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  • Every animal has its own sensory world,

    每個動物都有自己的感官世界。

  • its own thin slice of the fullness of reality

    它自己是現實中完整的薄片

  • that it can detect.

    它可以檢測到的。

  • Evolution has shaped the senses of animals

    進化塑造了動物的感官

  • according to their needs,

    根據他們的需要。

  • but no animal can sense everything.

    但沒有任何動物能感知一切。

  • No animal is perfect at everything.

    沒有任何動物在所有方面都是完美的。

  • There is so much information out there

    外面有太多的資訊了

  • that to be able to detect it all

    為了能夠檢測到這一切

  • would be an overwhelming experience and also unnecessary.

    將是一個令人不知所措的經歷,也是不必要的。

  • There's also a cost to the senses.

    感官也是有代價的。

  • Senses don't come for free.

    感官不是白來的。

  • To build a sense organ and to maintain all the neurons

    建立一個感覺器官並維持所有的神經元

  • that feed into that sense organ takes up a lot of energy,

    饋送到該感覺器官的東西佔用了大量的能量。

  • which is why their senses are so refined

    這就是為什麼他們的感官是如此精緻

  • and so constrained by their evolutionary needs.

    並是以受到其進化需要的制約。

  • So the word umwelt was popularized and defined

    是以,umwelt這個詞被普及和定義了

  • by a German zoologist named Jakob von Uexküll

    由德國動物學家Jakob von Uexküll撰寫。

  • in the early 20th century.

    在20世紀初。

  • It comes from the German word for environment,

    它來自德語中的環境一詞。

  • but he meant the animals' sensory environment.

    但他指的是動物的感官環境。

  • And that's the specific set of sights, smells, textures,

    而這就是一系列具體的視覺、嗅覺、質感。

  • and sounds that that animal has access to

    以及該動物能接觸到的聲音

  • and that another animal might not.

    而另一種動物可能不會。

  • When you really think about the senses,

    當你真正考慮到這些感覺時。

  • you do start to understand the very different kinds

    你確實開始瞭解了非常不同的類型

  • of information that those senses offer their owners.

    這些感官為其主人提供的資訊。

  • So we obviously taste with our tongues,

    所以我們顯然是用舌頭來品嚐。

  • but a catfish is essentially a swimming tongue.

    但鯰魚本質上是一個游泳的舌頭。

  • It has taste buds all over its skin.

    它的皮膚上都有味蕾。

  • If you put little pieces

    如果你把小塊的

  • of food near the flank of a catfish,

    的食物靠近鯰魚的側翼。

  • it will be able to taste it

    就能品嚐到它

  • and turn around and snap it up.

    並轉身把它搶過來。

  • For most animals, taste is about food.

    對大多數動物來說,口味是關於食物的。

  • It's about trying to work out whether something

    它是關於試圖解決一些事情是否

  • is worth eating or not.

    是值得吃還是不值得吃。

  • And for humans, food is something that we put in our mouths.

    而對人類來說,食物是我們放進嘴裡的東西。

  • But if you are a very small animal,

    但如果你是一個非常小的動物。

  • food can be something you land on.

    食物可以是你落腳的東西。

  • And which is why for many insects taste buds

    這就是為什麼對許多昆蟲的味蕾來說

  • are some things that are found in their feet

    是在他們的腳上發現的一些東西

  • as well as in their mouths.

    以及在他們的嘴裡。

  • A fly landing on the apple that you are trying to eat

    一隻蒼蠅落在你想吃的蘋果上

  • can taste it just by walking on it

    走在上面就能嚐到它的味道

  • before you put it in your mouth.

    在你把它放進你的嘴裡之前。

  • I, like most of you, have two eyes.

    我和你們大多數人一樣,有兩隻眼睛。

  • They sit in the front of my face and they point forwards,

    它們坐在我臉的前面,指向前方。

  • which means that my visual world is always in front of me

    這意味著我的視覺世界總是在我面前。

  • and I walk into it.

    而我走進了它。

  • But most birds have eyes on the sides of their heads,

    但大多數鳥類的眼睛都長在頭的兩側。

  • which means their visual world is around them.

    這意味著他們的視覺世界就在他們周圍。

  • They often have close to wraparound vision,

    他們往往有接近環繞的視野。

  • seeing to the sides and also a little bit to the back.

    看到兩側,也有一點到後面。

  • And that kind of wraparound vision

    而這種包羅萬象的視野

  • is really hard to wrap your head around.

    是真的很難把你的腦袋包起來。

  • And then of course there are changes

    當然,還有一些變化

  • that can occur over an animal's lifetime.

    在動物的一生中,可能會發生這種情況。

  • So the umwelts of an adult

    是以,一個成年人的嗯哼

  • might be different to the umwelts of a juvenile.

