Name: 真的這麼醜嗎？為什麼大家都討厭水泥建築？ (Why everyone hates this concrete building)
Uploaded: 2023-12-09T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 8 min 3 s

「醜陋」、「令人感到壓抑」，

"A cross between a giant square box and a federal penitentiary."

「介於巨大方形盒子和聯邦監獄之間的東西。」

These are all ways that people have described this building behind me.

這些都是人們對我身後這座建築的描述，

It's Evans Hall at the University of California Berkeley.

這是加州大學柏克萊分校的埃文斯廳。

It's built in a style of architecture called Brutalism.

它採用一種稱為粗野主義的建築風格建造。

And when you look at college campuses around the US, you'll see brutalist architecture like this everywhere.

在美國的大學校園裡，這樣的粗野建築隨處可見。

Why are there so many brutalist buildings on campuses, and what about this style of architecture makes it so divisive?

為什麼校園裡有這麼多粗野主義的建築，這種建築風格又是如何造成如此分裂的呢？

OK. Just to start with, the name Brutalism doesn't actually have anything to do with the brutality of the architecture per se.

好的。 首先，粗野主義這個名字其實與建築本身的殘酷沒有任何關係。

Although some may argue that it's quite harsh in appearance,

雖然有些人可能會認為它的外觀相當粗糙，

it's actually derived from a French phrase:

它實際上源自於一個法語短語：

Béton brut，法文的「原始混凝土」。

This is Timothy Rowan. He's a professor of architectural history at UMass Amherst, a campus known for its stunning brutalist architecture.

這是蒂莫西·羅文。 他是麻薩諸塞大學達特茅斯分校的建築史教授，該校以其令人驚嘆的野獸派建築而聞名。

It's also the home of UMassBRUT, a campus organization that raises awareness of the school's collection of buildings.

它也是 UMass Brute 的所在地，這是一個校園組織，旨在提高人們對學校建築收藏的認識。

Some architects in conversations about Brutalism and its origins come up a lot.

一些建築師在談論粗野主義及其起源時經常被提及。

One of them is the Swiss-born French architect, Le Corbusier.

其中一位是出生於瑞士的法國建築師勒·柯比意。

He built an enormous building in Marseille, an apartment building, the Unité d'habitation.

他在馬賽建造了一座巨大的建築，一棟公寓大樓，Unité d'habitation。

This really became a model for the use of concrete and a model for what became Brutalism.

這確實成為使用混凝土的典範，也是後來粗野主義的典範。

Concrete was widely used, but sometimes before this, you would maybe sand the surface, paint the surface, clean it up in a groundbreaking fashion.

混凝土被廣泛使用，但有時在此之前，您可能會以開創性的方式打磨表面、油漆表面、清理表面。

他讓混凝土表面保持原始狀態。

Le Corbusier continued to build on the motifs he used in Unité d'habitation in his later work.

勒‧柯比意在後來的作品中繼續以他在 Unité d'habitation 中所使用的主題為基礎。

Other architects of the day played in the brutalist sandbox as well, such as Marcel Breuer, Paul Rudolph, Högna Sigurdardóttir and Louis Kahn.

當時的其他建築師也參與了這種粗野主義的實驗，例如馬塞爾·布勞爾、保羅·魯道夫、霍格納·西古爾達多蒂爾和路易斯·康（Louis Kahn）。

Brutalism became not just a style of architecture but an entire aesthetic ethos.

粗暴主義不僅成為一種建築風格，更是整個美學理念。

In what became a manifesto of sorts for the movement, architecture writer and critic Rayner Banham decreed that new brutalist structures should have the following qualities.

在這場運動中成為某種宣言的，建築作家兼評論家雷納·班漢姆規定新的粗野主義建築應該具備以下特質。

一：作為一種形象的難忘特性。

And three: Valuation of materials "as found."

