They're a strange, modern piece of equipment

它們是一種奇怪的、現代的設備

that we spend a lot of money on,

我們花了很多錢在上面。

and we spend a lot of money to go to a gym-

而且我們花了很多錢去健身房 --

that makes you work really hard to stay in the same place.

這使你非常努力地工作，以保持在同一個地方。

'It's the apotheosis of exercise.'

'這是運動的神化。

Think about it a treadmill, right?

想想看，這是一臺跑步機，對嗎？

We think treadmills are synonymous with exercise,

我們認為跑步機是運動的代名詞。

but it's a noisy, expensive machine

但它是一個嘈雜、昂貴的機器

that makes you work really, really hard for no purpose

讓你白費力氣的工作

other than to make you move without getting anywhere.

除了讓你移動而沒有任何收穫之外。

Most of us, if we're forced to be on a treadmill,

我們中的大多數人，如果我們被迫在跑步機上。

we listen to a podcast or some music,

我們聽播客或一些音樂。

we watch something on our iPhones or whatever

我們在iPhone上看一些東西或其他東西

to make it tolerable.

以使其可以忍受。

My name is Dan Lieberman.

我的名字是丹-利伯曼。

I'm a Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology

我是人類進化生物學的教授

at Harvard University, and I'm the author of "Exercised,"

我是哈佛大學的學生，也是《鍛鍊》一書的作者。

why something we never evolved to do

為什麼我們從來沒有進化過的東西要做

is healthy and rewarding.

是健康和有價值的。

The very first treadmills were probably invented

最早的跑步機可能是發明的

by the Romans or even some other ancient peoples like that

被羅馬人或甚至其他一些類似的古代民族所取代

to move wheels and stuff like that.

來移動車輪和類似的東西。

But the modern treadmill's real genesis

但現代跑步機的真正起源是

comes from Victorian prisons.

來自維多利亞州的監獄。

They were invented by a man named William Cubitt

它們是由一個名叫威廉-庫比特的人發明的。

at some point in the 19th century

在19世紀的某個時候

to prevent prisoners in England, like debtors' prisons,

以防止英國的囚犯，如債務人的監獄。

from relaxing and enjoying themselves.

從放鬆和享受自己。

So they would make prisoners sort of trudge for hours a day

是以，他們會讓囚犯每天進行數小時的跋涉

on these big slat-like treadmills

在這些大板條似的跑步機上

to make it unpleasant for them to be in jail.

以使他們在監獄中感到不愉快。

And of course now, people still trudge on treadmills,

當然現在，人們仍然在跑步機上蹣跚學步。

except they do it on their own volition,

除了他們自己的意願。

but many of them still feel like

但他們中的許多人仍然覺得

it's a kind of form of torture.

這是一種酷刑形式。

I don't know anybody who really enjoys being on a treadmill.

我不知道有誰真正喜歡在跑步機上跑步。

- 'It's easy to squeeze your way

- '很容易就能擠掉你的方式

to shapely hips and thighs.'

到豐滿的臀部和大腿'。

- So many modern forms of exercise are kind of like

- 是以，許多現代的運動形式有點像

cod liver oil-they're not really pleasant.

魚肝油-它們其實並不令人愉快。

- 'Extra sunshine for us in winter and spring.'

- '在冬季和春季為我們提供額外的陽光。

- We do them because they're good for us.

- 我們做這些事情是因為它們對我們有好處。

- 'Come on, go, go!'

- '來吧，走，走！'

- But it's not fun.

- 但這並不有趣。

- 'Make your muscles cry.'

- '讓你的肌肉哭泣。

- And so it's like taking your medicine.

- 是以，這就像吃藥一樣。

It's important to make a distinction

區別開來很重要

between physical activity and exercise-

體育活動與運動之間的關係

so physical activity's just moving.

是以，體育活動就是移動。

You do anything:

你做什麼都可以。

go shop, pick up your groceries

去購物，買菜

and take them to your car, that's physical activity.

並把它們帶到你的車上，這就是體育活動。

When you sweep the kitchen floor, that's physical activity.

當你清掃廚房地板時，這就是體力活動。

But exercise is discretionary, voluntary physical activity

但運動是可自由支配的、自願的身體活動

for the sake of health and fitness.

為了健康和健身的目的。

The word exercise comes from the Latin 'exercitatio,'

鍛鍊這個詞來自拉丁文的 "exercitatio"，即

and it meant "to train."

而它的意思是 "訓練"。

We still do math exercises.

我們仍然做數學練習。

When you were plowing a field, for example,

比如說，當你在耕田時。

that would be considered exercise in sort of early English.

這將被認為是對早期英語的一種鍛鍊。

Or soldiers do exercises to get fit.

或者阿兵哥們做運動以獲得健康。

On the other hand, it also means to be exercised,

另一方面，它也意味著要被鍛鍊。

to be upset, to be confused, to be anxious,

感到不安，感到困惑，感到焦急。

to be kind of worried.

要有點擔心。

You know, we get exercised by our math exercises.

