒有看過《創世紀》，請看這個，我的第二點會解釋摩西寫下這本書的可能性與所有需要的神的啟示、他預言自己死亡的能力以及更超自然的存在之間的巨大差異。

And this is what a vast majority of Christians still believe even to this day.

直到今天，絕大多數基督徒仍然相信這一點。

And the top scholarly opinion, which is that this is the documentary hypothesis and it includes the Yahwist, the Elohist, the Priestly, and the Deuteronomical, I can never say that word correctly, sources, those four sources combined to give us these first five books of the Bible.

最重要的學術觀點是，這是一種文獻假說，它包括《耶和華書》、《伊洛書》、《祭司書》和《申命記》（我永遠無法正確使用這個詞）的來源，這四種來源結合在一起，為我們提供了《聖經》的前五卷書。

So, you're going to hear me repeat this for Leviticus numbers and Deuteronomy.

所以，你會聽到我重複利未記的數字和申命記的數字。

So, I won't get into all those details again, but most people believe if there is any shred of truth to these stories that they happened between the 15th and 13th century BCE.

是以，我不再贅述這些細節了，但大多數人認為，如果這些故事有任何一絲真實性，它們都發生在公元前 15 世紀到 13 世紀之間。

That would be the time frame that we are looking at as we discuss these events.

這就是我們討論這些事件的時間框架。

The big question is, is how mythological and how practical are these events and do we have any outside knowledge other than the Bible itself to help us fill in these gaps or even believe in them in the first place?

最大的問題是，這些事件的神話性和現實性有多強？除了《聖經》本身，我們是否有其他外部知識來幫助我們填補這些空白，甚至從一開始就相信它們？

We'll be getting to that in future points.

我們將在以後的章節中討論這個問題。

And that will bring us to point three, which is historical background and accuracy.

這就引出了第三點，即歷史背景和準確性。

This point gets a little bit tricky and I'm trying to be as objective as possible.

這一點有點棘手，我想盡量做到客觀。

But what we're left with is a lack of evidence.

但是，我們所得到的卻是缺乏證據。

We know quite a bit about ancient Egypt as the Egypt that is suggested to be around during this time period.

我們對古埃及有相當多的瞭解，因為古埃及被認為是這一時期的埃及。

We know, of course, that they used slave labor.

當然，我們知道他們使用的是奴隸勞動。

We know that they had pharaohs as rulers and how those pharaohs were viewed.

我們知道他們有法老作為統治者，也知道人們是如何看待這些法老的。

We know what land they occupied and at what time and how they governed that ownership in leading of those different portions of land.

我們知道他們在什麼時間佔據了哪些土地，以及他們如何管理這些不同土地的所有權。

But what we don't have is any physical evidence linking the Israelite nation in captivity in Egypt in any numbers, yet alone very large numbers for any amount of time, yet alone 430 years.

但是，我們沒有任何實物證據可以證明以色列人被擄埃及的人數，更不用說人數眾多的埃及人被擄了多少時間，更不用說是 430 年。

Now, if you want to continue down the rabbit hole of atheist explanations here, Holy Kool-Aid has an amazing series, Nothing Fails Like Bible History, and he does one on the Exodus and I'd encourage you to watch it and I will link it below.

現在，如果你想繼續沿著無神論者解釋的兔子洞往下走，聖酷愛有一個令人驚歎的系列，"沒有什麼比聖經歷史更失敗"，他做了一個關於出埃及記的系列，我鼓勵你觀看，我會在下面鏈接它。

He can explain a lot of those points and a lot of what archaeologists are talking about better than I can.

他能比我更好地解釋其中的很多觀點以及考古學家們正在討論的很多問題。

I'm here to give you the overview and the overview is that a lack of evidence.

我是來給你們介紹情況的，情況就是缺乏證據。

Now, a lack of evidence or no evidence does not suggest entirely that this account is made up.

現在，缺乏證據或沒有證據並不能完全說明這一說法是編造的。

It also doesn't verify it in any way, shape, or form.

它也沒有以任何方式、形狀或形式進行驗證。

It seems unlikely, though, that a nation as strong and powerful and dominant as Egypt that was as good with their record keeping as they were just left out what would have been their largest workforce and then lack of that workforce.

不過，像埃及這樣一個強大、強盛、佔統治地位的國家，在保存記錄方面如此之好，卻只是遺漏了本該是他們最大的勞動力，然後又缺乏勞動力，這似乎不太可能。

Like what happened to Egypt after losing all of those Israelites?

就像埃及在失去所有以色列人之後發生了什麼？

What happened after losing their Pharaoh, supposedly, and all of his greatest men and warriors in the Red Sea?

