you probably recognize a few voices.

你大概認得這幾個聲音。

Like, Sam is always going to use a map.

比如，Sam 總是會用到地圖。

Yeah, the best videos always have a map.

沒有地圖的影片不是好影片。

And Coleman's just going to show you a photo.

Coleman 則是對照片情有獨鍾。

There's usually other photos in there.

通常還會有其他照片。

Joss is going to drop a bunch of data on you, but make you feel something.

Joss 會給你一堆數據，同時讓你體會到一些不一樣的東西。

If you really think about it, our lives are just line charts.

仔細想想，人的一生也只是折線圖而已。

These are people you don't always see on camera,

你並不會總在鏡頭前看到這些人，

but you might recognize them just by their voices.

但你可能僅憑聲音就能認出他們。

Chip companies...

晶片公司…

We see that the vaccine...

可以看到疫苗…

This is the first famous photograph..

這是第一張著名的照片…

As humans, each of us produces a sound that's about as unique as a fingerprint.

與指紋一樣，每個人發出的聲音都與眾不同。

There has never been somebody before, currently, or in the future that will sound like you.

以前、現在或將來都不會有人與你聲音相同。

So what is it that makes you sound like you?

那麼，是什麼讓我們的聲音如此獨特？

This is your voice box.

這是你的喉嚨。

It's called the larynx, and it's located here.

它被稱作喉頭，位於此處。

The three main functions are to speak, to breathe, and to swallow.

它的三個主要功能是說話、呼吸和吞嚥。

Sandra Stinnett is a laryngologist,

Sandra Stinnett 是一位喉科醫生，

which means she treats people who have trouble with any of these.

她專門治療有說話、呼吸或吞嚥困難的病人。

We're going to focus on speech.

我們會專注在聲音這塊。

Obviously.

廢話。

So you have articulatory function, resonance function, and then breath support.

所以你的喉頭有發音、共鳴，還有送氣功能。

Let's start with breath.

先從呼吸開始講起。

If we open it up, we can see the larynx is hollow.

切開來看，可以看到喉頭是中空的。

When you take a breath in,

吸氣時，

the air comes down this way into your lungs.

氣會由上而下進入肺部。

When you speak or sing,

而當你說話或唱歌時，

you push air from your lungs up through your trachea and through the vocal folds,

肺部的空氣會向上被送過氣管和聲帶，

which you might know as vocal cords.

你知道的名字可能是聲線。

Laryngologists, we like to call them folds because they're not cords.

喉科醫生喜歡稱其為聲帶，因為這個部位並不是線狀的。

They're folds.

是帶狀的。

The vocal folds are very, very like pristine white bands.

聲帶很像全新的白色帶子。

They're made up of mucus covered muscles and cartilage.

聲帶由覆蓋黏液的肌肉和軟骨組成。

As air pushes through, it forces them open and then they snap close.

空氣通過時，會迫使它們打開，通過後又馬上關閉。

And you can maybe imagine like a water balloon,

可以想像聲帶是水球，

like if you took two water balloons and slapped them together and they go...

將兩個水球相撞，它們就會…

That vibration creates a sound wave.

這種振動會產生聲波。

The faster they vibrate, the higher pitch the sound is.

振動得越快，音調就越高。

For men, it's about 100 to 200 waves per second.

男性聲波頻率大約是每秒 100 到 200，

So kind of like a hummingbird wings.

與蜂鳥翅膀頻率相似。

And then for for women, it's a little bit higher pitched.

女性的音調會再高一點，

So 200-plus waves per second.

頻率大約每秒 200 以上。

So it's fast.

很快。

If you try to raise the pitch of your voice,

如果試圖提高聲音音調，

you stretch the vocal cords.

聲帶會拉伸。

If you think of having a rubber band

想像你拉著一條橡皮筋，

and you sort of pluck the band

撥一下橡皮筋，

and then you stretch the band a little bit and then it gets to be a higher pitch.

接著再拉長一點，音調就會變得更高。

The vocal folds work like that.

聲帶就是這麼運作的。

When we're on a low pitch, they're short.

音調低的時候，聲帶是縮短的。

And then when we go higher,

而音調高的時候，

they lengthen, lengthen, lengthen,

聲帶會拉長再拉長，

and there's a different tension that they have.

張力就會有所不同。

Next is where resonance comes in.

接下來是共鳴。

That sound wave travels through your larynx

聲波穿過喉頭

and up into your oral and nasal cavities where it bounces around.

向上進入口腔和鼻腔，並在那進行反射。

This on its own basically produces the sound of your voice.

這基本上就是產生聲音的過程。

But to make words,

但想說話，

we need to shape those sound waves using articulators,

我們得運用口腔將這些聲波塑形，

things like our tongues, lips, teeth, and various other features.

使用像是舌頭、嘴唇、牙齒等各種部位。

As humans, we all essentially create sounds in the same way,

人類基本上都是用相同的方式發出聲音，

but differences in the size and shape of all of these things make our voices sound different.

