Name: 7 個最常見的相關性邏輯謬誤：小心誤導性邏輯（The 7 Most Common Logical Fallacies of Relevance:Beware of Misleading Logic）
Uploaded: 2023-11-13T05:25:29.000Z
Duration: 16 min 54 s

進階被動語態

Have you ever found yourself in a debate, only to be stumped by arguments that seemed

你是否曾經在一場辯論中，被看似

to make sense, but at the same time you felt like there was something wrong in this argument

有道理的論點難住了，但同時又覺得這個論點有問題

More often than not, this is due to the argument being riddled with what are known as "logical

通常，這是因為該論證充滿了所謂的

These are misleading tactics in reasoning that may appear convincing but crumble under

這些都是誤導的推理策略，看似令人信服，但經過

Such fallacies present a façade of logic, yet they do not withstand rigorous examination,

這些謬論呈現出邏輯的表面，但它們經不起嚴格的檢驗，

leading to conclusions that may seem sound but are, in fact, fundamentally flawed.

導致看似合理但實際上存在根本缺陷的結論。

So today we are going to delve into 7 logical fallacies with PAA.

那麼今天我們將深入探討 PAA 的 7 個邏輯謬誤。

Hi, I am Shao Chieh Lo, welcome to what people also ask, where I answered some of the most

大家好，我是 Shao Chieh Lo，歡迎大家提問，我

Googled questions with even more Googling.

用更多的谷歌搜尋回答了一些最常被谷歌搜尋的問題。

Today we will talk about logical fallacies, specifically 7 Fallacies of Relevance, which

今天我們將討論邏輯謬誤，特別是七大相關謬誤，這

is a group of Fallacies that involve arguments where the premises are not logically relevant

是一組涉及前提與結論在邏輯上不相關的論證的謬誤

These fallacies distract from the core issue, often appealing to emotions, authority, or

這些謬論分散了核心問題的注意力，常常訴諸情感、權威或

personal attacks rather than providing sound evidence.

人身攻擊，而不是提供可靠的證據。

What is Argument from incredulity (appeal to common sense)

The argument from incredulity, also known as appeal to common sense, is a logical fallacy

懷疑論證，也稱為訴諸常識，是一種邏輯謬誤，

where one asserts that a proposition must be false because it contradicts one's personal

人們斷言一個命題一定是錯誤的，因為它與一個人的個人

beliefs or intuition, or seems difficult to understand.

信念 相矛盾。 或者直覺，或者似乎難以理解。

Instead of presenting evidence, the person relies on a lack of imagination or personal

該人不提供證據，而是依靠缺乏想像力或個人的

incredulity as 'proof' that the argument is invalid.

懷疑作為論證無效的「證據」。

Everyday Example: A person is presented with the concept of quantum entanglement, where

日常範例：人們了解了量子糾纏的概念，其中

two particles can instantaneously affect each other's state, no matter how far apart they

兩個粒子可以立即影響彼此的狀態，無論它們相距多遠

They respond, "That's impossible; I can't see how it would work.

他們回答說：“那是不可能的；我看不出它是如何運作的。

This person is dismissing well-documented scientific evidence based on their own inability

此人之所以駁回有據可查的科學證據，是因為他們自己無法

to comprehend the concept, rather than on any logical refutation or contradictory evidence.

理解這個概念，而不是任何邏輯反駁或矛盾的證據。

The development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century challenged the classical

physics of the time, which was largely deterministic.

當時很大程度上是確定的經典物理學提出了挑戰。

Quantum mechanics introduced inherent probabilities into the fundamental nature of the physical

world, which was a significant departure from the previously understood mechanics.

世界的基本性質中，這與先前理解的力學有很大的不同。

Albert Einstein, one of the most respected physicists of his time, found the probabilistic

阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦，他那個時代最受尊敬的物理學家之一，發現

interpretations of quantum mechanics difficult to reconcile with his views on causality in

量子力學的機率解釋很難與他對

His statement "God does not play dice with the universe" has become emblematic of his

他的「上帝不會與宇宙玩骰子」的說法已經成為他對量子力學感到

discomfort with the idea that events at the quantum level could occur without deterministic

不安的象徵。量子層級上的事件可能在沒有確定性定律的情況下

Despite his contributions to quantum theory, including the photoelectric effect, which

儘管愛因斯坦對量子理論做出了貢獻，包括

earned him the Nobel Prize, Einstein spent much of his later life attempting to find

為他贏得了諾貝爾獎的 光電效應，但

a unified field theory that would provide a deterministic explanation for the phenomena

他晚年的大部分時間都在試圖尋找一個統一的場論，為

Another example is when Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, he

現象提供確定性的解釋 。 另一個例子是阿爾弗雷德·韋格納在1912年提出大陸漂移說時，

was met with widespread skepticism from the geological community.

Many geologists were adamantly opposed to Wegener's theory, not because of sound scientific

許多地質學家堅決反對韋格納的理論，不是因為科學上有合理的

counterarguments, but because it went against the then-accepted beliefs about stationary

反駁，而是因為它違背了當時公認的關於靜止

This dismissal persisted despite Wegener's substantial evidence, and the theory was not

儘管韋格納有大量證據，但這種駁斥仍然存在，

widely accepted until the concept of plate tectonics emerged in the 1960s.

