the International Federation of Association Football, or FIFA,

國際足球聯合會，即國際足聯。

gathered in Switzerland to announce which country would host

聚集在瑞士，宣佈哪個國家將主辦

the 2018 and 2022 World Cups,

2018年和2022年的世界盃。

and they had assembled a powerful audience.

而且他們已經召集了一個強大的聽眾。

Here's former U.S.

這裡是前美國。

President Bill Clinton, who was there to back the U.S. bid.

比爾-克林頓總統，他在那裡支持美國的投標。

And here's Prince William working on behalf of England's bid

這裡是威廉王子代表英國申辦的工作。

behind him is the prime minister of the Netherlands and former

在他身後的是荷蘭首相和前總理。

prime minister of Belgium, who together submitted a joint bid.

比利時總理，他們共同提交了一份聯合投標書。

But even with all this political power in one room,

但是，即使在一個房間裡有這麼多的政治權力。

the fate of their countries lay in the hands of these guys.

他們國家的命運就在這些人的手中。

The 22 FIFA officials with the power to pick the host.

有權挑選東道國的22名國際足聯官員。

They were considered gods by the bidding nations.

他們被投標的國家視為神。

They were the masters of their destiny.

他們是自己命運的主人。

But many of these men

但這些人中有許多人

have been accused of abusing their power.

已被指控濫用權力。

And this was the moment they took it a step too far.

而這是他們走得太遠的時刻。

2018 FIFA World Cup,

2018年國際足聯世界盃。

ladies and gentlemen, will be organized in Russia.!

女士們，先生們，將在俄羅斯組織。

The 2022

2022年

FIFA World Cup is ...

國際足聯世界盃是...

Qatar!

卡達!

The decision is still one of the worst decisions

這個決定仍然是最糟糕的決定之一

made by a sporting organization.

由一個體育組織作出的。

It was a catastrophe for FIFA.

這對國際足聯來說是一場災難。

They've had their whole legacies called into question.

他們的整個遺產都受到了質疑。

The announcement set off a cascade of events

這一宣佈引發了一連串的事件

that rocked the world of football and nearly broke FIFA.

震撼了世界足壇，並幾乎打破了國際足聯。

Rampant and deep rooted corruption.

腐敗猖獗，根深蒂固。

Corruption and bribery.

腐敗和賄賂。

Corruption in the international hearing and money laundering.

國際聽證會上的腐敗行為和洗錢行為。

How did FIFA go from organizing

國際足聯是如何從組織

one of the most beloved sporting events in the world

世界上最受喜愛的體育賽事之一

to corrupting it?

來腐蝕它？

In the early 20th century?

在20世紀初？

Football was already super popular, mainly

足球當時已經超級流行，主要是

in Europe and South America,

在歐洲和南美洲。

where national teams had begun playing each other.

其中國家隊已經開始互相比賽。

So a group of officials in France formed FIFA in 1904

是以，法國的一群官員在1904年成立了國際足聯

to oversee these competitions and promote the sport.

來監督這些比賽並推廣這項運動。

In 1930, inspired by the Olympics,

1930年，受奧運會的啟發。

they decided to start their own tournament.

他們決定開始自己的比賽。

The first question was who would host it?

第一個問題是誰來主持會議？

Out of FIFA's 44 member countries

在國際足聯的44個成員國中

at the time, six place bids to host it.

當時，有六個地方競標主辦它。

FIFA's Congress, made up of one representative

國際足聯的代表大會，由一名代表組成

from each country, was put in charge of voting for a winner.

來自每個國家的代表，被安排負責投票選出獲勝者。

But really, this vote was a facade.

但實際上，這次投票是個幌子。

So, there was no bid contest.

是以，不存在競標。

It was effectively decided behind closed doors

這實際上是關起門來決定的

by a bunch of committee men.

由一群委員會的人負責。

Eventually, FIFA awarded Uruguay the rights

最終，國際足聯將權利授予烏拉圭。

to host the first World Cup,

來主辦第一屆世界盃。

and it was a fitting place to do it.

這也是一個合適的地方。

Uruguay had just won the last two Olympic

烏拉圭剛剛贏得了過去兩屆奧運會

gold medals in football, but it also agreed to pay for a lot,

足球的金牌，但它也同意支付很多。

including the travel expenses of other teams

包括其他團隊的旅行費用

and share the profits with FIFA.

並與國際足聯分享利潤。

In July 1930, 13 teams came together to play.

1930年7月，13支球隊聚集在一起比賽。

Uruguay beat Argentina in the finals.

烏拉圭在決賽中擊敗了阿根廷。

And FIFA made a solid profit, mostly from ticket sales.

