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  • If you're familiar with our YouTube channel,

    如果你常常看我們的頻道,

  • you probably recognize a few voices.

    你大概認得這幾個聲音。

  • Like, Sam is always going to use a map.

    比如,Sam 總是會用到地圖。

  • Yeah, the best videos always have a map.

    沒有地圖的影片不是好影片。

  • And Coleman's just going to show you a photo.

    Coleman 則是對照片情有獨鍾。

  • There's usually other photos in there.

    通常還會有其他照片。

  • Joss is going to drop a bunch of data on you, but make you feel something.

    Joss 會給你一堆數據,同時讓你體會到一些不一樣的東西。

  • If you really think about it, our lives are just line charts.

    仔細想想,人的一生也只是折線圖而已。

  • These are people you don't always see on camera,

    你並不會總在鏡頭前看到這些人,

  • but you might recognize them just by their voices.

    但你可能僅憑聲音就能認出他們。

  • Chip companies...

    晶片公司…

  • We see that the vaccine...

    可以看到疫苗…

  • This is the first famous photograph..

    這是第一張著名的照片…

  • As humans, each of us produces a sound that's about as unique as a fingerprint.

    與指紋一樣,每個人發出的聲音都與眾不同。

  • There has never been somebody before, currently, or in the future that will sound like you.

    以前、現在或將來都不會有人與你聲音相同。

  • So what is it that makes you sound like you?

    那麼,是什麼讓我們的聲音如此獨特?

  • This is your voice box.

    這是你的喉嚨。

  • It's called the larynx, and it's located here.

    它被稱作喉頭,位於此處。

  • The three main functions are to speak, to breathe, and to swallow.

    它的三個主要功能是說話、呼吸和吞嚥。

  • Sandra Stinnett is a laryngologist,

    Sandra Stinnett 是一位喉科醫生,

  • which means she treats people who have trouble with any of these.

    她專門治療有說話、呼吸或吞嚥困難的病人。

  • We're going to focus on speech.

    我們會專注在聲音這塊。

  • Obviously.

    廢話。

  • So you have articulatory function, resonance function, and then breath support.

    所以你的喉頭有發音、共鳴,還有送氣功能。

  • Let's start with breath.

    先從呼吸開始講起。

  • If we open it up, we can see the larynx is hollow.

    切開來看,可以看到喉頭是中空的。

  • When you take a breath in,

    吸氣時,

  • the air comes down this way into your lungs.

    氣會由上而下進入肺部。

  • When you speak or sing,

    而當你說話或唱歌時,

  • you push air from your lungs up through your trachea and through the vocal folds,

    肺部的空氣會向上被送過氣管和聲帶,

  • which you might know as vocal cords.

    你知道的名字可能是聲線。

  • Laryngologists, we like to call them folds because they're not cords.

    喉科醫生喜歡稱其為聲帶,因為這個部位並不是線狀的。

  • They're folds.

    是帶狀的。

  • The vocal folds are very, very like pristine white bands.

    聲帶很像全新的白色帶子。

  • They're made up of mucus covered muscles and cartilage.

    聲帶由覆蓋黏液的肌肉和軟骨組成。

  • As air pushes through, it forces them open and then they snap close.

    空氣通過時,會迫使它們打開,通過後又馬上關閉。

  • And you can maybe imagine like a water balloon,

    可以想像聲帶是水球,

  • like if you took two water balloons and slapped them together and they go...

    將兩個水球相撞,它們就會…

  • That vibration creates a sound wave.

    這種振動會產生聲波。

  • The faster they vibrate, the higher pitch the sound is.

    振動得越快,音調就越高。

  • For men, it's about 100 to 200 waves per second.

    男性聲波頻率大約是每秒 100 到 200,

  • So kind of like a hummingbird wings.

    與蜂鳥翅膀頻率相似。

  • And then for for women, it's a little bit higher pitched.

    女性的音調會再高一點,

  • So 200-plus waves per second.

    頻率大約每秒 200 以上。

  • So it's fast.

    很快。

  • If you try to raise the pitch of your voice,

    如果試圖提高聲音音調,

  • you stretch the vocal cords.

    聲帶會拉伸。

  • If you think of having a rubber band

    想像你拉著一條橡皮筋,

  • and you sort of pluck the band

    撥一下橡皮筋,

  • and then you stretch the band a little bit and then it gets to be a higher pitch.

    接著再拉長一點,音調就會變得更高。

  • The vocal folds work like that.

    聲帶就是這麼運作的。

  • When we're on a low pitch, they're short.

    音調低的時候,聲帶是縮短的。

  • And then when we go higher,

    而音調高的時候,

  • they lengthen, lengthen, lengthen,

    聲帶會拉長再拉長,

  • and there's a different tension that they have.

    張力就會有所不同。

  • Next is where resonance comes in.

    接下來是共鳴。

  • That sound wave travels through your larynx

    聲波穿過喉頭

  • and up into your oral and nasal cavities where it bounces around.

    向上進入口腔和鼻腔,並在那進行反射。

  • This on its own basically produces the sound of your voice.

    這基本上就是產生聲音的過程。

  • But to make words,

    但想說話,

  • we need to shape those sound waves using articulators,

    我們得運用口腔將這些聲波塑形,

  • things like our tongues, lips, teeth, and various other features.

    使用像是舌頭、嘴唇、牙齒等各種部位。

  • As humans, we all essentially create sounds in the same way,

    人類基本上都是用相同的方式發出聲音,

  • but differences in the size and shape of all of these things make our voices sound different.