直到 20 世紀 60 年代板塊構造概念出現， 理論才被

What is Invincible ignorance (argument by pigheadedness) ?

廣泛接受。 什麼是無知無知（頑強的論證）？

Invincible ignorance, or argument by pigheadedness, refers to fallacious reasoning where an individual

不可戰勝的無知，或頑固的論證，是指錯誤的推理，即個人

insists on their viewpoint despite being confronted with actual, incontrovertible evidence to

堅持自己的觀點，儘管面對實際的、無可爭議的相反證據

This stubbornness is not due to the lack of understanding but rather a willful refusal

這種固執並不是因為缺乏理解，而是因為故意拒絕

to accept any evidence that might contradict their preconceived beliefs or claims.

接受任何可能與他們先入為主的信念或主張相矛盾的證據。

A sports fan is adamant that a famous athlete never lost a game in their entire career.

一位體育迷堅信一位著名運動員在其整個職業生涯中從未輸過一場比賽。

When presented with official game records and historical footage showing that the athlete

當官方比賽記錄和歷史鏡頭顯示運動員

did indeed experience several defeats, the fan dismisses all this documentation as errors

確實經歷了幾次失敗時，球迷將所有這些文件視為錯誤

They maintain their belief solely based on personal admiration, irrespective of the irrefutable

他們僅出於個人崇拜而堅持自己的信仰，而不顧無可辯駁的

In 1994, executives from the seven biggest American tobacco companies, including R.J.

Reynolds, testified before Congress and infamously declared that they did not believe nicotine

雷諾茲在內的美國七家最大菸草公司的高階主管在國會作證，臭名昭著地宣稱他們不相信尼古丁

This testimony occurred despite a substantial body of scientific evidence indicating the

health risks of smoking and the addictive nature of nicotine, some of which was known

吸煙的健康風險和尼古丁的成癮性，其中一些

在這些公司內部是眾所周知的，但這份證詞還是出現了。

This event is often cited as a clear example of the tobacco industry's attempts to mislead

這一事件經常被認為是菸草業試圖誤導

the public and policymakers about the dangers of their products.

公眾和政策制定者關於其產品危險性的明顯例子。

What is The argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) ?

什麼是無知論證（訴諸無知，argumentum ad ignorantiam）？

The argument from ignorance, also known as appeal to ignorance or argumentum ad ignorantiam,

無知論證，也稱為訴諸無知或argumentum ad ignorantiam，

is a fallacy that occurs when something is claimed to be true simply because it has not

是一種謬誤，當某件事僅僅因為尚未被證明是錯誤的而被聲稱是正確的時，就會發生這種謬誤，反之亦然

This fallacy asserts that a lack of evidence against a position is evidence for it, or

這種謬論聲稱，缺乏反對某個立場的證據就是支持該立場的證據，或者

that an argument is necessarily false because it has not been proven true.

某個論點必然是錯誤的，因為它尚未被證明是正確的。

An individual claims that there must be life on other planets because no one has been able

某人聲稱其他行星上一定有生命，因為沒有人能夠

In this instance, the person is basing their belief on the absence of evidence to the contrary

在這種情況下，人們的信念是基於缺乏相反的證據，

rather than on positive evidence supporting the existence of extraterrestrial life.

而不是基於支持外星生命存在的積極證據。

This argument assumes that the lack of disproof is equivalent to proof, which is a logical

這種論證假設缺乏反證就等於證明

The Roman Catholic Inquisition, which began in the 12th century and lasted into the early

羅馬天主教宗教裁判所始於12世紀，一直持續到

modern period, was a significant effort by the Church to locate and punish heresy among

近代早期，是教會為查明和懲罰

基督徒中的異端而做出的重大努力。

During this time, the Inquisitional courts developed a system where the burden of proof

在此期間，宗教裁判所製定了一種制度，其中舉證責任

was often on the accused, a stark contrast to modern legal principles.

往往由被告承擔，這與現代法律原則形成鮮明對比。

The process was secretive, and the identity of accusers could be withheld.

整個過程是秘密的，指控者的身分可能被隱藏。

The argument from ignorance was a pervasive element of the Inquisition's method: if the

無知論點是宗教裁判所方法的一個普遍要素：如果被告

accused could not affirmatively disprove the charges of heresy, this lack of disproof was

不能肯定地反駁異端指控，則這種缺乏反駁的行為將被視為

This presumption meant that simply being accused could be perilous.

這項推定意味著僅僅被指控就可能是危險的。

Possession of prohibited texts, association with convicted heretics, or uttering statements

擁有違禁文本、與被定罪的異端分子有聯繫，或發表

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7 個最常見的相關性邏輯謬誤：小心誤導性邏輯（The 7 Most Common Logical Fallacies of Relevance:Beware of Misleading Logic）

relevant

potential

assume

significant