你知道，我們通過數學練習得到了鍛鍊。

In the modern world, a lot of people

在現代世界，很多人

are confused about exercise.

對運動感到困惑。

They find it hard to do, they're not quite sure

他們發現這很難做到，他們不大確定

how much to do, there are all kinds of myths surrounding it.

要做多少，圍繞它有各種神話。

- 'The burning is a signal that your muscles

- 燃燒是一種信號，表明你的肌肉

are working harder than they should.'

'正在比他們應該做的更努力。

- Most people don't do it because they want to,

- 大多數人並不是因為他們想這樣做。

they do it because it helps to stave off death

他們這樣做是因為這有助於避免死亡

and decrepitude.

和頹廢。

By shining the light of evolution

通過照耀進化之光

and using kind of an anthropological perspective,

並使用一種人類學的觀點。

my goal really is to help people be less exercised

我的目標其實是幫助人們減少運動量

about exercise.

關於運動。

- 'Right, left, right, left.

- '右、左、右、左。

Walking is one of the great exercises

步行是偉大的運動之一

for people of all ages.'

為所有年齡段的人'。

- If there's any one physical activity

- 如果有任何一項體育活動

that humans evolved to do, it's to walk.

人類在進化過程中要做的事情，就是走路。

Walking is the way which humans get around, get food.

步行是人類出行的方式，獲取食物。

It's kind of fundamental to who are as a species.

這是作為一個物種的根本。

Today, in the modern Western world, with cars

今天，在現代西方世界，隨著汽車

and escalators and elevators and Zoom and TV

和自動扶梯和電梯以及縮放和電視

and all that sort of stuff-

和所有這類東西-

we just don't walk very much.

我們只是不怎麼走路。

You know, the average hunter-gatherer

你知道，一般的狩獵-採集者

will take maybe 10-15,000 steps a day.

每天可能要走10-15萬步。

The average American, before the pandemic,

大流行之前的普通美國人。

was taking something like 4,700 and something steps a day.

每天要走大約4700步左右。

So a lot less than our ancestors.

所以比我們的祖先少了很多。

One of the ways which we medicalize exercise

我們將運動醫學化的方式之一是

in the Western world is that we think

在西方世界，我們認為

there's a certain amount you should do, right?

你應該做一定的量，對嗎？

We prescribe it.

我們開了處方。

"You should take two aspirin, you should get eight hours

"你應該吃兩片阿司匹林，你應該得到八個小時的時間

of sleep, and you should walk 10,000 steps a day."

的睡眠，而且你應該每天走一萬步。"

We like that, right?

我們喜歡這樣，對嗎？

There's nothing necessarily wrong with a goal, right?

目標未必有錯，對嗎？

Goals can be really helpful, actually.

事實上，目標可能真的很有幫助。

But 10,000 steps is kind of arbitrary.

但是10000步是一種任意性。

The number actually came from when the first pedometer

這個數字實際上來自於第一個計步器的時候

was invented in Japan before the 1960s Olympics.

是在1960年代奧運會之前在日本發明的。

In the board room, they were trying to decide

在會議室裡，他們正試圖決定

what to call it.

該怎麼稱呼它。

It turns out that 10,000 is a very auspicious number

事實證明，10,000是一個非常吉利的數字

in Japan, and they thought it kind of sounded good,

在日本，他們認為這聽起來很不錯。

it seemed kind of reasonable,

這似乎有點道理。

so they called it 10,000-step monitor-

所以他們稱其為10,000步監控器------。

and that kind of stuck.

而這也是一種堅持。

Surprisingly, it turns out that 10,000 steps

令人驚訝的是，事實證明，10,000步

isn't actually a bad goal.

實際上並不是一個糟糕的目標。

If you actually look at what people

如果你真的看一下人們

in non-Western societies do,

在非西方社會中是這樣。

10,000 steps isn't actually that far off.

10,000步實際上並不遙遠。

So, it's a perfectly reasonable goal to shoot for,

是以，這是一個完全合理的目標。

but there's nothing, like, special about it.

但沒有什麼，比如，特別的東西。

If you do 8,000 steps, that's fine;

如果你做了8000步，那就很好。

if you do 15,000 steps, that's fine.

如果你做15,000步，這很好。

The important thing is to be physically active

重要的是要身體力行

because some is better than none,

因為有總比沒有好。

and a little bit more tends to be better than that.

而多一點往往比這更好。

But you know, it's all good.

但是你知道，這一切都很好。

There's no magical number.

沒有什麼神奇的數字。

It's not a U-shaped curve with a bottom on it, right,

它不是一個有底的U型曲線，對吧。

where it tells you what you should aim for.

其中，它告訴你應該以什麼為目標。

That does not exist.

這並不存在。

I mean, every culture engages in sports, right?

我的意思是，每一種文化都會從事體育活動，對嗎？

It's a human universal.

這是一個人類的普遍現象。

Sports are important.

體育是很重要的。

They serve all kinds of functions.

它們具有各種功能。

There's a lot of wonderful things about being on a team

在一個團隊中，有很多美妙的事情

and especially when you're children,

特別是當你們是孩子的時候。

you learn good sportsmanship.