    但是這些部位的大小、形狀差異使得每個人的聲音有了差異。

  • Physiologically, we're each incredibly unique.

    從生理上看,每個人都獨樹一格。

  • No two larynges are the same.

    世上沒有喉頭是完全相同的,

  • There's, I mean, it's like a fingerprint.

    就像指紋一樣。

  • All of these different shapes and sizes contribute to you having a totally one of a kind instrument.

    這些部位的形狀和尺寸差異造就了每個人身上獨一無二的樂器。

  • There are other factors at play, too.

    當然還有其他因素牽涉其中。

  • On top of our physiological features:

    除卻生理特徵:

  • The brain, which is just like a complicated circuit of nerves

    大腦是個複雜的神經迴路,

  • that manipulate pitch and emotion and inflection in the voice.

    控制著聲音中的音調、情緒和抑揚頓挫。

  • So, you know, when you say,

    就像你說,

  • Hi, my name is Sandra or Hi, my name is Sandra.

    「嗨,我是 Sandra!」和「嗨,我是 Sandra。」

  • Your life's journey can impact your voice tremendously.

    人的人生經歷會大大地影響聲音變化。

  • Where you've lived, what your job is, who your friends are, or who your family is.

    你住哪、你的工作、你的朋友或家人,

  • All of these factors change the way that you communicate and the way that you use your voice.

    這些因素都會改變你交流和使用聲音的方式。

  • So for all of you absolutely roasting me for this video, respect my journey.

    所以在這支影片下嗆我的人,請尊重我的人生經歷。

  • I grew up in Jersey and then moved to Long Island.

    我是在澤西長大的,後來才搬到長島。

  • I'm lucky I don't sound like Margot Robbie in Wolf of Wall Street.

    我口音不像《華爾街之狼》中的瑪格特·羅比就不錯了。

  • Since our voices are so specific to who we are,

    既然聲音與我們本身的狀態息息相關,

  • it can be pretty jarring when we go through major changes, like in puberty.

    經歷重大變故,例如青春期時,我們的聲音可能會變的相當刺耳。

  • Testosterone, in particular, can drastically change a person's voice.

    特別是睾酮,它會徹底改變一個人的聲音。

  • The men have a more rapid change in the physiology of their voice box.

    男性聲帶的生理變化更加猛烈。

  • We see a big change to the vocal cords.

    可以看到聲帶會發生巨大變化。

  • They get bigger, longer, thicker, more muscular,

    變得更大、更長、更厚、肌肉更多,

  • and the larynx changes size and shape, too.

    喉部的大小和形狀也會發生變化。

  • That's why you have an Adam's apple.

    這就是有喉結的原因。

  • Those kinds of changes to the vocal folds and larynx can cause the voice to drop an entire octave.

    聲帶和喉部的這些變化可能導致聲音下降整整八度。

  • But it's not like you're just stuck there.

    但聲音並不會就此定型。

  • Just like any other muscle, we can train our vocal folds to be more flexible.

    就像其他肌肉一樣,我們可以訓練聲帶靈活度。

  • The more they can stretch, the wider the range.

    聲帶伸展程度越大,音域就越廣。

  • Unfortunately, as with any muscle,

    不幸的是,跟任何肌肉一樣,

  • your vocal folds will weaken over time,

    隨著時間推移,聲帶也會變弱。

  • which is why a lot of elderly people have that similar shaky, raspy, or scratchy voice.

    這就是為什麼很多老年人都有類似的顫抖、沙啞的聲音。

  • It's called atrophy,

    這叫做聲帶萎縮。

  • and so the vocal folds themselves have muscles inside,

    聲帶內部本身就有肌肉,

  • and so they may get atrophied.

    而它們可能會萎縮。

  • I like to compare it to...

    我喜歡用這個比喻…

  • I'm going to date myself,

    天阿,沒人會跟我約會了。

  • Coming to America,

    電影《來去美國》中,

  • where the guys in the barbershop...

    有個在理髮廳的片段…

  • "I stopped liking Cassius Clay,

    「我後來不再喜歡卡修斯·克萊了,

  • once he changed his name to Muhammad Ali."

    因為他改名叫穆罕默德·阿里。」

  • "Wait a second...wait a second..."

    「給我…等一下…」

  • Vocal coaches can help minimize this atrophy.

    發聲訓練可以幫助減少聲帶萎縮,

  • But you can also make sure you're doing things

    但你也得確保有做到某些事,

  • like staying hydrated

    像是保持補水,

  • and keeping out of situations that force you to strain your voice,

    還有避免需要用力出聲的情況,

  • like yelling or whispering.

    像是大吼或刻意壓低音量。

  • Your voice will inevitably change with time.

    隨時間改變,你的聲音也會無法避免地變化。

  • But that's not necessarily a bad thing.

    但這也不見得是件壞事。

  • The voice itself is like a fingerprint, but it's also a clue.

    人的聲音就像指紋,也是關於你線索。

  • A clue to what type of person you are,

    揭示你是什麼樣的人,

  • whether you're talkative or not,

    你是健談,

  • you know, whether you're introverted or not.

    還是內向。

  • I've always thought that, like, the larynx was a person's soul

    我一直覺得喉嚨像是人的靈魂,

  • because it's so unique to everybody and it tells you a lot about a person.

    每個人的都獨一無二,能揭露很多關於那個人的資訊。

  • And then we have...

    然後還能…

  • way up there.

    到這。

  • So that was about an F seven.

    這個音高大概是 F7。

If you're familiar with our YouTube channel,

如果你常常看我們的頻道,

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