在紅海中失去了法老和他所有最強大的部下和戰士之後，又發生了什麼？

Where is the account from an ancient Egyptian perspective of when all the firstborn sons died or any of the other plagues that bestowed them?

從古埃及人的角度來看，長子是什麼時候死的？

This would have been epic.

這將是史詩級的。

It would have been the first thing to be recorded and we have zilch outside of the Bible.

這將是最早被記錄下來的東西，而我們在《聖經》之外卻一無所獲。

That seems highly problematic.

這似乎很有問題。

So in response to this lack of evidence, we get something very similar that happened in line with Genesis and that's moving the goalpost of how literal we are taking it.

是以，在缺乏證據的情況下，我們得到了與《創世紀》非常相似的東西，這就改變了我們對《創世紀》的字面理解。

And just like a large portion of progressive Christians don't believe in a six day creation story or even a young earth theory for that matter, a large portion of believers and scholars are now looking at the Exodus as something more symbolic, viewing Exodus as a story that reflects the collective memory of these people, their identity and formation and religious beliefs.

就像很大一部分進步的基督徒不相信六日創世說，甚至不相信年輕地球理論一樣，很大一部分信徒和學者現在也把出埃及記看成是更具象徵意義的東西，把出埃及記看成是反映這些人的集體記憶、他們的身份、形成和宗教信仰的故事。

It could be as simple that there was just a really small scale group that slowly moved through Egypt and had some kind of an integration with the indigenous Canaanite group.

可能只是一個小規模的群體在埃及慢慢移動，並與當地的迦南人群體發生了某種融合。

And over time, the lore and myth of creating this Israelites in Canaan became the story of the Exodus.

隨著時間的推移，在迦南創造以色列人的傳說和神話變成了出埃及的故事。

History is strange.

歷史是奇怪的。

Stories get spun.

故事是編出來的。

I'm sure there are seeds of truth here.

我相信這裡面有真理的種子。

It's just yet to be determined how big those seeds are and how much truth they contain.

只是這些種子有多大，包含多少真理，還有待確定。

So let's move on to point four, which is that of literary analysis.

下面我們來談談第四點，即文學分析。

The book of Exodus belongs to the genre of ancient Near Eastern narrative.

出埃及記》屬於古代近東敘事體裁。

This style combines historical events with theological import, adding in religious and legal material.

這種文體將歷史事件與神學意義相結合，加入了宗教和法律材料。

In this particular case, its point was to show the concept in its entirety from the Exodus, the leaving, the becoming free for the Israelite people all the way to their liberation.

在這種特殊情況下，它的意義在於展示以色列人從出埃及、離開、獲得自由一直到解放的整個概念。

In terms of structure here, Exodus can really be divided into three portions, kind of a beginning, middle and end.

就結構而言，《出埃及記》實際上可以分為三個部分，即開頭、中間和結尾。

The beginning is really just setting the stage.

開頭其實只是一個鋪墊。

Where are the Israelites?

以色列人在哪裡？

What is going on with them?

他們怎麼了？

This is the captivity part.

這是囚禁的部分。

This is the necessary setup for a freedom tale, for a liberation tale.

這是自由故事、解放故事的必要鋪墊。

We get the introduction of our central character, Moses, his importance, his narrative, his strengths and weaknesses, so we can better appreciate his arc to come.

我們可以看到中心人物摩西的介紹、他的重要性、他的敘述、他的優點和缺點，這樣我們就能更好地欣賞他的未來弧線。

Part two is the forging of this chosen people group, with the pinnacle being receiving the Ten Commandments, receiving the covenant, receiving the law, organizing themselves as a people group with a strong emphasis on moral and ethical conduct, which is a theme that pretty much keeps up all the way through until the Gospels with the sacrifice of Jesus.

第二部分是這個被選中的民族群體的形成過程，其頂峰是接受十誡、接受盟約、接受律法，將自己組織成一個民族群體，並著重強調道德和倫理行為，這一主題一直貫穿到《福音書》中耶穌的獻祭。

And the ending, the third part of Exodus, is again about the construction of the tabernacle.

出埃及記》的結尾，即第三部分，又是關於會幕的建造。

So we've left slavery, we are in the wilderness, we've received the law and a new covenant, but how do we have relation with this God, the tabernacle?

是以，我們離開了奴役，我們在曠野，我們接受了律法和新約，但我們如何與這位上帝、帳幕發生關係呢？

What are God's rules in association with him communing with man?

上帝與人交流的規則是什麼？

What is this going to look like now and what is it pointing to looking like in the future?