但是這些部位的大小、形狀差異使得每個人的聲音有了差異。

Physiologically, we're each incredibly unique.

從生理上看，每個人都獨樹一格。

No two larynges are the same.

世上沒有喉頭是完全相同的，

There's, I mean, it's like a fingerprint.

就像指紋一樣。

All of these different shapes and sizes contribute to you having a totally one of a kind instrument.

這些部位的形狀和尺寸差異造就了每個人身上獨一無二的樂器。

There are other factors at play, too.

當然還有其他因素牽涉其中。

On top of our physiological features:

除卻生理特徵：

The brain, which is just like a complicated circuit of nerves

大腦是個複雜的神經迴路，

that manipulate pitch and emotion and inflection in the voice.

控制著聲音中的音調、情緒和抑揚頓挫。

So, you know, when you say,

就像你說，

Hi, my name is Sandra or Hi, my name is Sandra.

「嗨，我是 Sandra！」和「嗨，我是 Sandra。」

Your life's journey can impact your voice tremendously.

人的人生經歷會大大地影響聲音變化。

Where you've lived, what your job is, who your friends are, or who your family is.

你住哪、你的工作、你的朋友或家人，

All of these factors change the way that you communicate and the way that you use your voice.

這些因素都會改變你交流和使用聲音的方式。

So for all of you absolutely roasting me for this video, respect my journey.

所以在這支影片下嗆我的人，請尊重我的人生經歷。

I grew up in Jersey and then moved to Long Island.

我是在澤西長大的，後來才搬到長島。

I'm lucky I don't sound like Margot Robbie in Wolf of Wall Street.

我口音不像《華爾街之狼》中的瑪格特·羅比就不錯了。

Since our voices are so specific to who we are,

既然聲音與我們本身的狀態息息相關，

it can be pretty jarring when we go through major changes, like in puberty.

經歷重大變故，例如青春期時，我們的聲音可能會變的相當刺耳。

Testosterone, in particular, can drastically change a person's voice.

特別是睾酮，它會徹底改變一個人的聲音。

The men have a more rapid change in the physiology of their voice box.

男性聲帶的生理變化更加猛烈。

We see a big change to the vocal cords.

可以看到聲帶會發生巨大變化。

They get bigger, longer, thicker, more muscular,

變得更大、更長、更厚、肌肉更多，

and the larynx changes size and shape, too.

喉部的大小和形狀也會發生變化。

That's why you have an Adam's apple.

這就是有喉結的原因。

Those kinds of changes to the vocal folds and larynx can cause the voice to drop an entire octave.

聲帶和喉部的這些變化可能導致聲音下降整整八度。

But it's not like you're just stuck there.

但聲音並不會就此定型。

Just like any other muscle, we can train our vocal folds to be more flexible.

就像其他肌肉一樣，我們可以訓練聲帶靈活度。

The more they can stretch, the wider the range.

聲帶伸展程度越大，音域就越廣。

Unfortunately, as with any muscle,

不幸的是，跟任何肌肉一樣，

your vocal folds will weaken over time,

隨著時間推移，聲帶也會變弱。

which is why a lot of elderly people have that similar shaky, raspy, or scratchy voice.

這就是為什麼很多老年人都有類似的顫抖、沙啞的聲音。

It's called atrophy,

這叫做聲帶萎縮。

and so the vocal folds themselves have muscles inside,

聲帶內部本身就有肌肉，

and so they may get atrophied.

而它們可能會萎縮。

I like to compare it to...

我喜歡用這個比喻…

I'm going to date myself,

天阿，沒人會跟我約會了。

Coming to America,

電影《來去美國》中，

where the guys in the barbershop...

有個在理髮廳的片段…

"I stopped liking Cassius Clay,

「我後來不再喜歡卡修斯·克萊了，

once he changed his name to Muhammad Ali."

因為他改名叫穆罕默德·阿里。」

"Wait a second...wait a second..."

「給我…等一下…」

Vocal coaches can help minimize this atrophy.

發聲訓練可以幫助減少聲帶萎縮，

But you can also make sure you're doing things

但你也得確保有做到某些事，

like staying hydrated

像是保持補水，

and keeping out of situations that force you to strain your voice,

還有避免需要用力出聲的情況，

like yelling or whispering.

像是大吼或刻意壓低音量。

Your voice will inevitably change with time.

隨時間改變，你的聲音也會無法避免地變化。

But that's not necessarily a bad thing.

但這也不見得是件壞事。

The voice itself is like a fingerprint, but it's also a clue.

人的聲音就像指紋，也是關於你線索。

A clue to what type of person you are,

揭示你是什麼樣的人，

whether you're talkative or not,

你是健談，

you know, whether you're introverted or not.

還是內向。

I've always thought that, like, the larynx was a person's soul

我一直覺得喉嚨像是人的靈魂，

because it's so unique to everybody and it tells you a lot about a person.

每個人的都獨一無二，能揭露很多關於那個人的資訊。

And then we have...

然後還能…

way up there.

到這。

So that was about an F seven.

這個音高大概是 F7。