而國際足聯獲得了豐厚的利潤，主要來自門票銷售。

The World Cup was a success.

世界盃是成功的。

Over the next couple of decades,

在接下來的幾十年裡。

FIFA decided to rotate the tournament

國際足聯決定對賽事進行輪換

between Europe and South America.

在歐洲和南美洲之間。

The World Cup wasn't a grandiose thing back then.

那時的世界盃並不是什麼宏大的事情。

You know, there were some upgrades to the stadiums

你知道，對體育場館進行了一些升級改造

and to existing infrastructure

並對現有的基礎設施進行改造

and there might be some marketing going on.

而且可能會有一些營銷活動。

But the World Cup wasn't a truly global event.

但世界盃並不是一個真正的全球事件。

That all changed when it went on TV.

這一切在它上電視後發生了變化。

I am very pleased that this country

我非常高興，這個國家

is acting as host

作為東道主

for the final of the World Cup.

為世界盃的決賽。

Once the whole world could watch the tournament,

有一次，全世界都能看到這場比賽。

the host nation became much more visible,

東道國的地位變得更加明顯。

leading many more countries to want to host.

導致更多國家想要主辦。

In virtually every country, football has now such a following

在幾乎每個國家，足球現在都有這樣的追隨者

that no government can afford to ignore it.

任何政府都不能忽視它。

Through the sixties and seventies,

經過六十年代和七十年代。

FIFA's membership started exploding.

國際足聯的成員開始爆炸性增長。

By the eighties, it had close to 170 members,

到八十年代，它有近170名成員。

mostly divided into six confederations

主要分為六個聯盟

with their own qualifying tournaments.

有他們自己的資格賽。

And the organization kept getting richer.

而該組織不斷變得更加富有。

Take a look at how FIFA's profits grew steadily

看一看國際足聯的利潤是如何穩步增長的

with almost every tournament until, boom, the 1980s.

幾乎每場比賽都是如此，直到繁榮的1980年代。

That's when World Cup sponsorships, merchandise

這時，世界盃的贊助、商品

and TV rights became worth millions.

和電視轉播權變得價值數百萬。

All of this money was largely controlled by 24 officials.

所有這些錢主要由24名官員控制。

The leaders of each confederation

每個邦聯的領導人

and some senior officials, like the president.

和一些高級官員，如總統。

This group was called the executive committee or ExCo.

這個小組被稱為執行委員會或ExCo。

They had the power to distribute FIFA's money

他們有權力分配國際足聯的資金

to its member countries for building football fields,

向其成員國提供用於建造足球場的資金。

holding tournaments and establishing youth programs.

舉辦比賽和建立青年項目。

Very often this was done about any checks in place.

很多時候，這是在沒有任何檢查的情況下進行的。

Lots of money was siphoned off.

很多錢被抽走了。

You know, development a money kickback became

你知道，開發一個金錢回扣成為

almost standard practice in certain parts of the world.

在世界某些地區幾乎是標準做法。

FIFA leaders began using corrupt practices

國際足聯領導人開始使用腐敗行為

to gain and retain power.

以獲得和保留權力。

The corruption that went on suited the two presidents.

所發生的腐敗適合這兩位總統。

Havelange was nakedly corrupt and took bribes as well.

哈維蘭治是赤裸裸的腐敗，也接受賄賂。

That’s well documented.

這是有據可查的。

Sepp Blatter was very different.

塞普-布拉特則非常不同。

He was addicted to power.

他沉迷於權力。

There was a cabal of nakedly corrupt

有一個由赤裸裸的腐敗分子組成的陰謀集團

committeemen within FIFA and Mr.

國際足聯內部的委員會成員和先生。

Blatter ignored their excesses

布拉特無視他們的過度行為

because he relied on their support to keep himself in power.

因為他依靠他們的支持來保持自己的權力。

It was in this culture of corruption that FIFA in 1964

正是在這種腐敗文化的影響下，國際足聯在1964年

decided to take the vote away from Congress

決定將投票權從國會手中奪走

and give it to ExCo, meaning that to host the World Cup,

並把它交給執行委員會，意味著要主辦世界盃。

countries only needed to win the votes of a majority of ExCo,

各國只需要贏得執行委員會大多數成員的投票。

just 13 of them.

其中只有13人。

The fact that such a small body of men

事實上，這樣一個小團體的人

had such a powerful position vested among them

在他們中擁有如此強大的地位

without any real checks and balances.

沒有任何真正的檢查和平衡。

Yeah, it absolutely made corruption part of it.