    可能會與少年人的身體狀況不同。

  • Jumping spiders are very driven by vision.

    跳躍的蜘蛛非常受視覺的驅動。

  • They have excellent eyes.

    他們有出色的眼睛。

  • But those eyes also become more sensitive as they get older,

    但是這些眼睛也會隨著年齡的增長而變得更加敏感。

  • more sensitive to light,

    對光更敏感。

  • which means that I think the world of a jumping spider

    這意味著我對跳蛛的看法是:"跳蛛 "的世界。

  • will get brighter as it ages.

    隨著時間的推移,它將變得更加明亮。

  • One scientist describe this to me

    一位科學家向我描述了這一點

  • as a jumping spider watching the sun rise as it gets older.

    如同一隻跳躍的蜘蛛看著太陽昇起,因為它變老了。

  • So a sea otter has very sensitive paws.

    所以海獺的爪子非常敏感。

  • They don't look very sensitive.

    他們看起來不是很敏感。

  • They look like these weird sort of cauliflowery mittens.

    它們看起來像這些奇怪的菜花狀手套。

  • They have a sensitive touch that is equal

    他們有一種敏感的觸覺,相當於

  • to our exquisitely sensitive fingertips.

    到我們精緻敏感的指尖。

  • One of the key differences

    關鍵差異之一

  • is that they are also extremely skilled

    是,他們也是非常熟練的

  • at using that sense of touch.

    在使用這種觸覺方面。

  • They're very fast about making touch-based decisions.

    他們對於做出基於觸摸的決定非常迅速。

  • A sea otter will dive down into the ocean

    一隻海獺會潛入海中

  • and very quickly root around with its paws.

    並非常迅速地用它的爪子四處紮根。

  • It will grab that sea urchin, yank that clam,

    它將抓住那個海膽,拉動那個蛤蜊。

  • and then rise to the surface before eating its food.

    然後在吃它的食物之前上升到表面。

  • A sea otter doesn't have the benefit of blubber

    海獺沒有鯨脂的好處

  • that a whale or a walrus might have.

    鯨魚或海象可能有的。

  • It has very thick fur, but it can find enough food to eat

    它的皮毛很厚,但它能找到足夠的食物吃。

  • because it has not only very sensitive hands,

    因為它不僅有非常敏感的手。

  • but very fast hands too.

    但手也非常快。

  • Even in a completely dark room

    即使在一個完全黑暗的房間裡

  • where the very large eyes of an owl

    貓頭鷹的大眼睛的地方

  • might not be of much use,

    可能沒有什麼用處。

  • they can still hear and they hear really well.

    他們仍然能夠聽到,而且聽得非常清楚。

  • The dish of feathers around an owl's face

    貓頭鷹臉上的一盤羽毛

  • that gives it that distinctive owl-y look acts as a radar

    賦予它獨特的貓頭鷹式的外觀,作為一種雷達。

  • dish funneling sound towards its ears.

    盤子裡的聲音向它的耳朵漏斗。

  • Those ears are incredibly sensitive,

    這些耳朵是令人難以置信的敏感。

  • but they also have a unique trick

    但他們也有一個獨特的技巧

  • that allows the owl to work out exactly

    讓貓頭鷹能夠準確地計算出

  • where sound is coming from.

    聲音是從哪裡來的。

  • Based on when sound arrives in my ears,

    根據聲音到達我耳朵的時間。

  • where those first arrives at the left or the right,

    那些首先到達的地方是左邊還是右邊。

  • I can tell where a sound is coming from

    我可以分辨聲音的來源

  • in the horizontal plane.

    在水準面上。

  • I can't do that trick in the vertical very well

    我不能很好地在垂直方向上做這一招。

  • because my ears are level with each other

    因為我的耳朵是平的

  • so sound arrives at both of them

    是以,聲音到達了他們兩個人那裡

  • from above or below at the same time.

    同時從上面或下面。

  • An owl solves this problem because its ears are offset.

    貓頭鷹解決了這個問題,因為它的耳朵是偏移的。

  • So they're asymmetrical.

    所以他們是不對稱的。

  • So one ear is slightly higher than the other.

    所以一隻耳朵比另一隻略高。

  • And when sound arrives at that ear first,

    而當聲音首先到達那隻耳朵時。

  • the owl knows where in the vertical plane it's target is.

    貓頭鷹知道它的目標在哪個垂直面上。

  • And that's why an owl in the dark

    這就是為什麼黑暗中的貓頭鷹

  • can land exactly on a mouse.