三：對材料的評價應該是「發現的狀態」。

Modernist architecture up to this point was dominated by people like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who built sleek glass corporate skyscrapers,

直到這時，現代主義建築一直由路德維希·密斯·凡·德·羅等人主導，他建造了光滑的玻璃企業摩天大樓。

which featured what are called curtain walls: Non-load-bearing veneers that were meant to hide the construction.

這些大樓採用了所謂的幕牆，這是一種非承重的薄飾板，旨在隱藏建築結構。

Some architects say if you have a whole city like this, it's going to become banal, monotonous.

一些建築師表示，如果整座城市都是這樣，它將變得平庸和單調。

Modernist architects called these buildings fish bowls, and they were lampooned for their resemblance to graph paper.

現代主義建築師將這些建築稱為「魚缸」，它們因其與方格紙的相似之處而被嘲笑。

In contrast, brutalist buildings strove for honesty in their materials and structure.

相比之下，粗野主義建築追求在材料和結構上的坦誠。

They showed you how they were constructed.

At the end of World War II, college attendance shot up.

在二戰結束時，大學入學人數急劇增加。

There was the veterans returning from the war who were eligible for government benefits that allowed them to go to college and pay for it.

有退伍軍人從戰爭歸來，他們有資格獲得政府福利，這使得他們能夠上大學並支付學費。

This necessitated that universities build new facilities to handle ballooning admissions.

這使得大學需要建造新的設施來應對不斷增加的入學人數。

And with so many new buildings being needed, what did architects of the day turn to?

面對如此多的新建築需求，當時的建築師們該怎麼辦呢？

Schools like Yale had entire campuses of brutalist architecture spring up, which received glowing marquee reviews in the New York Times.

像耶魯這樣的學校出現了整個粗野主義建築的校園，並在《紐約時報》上獲得了極高的評價。

Campuses across the country erected some pretty spectacular buildings that typified the challenging and idealistic, brutalist esthetic.

全國各地的校園建造了一些建築，它們代表了富有挑戰性和理想主義的、典型的粗野主義美學。

Schools like Harvard, UMass Dartmouth, UC San Diego, the University of Chicago, and of course, Berkeley.

哈佛、麻薩諸塞大學達特茅斯分校、加州大學聖地亞哥分校、芝加哥大學，當然還有柏克萊等學校。

Some of the colleges like Yale University they wanted to part from the old models of the Gothic and the Georgian.

一些學院，如耶魯大學，希望擺脫哥德式和喬治亞式的舊風格。

A campus that was like Oxford or Cambridge for elite gentlemen.

現在，他們想展示他們正在成為一所世界一流的研究型大學。

Now they want to show that they are becoming a world-class research university.

A university like mine, University of Massachusetts expanded at this time from an agricultural college, and it becomes a research university.

像我的大學，麻薩諸塞大學，在這個時候從一所農業學院擴展，成為一所研究型大學。

And so they start to become the hosts for modern architecture to show their progress.

因此，他們開始成為現代建築的杰出代表，展示他們的進步。

During the 1970s, the US economy took a downturn.

New construction on campuses ground to a virtual halt, and maintenance of existing facilities was neglected, leaving many buildings brutalist and otherwise dingy and in need of renovation.

校園的新建築幾乎陷入停頓，現有設施的維護也被忽視，導致許多建築粗獷且骯髒，需要翻新。

And there's real cutbacks in maintenance during the 70s. It's noticeable.

1970 年代，維護工作確實減少了。 這是顯而易見的。

And there's even a policy that many campuses had called deferred maintenance.

許多校園甚至還有一項稱為延期維護的政策。

We're not going to do repairs. We're not going to unstop the gutter.

我們不打算進行維修。 我們不會去疏通排水溝。

We're not going to put in air conditioning that was never installed.

我們不會安裝從未安裝過的空調。

When will this day come? I think it's maybe today.

這一天何時到來？我想也許就是今天。

The 1980s swept in a new era of construction that was a definite change of pace.

1980 年代席捲了建築業的新時代，這明顯改變了步伐。

Architects like Robert Venturi designed university buildings that featured brighter colors, asymmetrical shapes and playful design elements.