是的，它絕對使腐敗成為它的一部分。

FIFA's corruption wasn't a secret,

國際足聯的腐敗並不是什麼祕密。

but they had moved their headquarters to Switzerland long ago

但他們很久以前就把總部搬到了瑞士

and that meant their finances couldn't really be traced

這意味著他們的財務狀況無法真正被追蹤到。

to confirm corruption, at least for another decade.

以確認腐敗，至少再過十年。

The 2006 World Cup

2006年世界盃

bid was the most competitive in FIFA's history.

競標是國際足聯歷史上競爭最激烈的一次。

It had previously begun accepting bids

它之前已經開始接受投標

from countries outside of Europe and South America.

來自歐洲和南美以外的國家。

It awarded hosting rights to the U.S.

它將主辦權授予美國。

in ‘94 and South Korea and Japan in 2002.

在94年，韓國和日本在2002年。

For the 2006 World Cup,

對於2006年的世界盃。

five countries wanted to host it and for good reason.

五個國家想要主辦它，並且有充分的理由。

I think there's a huge amount of prestige

我認為有一個巨大的威望

that it brings to

它所帶來的

not just the country, but the leadership of the country.

不僅僅是國家，還有國家的領導層。

It's sort of a step on the way towards nation building.

這算是國家建設道路上的一個步驟。

With more and more countries desperate for World Cup prestige,

隨著越來越多的國家對世界盃的聲譽感到絕望。

FIFA found ways to play them off each other.

國際足聯找到了讓他們互相配合的方法。

The bidding countries spent millions of dollars on a two year

競標國家花費了數百萬美元在兩年的

gantlet of PR events to impress FIFA

為打動國際足聯而進行的公關活動

and try to outdo each other by promising new stadiums,

並試圖通過承諾建造新的體育場館來超越對方。

hotels, infrastructure and lucrative TV offers.

酒店、基礎設施和有利可圖的電視報價。

This became the well-known public facing

這成為眾所周知的面向公眾的

side of the bidding process.

投標過程中的一方。

That was the start, I think, where the World Cup

我認為，那是世界盃的開始。

became really very heavily politicized.

成為真正非常嚴重的政治化。

When the 2006 vote came to a close, ExCo

當2006年投票結束時，行政委員會

chose Deutschland.

選擇了德國。

Thanks to one voter abstaining at the last moment.

感謝一位選民在最後時刻棄權。

Journalists had later revealed that Germany had bribed

記者們後來透露，德國曾賄賂過

at least four ExCo members for their votes,

至少有四名執行委員會成員參加投票。

including the official who abstained.

包括投棄權票的官員。

It was the first publicly reported incident

這是第一次公開報道的事件

that revealed FIFA had another layer to its bidding process

揭示了國際足聯在招標過程中的另一層含義

that involved cutting deals with ExCo members under the table

這涉及到與執行委員會成員在桌子底下進行交易。

because of a lack of criteria

因為缺乏標準

that governed where the World Cup was going to go.

這就決定了世界盃的走向。

The old man who sat on its executive committee

坐在其執行委員會的老人

were wined and dined and indulged

享用美酒佳餚，放任自流

for a significant period of time

在相當長的一段時間內

and in some cases

而在某些情況下

quite handsomely remunerated.

酬金相當豐厚。

And it happened again for the 2010 World

而在2010年的世界大會上，這種情況再次發生。

Cup bid, which South Africa won.

南非贏得了盃賽申辦權。

Allegations would later emerge that it too

後來有指控稱，它也是

had paid ExCo members for their votes.

執委會成員為其投票支付了費用。

This shadier side of the bid was becoming vital to winning,

競標的這一陰暗面對於獲勝變得至關重要。

and in the next two bids

並在接下來的兩次投標中

it would destroy the legacy of the World Cup.

它將破壞世界盃的遺產。

In the lead up to this announcement,

在這一宣佈的前奏下。

FIFA had decided that the 2018 Cup would be in Europe.

國際足聯已經決定，2018年盃賽將在歐洲舉行。

Four bidders emerged.

出現了四個競標者。

England, with its expansive

英國，其廣闊的

infrastructure, was the heavy favorite.

基礎設施，是最大的熱門。

For the same reasons, the U.S.

出於同樣的原因，美國。

was the favorite among five bidders for 2022.

是2022年五個競標者中最受歡迎的。

But of course, this was only

但當然，這只是

part of what it took to win a World Cup bid.

贏得世界盃申辦權所需的一部分。

The countries

國家

that did win the vote that day were

當天贏得投票的是

the ones who could pour the most money into all levels

那些能把最多的錢投入到各個層面的人

of FIFA system.