    可以準確地落在滑鼠上。

  • It's why owls in the wild can bust through snow

    這就是為什麼野外的貓頭鷹可以衝破雪地的原因

  • to pick up scurrying rodents that they couldn't even see.

    撿起他們甚至看不到的竄動的齧齒動物。

  • One of the primary uses of scent in the animal kingdom

    氣味在動物界的主要用途之一

  • is for navigation, for finding your way around a landscape.

    是為了導航,為了在風景中找到你的路。

  • You know, my dog, Typo, absolutely can do this.

    你知道,我的狗,Typo,絕對能做到這一點。

  • He knows where we are by cross-referencing his memories

    他通過對照自己的記憶知道我們在哪裡

  • of the smells of the neighborhood

    鄰居的氣味

  • against what he's smelling at any given moment.

    反對他在任何特定時刻聞到的東西。

  • But there are other animals that use scent for navigation

    但也有其他動物利用氣味進行導航

  • in even more extraordinary ways.

    以更加非凡的方式。

  • A lot of sea birds, the group known as tubenoses,

    很多海鳥,被稱為tubenoses的群體。

  • use the odorscapes of the ocean to find food.

    利用海洋的氣味來尋找食物。

  • The ocean looks featureless to us, right?

    在我們看來,海洋是沒有特徵的,對嗎?

  • We can glide over it

    我們可以在它上面滑行

  • and just see this endless expanse of uniform blue,

    而只是看到這一望無際的統一藍色。

  • but it's not featureless to an albatross.

    但它對信天翁來說並不是沒有特點。

  • Underwater features like mountains

    像山一樣的水下特徵

  • and valleys leads to concentrations of nutrients,

    和山谷導致了營養物質的集中。

  • which then concentrate food, plankton, and then krill,

    然後集中食物,浮游生物,然後是磷蝦。

  • the kinds of things that a seabird might eat.

    海鳥可能吃的東西的種類。

  • And so the ocean has this undulating odorscape:

    是以,海洋有這種起伏的氣味景觀。

  • odors that reveal the concentration of possible food

    揭示可能的食物濃度的氣味

  • and then areas of no scent that reveal scarcity in the deep.

    然後是沒有氣味的區域,顯示出深處的稀缺性。

  • Elephants can do this too.

    大象也能做到這一點。

  • Elephants can navigate over long distances.

    大象可以在很長的距離內航行。

  • Obviously, they have that trunk.

    很明顯,他們有那個後備箱。

  • They have constantly scanning about

    他們不斷掃描關於

  • with this extremely elongated nose.

    有了這個極度拉長的鼻子。

  • You know, they'll react to the imminent arrival of rain.

    你知道,他們會對即將到來的雨水做出反應。

  • People have suggested

    人們曾建議

  • that they can find buried sources of water by smelling it.

    他們可以通過嗅覺找到埋藏的水源。

  • It's quite difficult to understand exactly

    要準確地理解這一點是相當困難的

  • how elephants smell

    大象的氣味

  • because they are large, intelligent animals

    因為它們是大型的、聰明的動物

  • that are difficult to work with.

    這是很難做到的。

  • Part of this relies on us using our imaginations

    這部分依賴於我們使用我們的想象力

  • like watching their incredible behavior,

    喜歡看他們不可思議的行為。

  • looking at their trunk,

    看著他們的樹幹。

  • and trying to just make educated guesses

    並試圖只是做出有根據的猜測

  • about what their olfactory world might be like.

    關於他們的嗅覺世界可能是什麼樣的。

  • There's a wonderful quote by Marcel Proust

    馬塞爾-普魯斯特有一句精彩的話

  • that I think captures what's magical

    我認為這句話抓住了神奇之處

  • about the umwelt concept.

    關於umwelt的概念。

  • He said that the only true voyage

    他說,唯一真正的遠航

  • would be not to visit strange lands,

    將是不訪問陌生的土地。

  • but to possess other eyes

    但要擁有其他的眼睛

  • to see the hundreds of universes that each of them sees.

    以看到他們每個人看到的數百個宇宙。

  • That's how I think about the sensory worlds

    這就是我對感官世界的思考方式

  • of other animals.

    其他動物的。

  • I think that when I get to empathize

    我認為,當我得到共鳴的時候

  • with the smell world of a dog

    與狗的氣味世界

  • or the touch world of a sea otter,

    或海獺的觸摸世界。

  • I feel like I'm traveling,

    我覺得我在旅行。

  • like I'm leaving the confines of my own body

    就像我要離開我自己身體的束縛一樣

  • and my own lived experience

    和我自己的生活經驗

  • and going on this fantastical voyage

    踏上這段奇幻的航程

  • into the world of another creature.

    進入另一個生物的世界。

Every animal has its own sensory world,

每個動物都有自己的感官世界。

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