現在是什麼樣子，未來又是什麼樣子？

Throughout those three different sections, we see a few literary techniques employed, the first one being vivid imagery.

在這三個不同的章節中，我們看到運用了一些文學技巧，首先是生動的意象。

We see this especially as the ten plagues of Egypt are described.

在描述埃及十災時，我們尤其能看到這一點。

The writers seem to really want to get across the magnitude of God's divinity.

作者似乎真的很想表達上帝的偉大神性。

We also see softer literary techniques like that of a poetic sense in something like the Song of Moses, which is Exodus 15, 1-8, and this is his victory cry essentially after crossing the Red Sea.

在《摩西之歌》（即《出埃及記》第 15 章第 1 至 8 節）中，我們也能看到較為柔和的文學技巧，比如詩意，這基本上是摩西在穿越紅海後發出的勝利吶喊。

Furthermore, we have a huge focus on legal.

此外，我們還非常重視法律事務。

Now I don't know if you would count this as its own literary technique, but listing out and conveying the laws, the consequences of breaking those laws, and the importance of these laws is a huge part of the Exodus story and this legalistic nature is something that we do see in other ancient texts that are similar in scope.

我不知道這算不算是一種文學技巧，但羅列和傳達律法、違反律法的後果以及這些律法的重要性是《出埃及記》故事的一個重要部分，這種律法主義的本質在其他類似的古代文本中也能看到。

So all of this put together gives us a really rich tapestry of storytelling that is the Exodus narrative.

是以，所有這些加在一起，就構成了出埃及記豐富的故事內容。

For now, let's go straight into point five, main themes.

現在，讓我們直接進入第五點，即主題。

Now just like Genesis, this is a book that is packed with meaning.

就像《創世紀》一樣，這是一本充滿意義的書。

Any story told on this kind of a scale that covers this much ground in this short of a time frame is going to be ripe for theme.

在如此短的時間內講述如此大規模的故事，涵蓋如此多的內容，都是成熟的主題。

We could make a case for so many different themes and motifs, but I'm going to list four that I think are very prominent in this book.

我們可以提出許多不同的主題和圖案，但我要列出我認為在這本書中非常突出的四個。

The first one is going to be some sort of divine providence or divine guidance.

第一種是某種神的旨意或神的指引。

We saw this in Genesis.

我們在《創世紀》中看到了這一點。

We didn't focus on it very much and we see it big time here in Exodus and it's important to point out because we lose it.

我們在《出埃及記》中沒有很好地關注到這一點，而在這裡我們看到了它的重要性，我們必須指出這一點，因為我們失去了它。

After Jesus' ascension, the idea of a corporeal God almost completely disappears.

耶穌昇天後，肉身上帝的概念幾乎完全消失了。

We are told to rely on faith.

我們被告知要依靠信心。

We are told to commune via the Holy Spirit on a personal level, but this is not how it always was.

我們被告知要通過聖靈進行個人層面的交流，但事實並非如此。

Yahweh in His introduction to us in Genesis and continued here in the second book of the Bible through Exodus is a very hands-on God.

耶和華在《創世紀》中向我們介紹了祂，並在《聖經》第二卷至《出埃及記》中繼續介紹祂，祂是一位非常注重實踐的神。

He intervenes on their behalf.

他代表他們進行干預。

He guides them through various challenges.

他指導他們應對各種挑戰。

Every single day is yet another miracle with Yahweh.

每一天都是耶和華創造的又一個奇蹟。

Examples of this start when they're in captivity with the miracles of the plagues.

從他們被囚禁時的天譴奇蹟開始，就有這樣的例子。

Miracles if you're an Israelite, not so miraculous if you're an Egyptian.

如果你是以色列人，那就是奇蹟；如果你是埃及人，那就沒那麼神奇了。

And then the parting of the Red Sea, everyone's favorite miracle.

然後是大家最喜歡的奇蹟--紅海的分開。

But it gets better.

但還有更好的。

God continues to show up even more.

上帝繼續彰顯更多。

He feeds them personally by raining down food from the sky.

他從天而降食物，親自餵養他們。

He uses a pillar of cloud in the day that is always visible and a pillar of fire at night that is always visible to physically lead them through the wilderness.

祂在白天用始終可見的雲柱，在晚上用始終可見的火柱，以實際行動帶領他們穿越曠野。

He meets with Moses on the mountain.

他在山上與摩西會面。

And in some reports you're getting that Moses saw him and some that he didn't see him and some that he saw him only from the back as he was passing by and some that he spoke face to face with him.