你要學習良好的體育精神。

If somebody scores a goal on you,

如果有人在你身上進了一球。

it's not appropriate to bash them in the face,

打他們的臉是不合適的。

that sort of thing.

這類事情。

You learn hierarchies, you learn companionship,

你學會了等級制度，你學會了同伴關係。

you learn how to cooperate.

你要學習如何合作。

But some sports also have another origin.

但有些運動也有另一種起源。

It's not coincidental that a lot of the sports,

這並不是巧合，很多運動。

for example, in the ancient Olympics, especially,

例如，在古代奧運會上，特別是。

were skills that were really important for warriors.

這些技能對戰士們來說真的很重要。

You know, javelin throwing and chariot racing.

你知道，投擲標槍和戰車比賽。

Well, we don't do chariot racing anymore.

好吧，我們不再做戰車比賽了。

Sprinting, wrestling, boxing, right?

短跑、摔跤、拳擊，對嗎？

These are all very kind of physically demanding sports

這些都是非常耗費體力的運動。

that are kind of combat-related.

這是種與戰鬥有關的。

Sports, I think, evolved also to help us

我認為，體育的發展也是為了幫助我們

learn not to be 'reactively aggressive'-

學會不做 "反應性攻擊" --

sort of like an instant kind of non-planned aggression.

有點像一種即時的非計劃性的侵略。

I mean, the extreme to me is tennis.

我的意思是，對我來說最極端的是網球。

- 'You cannot be serious!'

- '你不會是認真的吧！'

- You're not even allowed to swear

- 你甚至不允許說髒話

when you're playing tennis.

當你在打網球時。

- 'We're not gonna have a point taken away

- '我們不會被扣掉一分的

because this guy is an incompetent fool.

因為這傢伙是個無能的傻瓜。

You know that?

你知道嗎？

That's what he is.'

這就是他的情況。

- Road rage is a perfect example of reactive aggression.

- 路怒症是反應性攻擊的一個完美例子。

- 'I'm walking here, I'm walking here.

- '我在這裡走，我在這裡走。

Up yours, you screwball!'

抬起你的，你這個笨蛋！'

- But there's also 'proactive aggression,'

- 但也有'主動攻擊性'。

when you plan something, premeditate,

當你計劃什麼的時候，預謀一下。

you work it out in advance.

你要提前把它解決掉。

War is an example of a proactive aggression.

戰爭是主動侵略的一個例子。

Sports are also kind of proactive aggressions sometimes.

體育運動有時也是一種主動的侵略行為。

It's perfectly acceptable to appropriately

完全可以接受的是，適當地

proactively aggressive, as long as you're within the rules.

主動進攻，只要你在規則之內。

And that's what humans excel at.

而這正是人類所擅長的。

We're better than most species

我們比大多數物種更好

at curbing reactive aggression, though not so often,

在遏制反應性攻擊方面，雖然不是那麼頻繁。

but we are capable of extraordinary proactive aggression.

但我們有能力進行非同尋常的主動侵略。

You know, every once in a while there's a mass shooting,

你知道，每隔一段時間就會發生一次大規模槍擊事件。

and there's a kind of standard reaction.

並有一種標準的反應。

Everyone says, "Oh my gosh, how could this person do this?

每個人都說："哦，我的天哪，這個人怎麼能這樣做？

I go to church with him, and whatever.

我和他一起去教堂，還有其他什麼。

Just a nice person, etc."

只是一個好人，等等。"

But we're confusing reactive aggression

但我們混淆了被動的攻擊性

with proactive aggression.

與積極主動的攻擊性。

Hitler was a vegetarian, but of course

希特勒是一個素食主義者，但當然

one of the most proactively aggressive human beings

最積極主動的人類之一

who's ever lived.

有史以來最優秀的人。

We shouldn't confuse these two

我們不應該把這兩者混為一談

different kinds of aggression.

不同類型的侵略。

Our bodies weren't designed, they weren't engineered,

我們的身體不是設計出來的，也不是設計出來的。

they're not machines-

他們不是機器-

they evolved.

他們進化了。

And so if you want to understand why our brains work

是以，如果你想了解我們的大腦為什麼會工作

the way they do, why our feet work the way they do,

他們這樣做，為什麼我們的腳會以這樣的方式工作。

why we run, why our immune systems function the way they do,

為什麼我們要跑步，為什麼我們的免疫系統會以這樣的方式運作。

the only explanation for those types of questions

這類問題的唯一解釋

is an evolutionary question.

是一個進化的問題。

There's an old expression:

有一個古老的說法。

"Nothing in biology makes sense

"生物學中沒有什麼是有意義的

except in the light of evolution."

除非是在進化論的指導下"。

I would say that nothing about human behavior

我想說的是，關於人類行為的任何事情

makes sense except in the light of culture and anthropology,

除了在文化和人類學的範圍內有意義。

and we need to understand the cultural component

而我們需要了解文化成分

to our behaviors as well.

對我們的行為也是如此。