的FIFA系統。

People often overlook Russia.

人們常常忽略了俄羅斯。

You know, Russia is very much

你知道，俄羅斯是非常

at the forefront of everybody's mind.

在每個人的心目中都是最重要的。

As long as someone like Vladimir Putin were behind it,

只要像弗拉基米爾-普京這樣的人在背後支持它。

then they were always going

然後他們總是要

to be very competitive in that process.

在這個過程中，要有很強的競爭力。

This is Bonita Mersiades.

我是博尼塔-梅爾西阿德。

She saw the World Cup bidding process from the inside

她從內部看到了世界盃的申辦過程

while working on Australia's bid that same year.

同年，在為澳洲的申辦工作時。

They had the capacity, they had the technical capability,

他們有能力，他們有技術能力。

they had the facilities.

他們有這些設施。

Russia pledged to spend $10 billion

俄羅斯承諾將花費100億美元

and the use of 16 stadiums.

以及16個體育場館的使用權。

But equally important was the fact that they stacked their bid

但同樣重要的是，他們在競標中堆積了很多東西

with rich, influential and well-connected people.

與富有的、有影響力的和有關係的人在一起。

The head of the Russian bid was Igor Shuvalov,

俄羅斯投標的負責人是伊戈爾-舒瓦洛夫。

the Russian sports minister

俄羅斯體育部長

and the president of the Russian Football Association

和俄羅斯足球協會主席

was also heavily involved.

也大量參與。

And that they brought in

而他們帶來的是

some of the oligarchs to help support it

一些寡頭幫助支持它

financially, such as Abramovich.

在財務上，如阿布拉莫維奇。

What does that tell you?

這告訴你什麼？

It tells you we've got money.

它告訴你我們有錢了。

We've got basically fuck you money.

我們基本上都有操你的錢。

We can do what we like.

我們可以做我們喜歡的事。

And they did.

而他們確實做到了。

ExCo member Rafael Salguero

執行委員會成員拉斐爾-薩爾蓋羅

would later admit that he agreed

後來承認，他同意

to accept $1 million for his vote from Russia

接受俄羅斯為其投票提供的100萬美元

and Jack Warner allegedly received 5 million for his.

而傑克-華納據稱收到了500萬的報酬。

Russia was using the full

俄羅斯正在使用全部

weight of its government corporations and connections

其政府企業和關係的重量

to win every layer of the bid process,

以贏得投標過程中的每一層。

just as FIFA had designed it.

就像國際足聯設計的那樣。

And they weren't the only ones.

而且他們並不是唯一的人。

The reason why I thought Qatar was always a possibility was

我認為卡達始終是一個可能性的原因是

this wasn't just about the World Cup for them.

這對他們來說不僅僅是關於世界盃。

It was the government

它是政府

seeing this as an important step in their nation building.

認為這是他們國家建設的一個重要步驟。

So they really, really wanted it and they had deep pockets.

所以他們真的非常想得到它，而且他們的口袋很深。

At first glance, Qatar's bid was a longshot.

乍一看，卡達的競標是一個漫長的過程。

It's a fairly small country

這是一個相當小的國家

with a football team that's never qualified for the World Cup.

與一個從未獲得過世界盃資格的足球隊。

It was also too hot for football.

對於足球來說，天氣也太熱了。

Temperatures could reach 50 degrees in the summer.

夏季的溫度可能達到50度。

And in 2010, Qatar only had one major city

而在2010年，卡達只有一個主要城市

and one stadium big enough for a World Cup game.

和一個足以容納世界盃比賽的體育場。

But what Qatar did have is some of the largest

但卡達確實擁有一些最大的

natural gas reserves in the world

世界上的天然氣儲量

with an enormous amount of wealth, all controlled

擁有大量的財富，所有的控制

by the country's emir, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

由該國埃米爾哈馬德-本-哈利法-阿勒薩尼提出的。

and they were willing to use it to win the 2022 bid.

而且他們願意用它來贏得2022年的投標。

It pledged to spend an astonishing

它承諾將花費一個驚人的

$200 billion on infrastructure and build

2000億美元用於基礎設施和建設

12 brand new, air conditioned stadiums,

12個全新的、有空調的體育場館。

a bid other countries couldn't match.

一個其他國家無法比擬的出價。

And they didn't forget about ExCo.

他們也沒有忘記執行委員會。

British journalists would later allege that a Qatari

英國記者後來指稱，卡達的一名

owned company paid Warner around $2 million for his vote.

擁有的公司為華納的投票支付了大約200萬美元。

There's also allegations

還有人指控