有些報道說摩西看到了他，有些說他沒有看到他，有些說他只是在經過時從後面看到了他，有些說他和他面對面交談過。

Either way, you had a very intimate connection between God and Moses that at the very least was auditory so that Moses could hear the Ten Commandments he needed to inscribe.

無論如何，上帝和摩西之間都有一種非常親密的聯繫，這種聯繫至少是聽覺上的，這樣摩西才能聽到他需要銘刻的十誡。

And that happened on multiple occasions.

這種情況發生過多次。

I won't even get into the three different versions of the Ten Commandments at this point.

我現在甚至不想討論《十誡》的三種不同版本。

So let's go with divine intervention because that is what God was doing.

所以，我們還是說是神的干預吧，因為這就是上帝在做的事情。

He intervened on the free will of the Egyptians to release the Israelites and then he intervened on a daily basis within the Israelite community to establish them as a nation.

他根據埃及人的自由意志進行干預，釋放了以色列人，然後他每天都在以色列人中進行干預，使他們成為一個國家。

Theme two would be that of identity and community.

主題二是身份和社區。

This one if you get rid of all the mythology and theology in it is actually pretty cool.

如果去掉其中的神話和神學成分，這本書其實很酷。

It's a people group at their beginning.

這是一個處於起步階段的族群。

It's kind of like that game you would play in history class where it's like, oh, if I was on an island with this many people and I had to create my own government, what would it look like?

這有點像你在歷史課上玩的那種遊戲，就像，哦，如果我在一個島上，有這麼多人，我必須建立我自己的政府，它會是什麼樣子？

We see this played out in a grand scale.

我們看到了這一宏大場面的上演。

We see how Moses goes about creating law and order.

我們看到摩西是如何創建法律和秩序的。

Again, all facilitated under God's specific command.

同樣，所有這些都是在上帝的具體命令下促成的。

But Moses as an example of a leader is something that is fascinating.

但摩西作為領導者的典範卻令人著迷。

The people that he chose to surround himself with, the way that he ran his councils, how he divvied up those who reported to him and what their jobs were in leading their groups of people in this trickle down effect so that Moses as a single leader could have a far and impactful reach amongst the whole group.

他選擇的身邊的人，他管理議會的方式，他如何分派向他彙報工作的人，以及他們的工作是什麼，在這種涓滴效應中，摩西作為一個領導者，可以在整個群體中產生深遠的影響。

He was also judged during this time.

在此期間，他也受到了審判。

Everyone brought their problems to Moses.

每個人都把自己的問題帶給摩西。

On a daily basis, it was his job to impose the law, rule on it, and give the consequences for it to these people.

每天，他的工作就是將法律強加於這些人，對其進行統治，並讓他們承擔法律後果。

This is a huge undertaking.

這是一項艱鉅的任務。

And in doing so, we see the formation of a new group of people, a new group with morals and ethics and laws and a hierarchy of values to themselves.

在此過程中，我們看到了一個新群體的形成，一個有道德、有倫理、有法律、有自己的價值等級的新群體。

Again, according to the narrative itself, this is a very divinely inspired morality.

同樣，根據敘述本身，這是一種非常神聖的道德。

But from an objective view looking in, this is the development of a people group and a culture.

但從客觀的角度來看，這是一個民族和一種文化的發展。

And I think that's pretty interesting.

我覺得這很有趣。

Third and similar would be that of ethics and social justice.

第三，類似的是道德和社會正義。

Again, looking in the law, we get a deep idea in whether you believe it was God given or man given, the morality or justice or value system of either this God or this people group.

再次，從法律中，我們可以深刻地認識到，無論你認為它是上帝賦予的還是人類賦予的，無論是這個上帝還是這個民族的道德、正義或價值體系。

We see laws on everything.

我們在任何事情上都能看到法律的影子。

Legality is around owning property, labor practices, family relations, treatment of insiders, treatment of outsiders, etc.

合法性圍繞擁有財產、勞動慣例、家庭關係、內部人待遇、外部人待遇等方面。

What we'll see very clearly is that the Israelites had a set of laws that were for them and how they treated their own and a pretty different set of laws on how they treated those around them and their neighboring or enemy nations.

我們將清楚地看到，以色列人有一套針對他們自己的律法，以及他們如何對待自己人的律法，而在如何對待周圍的人以及鄰國或敵國方面，則有一套截然不同的律法。

And then a fourth and last thing that I would give you is that of power and or oppression.

第四點，也是最後一點，就是權力和壓迫。

And I say this because Exodus has been used so much since its original account as a liberation tale for other groups that are oppressed.