羅伯特·文丘里等建築師設計的大學建築具有更明亮的色彩、不對稱的形狀和有趣的設計元素。

Instead of attempts to preserve or renovate brutalist buildings in need of repair, numerous campuses across the country opted to tear them down and build something shiny and new.

全國各地的許多校園沒有嘗試保存或翻新需要修復的粗野派建築，而是選擇將其拆除並建造一些閃亮的新建築。

And that is what it seems like will be the fate for poor Evans Hall here in Berkeley.

這似乎就是柏克萊可憐的埃文斯霍爾廳的命運。

Although a campus spokesperson told me that there is "No project in the works or approved to demolish Evans Hall."

儘管校園發言人告訴我，「沒有正在進行或批准拆除埃文斯大廳的項目」。

They went on to say that they're in the process of relocating all classrooms and offices out of the building and will then construct new buildings to house them,

他們接著說，他們正在將所有教室和辦公室搬出大樓，然後建造新大樓來容納它們，

at which point they will propose a project to demolish Evans.

屆時他們將提出一個拆除埃文斯的計畫。

Which sounds to me like they're going to tear it down.

在我看來，他們似乎要把它拆掉。

The reason for all of this is a study that showed that its seismic rating against earthquakes is poor.

究其原因，是一項研究表明其抗震等級較低。

So why is there no talk about tearing down this building? Or this one? Or this one?

那麼，為什麼沒有人說要拆掉這棟樓，或這棟大樓，或這棟大樓呢？

These buildings and over 22 others on campus share the same seismic rating as Evans.

這些建築物以及校園內超過 22 座建築物的抗震等級與埃文斯相同。

那為什麼只把目光投向埃文斯呢？

It's often about a number of other considerations, like real estate.

這通常涉及許多其他考慮因素，例如房地產。

The fact that these sites are valuable space on college campuses is at a premium.

事實上，這些場所是大學校園中寶貴的空間，這一點非常寶貴。

The real reason may be buried further in the report which says that, quote,

真正的原因可能被進一步隱藏在報告中，該報告稱，

"Due to its massing height, scale and materiality, Evans Hall, which obstructs views to San Francisco and beyond is considered incongruous with the Beaux Arts Buildings in the Classical Core."

「由於埃文斯廳的高度、規模和物質性，它阻礙了舊金山及其他地區的視野，被認為與古典核心的布雜藝術建築不協調。」

And that, quote, "the ad-hoc placement of the new buildings lacked sensitivity."

引用一下，新建築的「臨時佈局缺乏敏感性。」

Just because you find something unfashionable at the moment, doesn't mean you should eradicate it.

僅僅因為你發現某些東西現在不流行，並不意味著你應該消除它。

But while Brutalism hasn't been seen in a positive light for a few generations, all hope is not necessarily lost.

儘管粗野主義在幾代人的時間裡一直沒有被正面看待，但並不一定會失去所有希望。

There does seem to be a bit of a renaissance happening.

似乎確實有一點文藝復興正在發生。

Dr. Rohan hopes to spread the gospel of Brutalism to a new generation by doing tours of the brutalist buildings on the campus of his university.

羅漢博士希望透過參觀大學校園內的粗野派建築，向新一代傳播粗野派福音。

And Zillow has even named Brutalism as one of the top trends to watch in 2024.

Zillow 甚至將粗野主義列為 2024 年最值得關注的趨勢之一。

When you look around, Brutalism influence has actually made its way into many corners of our culture.

當你環顧四周時，粗野主義的影響實際上已經滲透到我們文化的許多角落。

There are $1,000 concrete West Elm coffee tables, and Jay-Z and Beyoncé paid $200 million for a brutalist-inspired house on the ocean.

有價值 1,000 美元的 West Elm 混凝土咖啡桌，Jay-Z 和碧昂絲花費 2 億美元在海邊買了一棟粗野派風格的房子。

I think it has seeped into popular culture through Instagram, through Pinterest. All these things.

我認為它已經透過 Instagram、Pinterest 滲透到了流行文化中。 所有這些事情。