I'm gonna write a book about the great adventure

我要寫一本關於偉大冒險的書

of understanding gene editing.

的理解基因編輯。

You know, I've written about the physics revolution

你知道，我寫過關於物理學革命的文章

that dominated the first half of the 20th century.

在20世紀上半葉占主導地位的。

And then of course I was deeply immersed

當然，後來我也深深地沉浸在

in the digital revolution,

在數字革命中。

which was the second half of the 20th century.

也就是20世紀下半葉。

But what happened in the past few years

但在過去幾年中發生了什麼

is we've found easy to reprogram tools

是我們已經發現的容易重新編程的工具

that will allow us to edit our genes.

這將使我們能夠編輯我們的基因。

Man, that's going to be 10 times more impactful

夥計，這將是10倍的影響

than the digital revolution was.

比數字革命更重要。

So whenever you have a wonderful tale of adventure,

是以，只要你有一個精彩的冒險故事。

it's always good to have one central character

有一箇中心人物總是好的

that helps bring the narrative along.

這有助於將敘事進行下去。

And for me, Jennifer Doudna was perfect for that.

而對我來說，詹妮弗-杜德納在這方面是完美的。

When she was a young scientist and graduate student

當她還是一個年輕的科學家和研究所學生的時候

in the 1990s,

在20世紀90年代。

all the men in science and biology,

科學和生物學領域的所有男人。

they were all running after the soccer ball,

他們都在追著足球跑。

focusing on DNA and the human genome project.

專注於DNA和人類基因組計劃。

But she became fascinated with RNA.

但她開始對RNA著迷了。

And it turns out that's a molecule

而事實證明那是一個分子

that actually does more work.

這實際上做了更多的工作。

She was able to discover how RNA could replicate itself,

她能夠發現RNA如何能夠自我複製。

which gets to one of the big questions in life.

這就涉及到生活中的一個大問題。

Which is, how did life begin on the planet?

這就是，生命是如何在地球上開始的？

Then she discovered how to take this tool

然後，她發現瞭如何利用這個工具

that bacteria use to fight viruses, called CRISPR,

細菌用來對抗病毒的方法，稱為CRISPR。

and repurpose it by reprogramming the RNA

並通過重新編程RNA來重新利用它。

to edit our own human genes.

來編輯我們自己的人類基因。

So all of these things come out of Jennifer's work

是以，所有這些東西都來自於珍妮弗的工作

in understanding the structure of RNA.

在瞭解RNA的結構方面。

CRISPR is a system that bacteria have been using

CRISPR是一個系統，細菌一直在使用

for a billion years.

十億年來。

And they learned a simple trick.

他們還學會了一個簡單的技巧。

If a virus attacks them,

如果有病毒攻擊他們。

they take a mugshot,

他們拍了一張照片。

and they wrap it into their own bacterial code.

並將其包裹在自己的細菌代碼中。

If the virus ever attacks them again,

如果病毒再次攻擊他們。

they got that mugshot, and they take a guide,

他們得到了那張照片，並且他們採取了一個指導。

and take a pair of scissors known as an enzyme,

並拿著一把被稱為酶的剪刀。

and they chop up the virus.

他們把病毒切碎了。

But what Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier

但珍妮弗-杜德納和埃馬紐埃爾-沙彭蒂埃的做法

and others did, was figure out,

和其他人所做的，是弄清楚。

we can repurpose this

我們可以重新利用這個

so that the guide doesn't just chop up

這樣，指南就不會隨便砍掉

the viruses attacking bacteria,

攻擊細菌的病毒。

we'll reprogram it so that it cuts our own DNA

我們將對它進行重新編程，以便它能切割我們自己的DNA。

wherever we tell it to.

我們讓它去哪裡就去哪裡。

And thus, it becomes a tool to edit our genes.

是以，它成為編輯我們基因的工具。

Right after Jennifer invented this technology,

就在珍妮弗發明了這項技術之後。

she had a nightmare.

她做了一個惡夢。

And it's somebody who wanted to learn

而且是想學習的人

how to use the technology.

如何使用該技術。

She walks into the room,

她走進房間。

and in the nightmare, it's Hitler.

而在噩夢中，是希特勒。

So she starts gathering scientists to answer your question,

所以她開始收集科學家來回答你的問題。

which is, what are the perils we need to worry about?

這就是，我們需要擔心的危險是什麼？

Now, the perils to me, are that we go too fast down the road

現在，對我來說，危險在於，我們在這條路上走得太快了

and make inheritable edits in the human genome

並在人類基因組中進行可遺傳的編輯

in a way that affects our whole species.

以一種影響我們整個物種的方式。

And I think that's a ethical line we have to pause

我認為這是一條我們必須暫停的道德線。

and be very careful before we cross.

並在我們穿越之前要非常小心。

We know ways to use this in individual patients

我們知道如何在個別病人身上使用這個方法

for deeply important medical needs,

用於深層次的重要醫療需求。

like sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's,

如鐮狀細胞、囊性纖維化、亨廷頓症。

Tay-Sachs, muscular dystrophy.

Tay-Sachs, 肌肉萎縮症。

I think we should focus on those,

我認為我們應該專注於這些。

and be careful about doing things

並小心行事

that would allow rich people to buy better genes

這將使富人能夠購買更好的基因

for their children.

為他們的孩子。

Because if people could go to a genetic supermarket,

因為如果人們可以去基因超市。

and say, what color eyes, what color hair, what height,

並說，什麼顏色的眼睛，什麼顏色的頭髮，什麼高度。

I think we would harm the human species.

我認為我們會傷害人類的物種。

You know, we think of these as futuristic technologies,

你知道，我們認為這些是未來主義的技術。

but we've already had CRISPR be used for a real person,

但我們已經有CRISPR被用於一個真正的人。

Victoria Gray.

維多利亞-格雷。

They use CRISPR technology to take her stem cells,

他們使用CRISPR技術提取她的幹細胞。

edit them, reinsert them into her body,

編輯它們，把它們重新插入她的身體。

so that she is now making healthy blood cells.

是以，她現在正在製造健康的血細胞。

We're already using this to help the human species.

我們已經在利用這個來幫助人類。

So all these things are about the unbelievable excitement

所以所有這些事情都是關於不可思議的興奮

of the journey of science.

的科學之旅。

And that open inquiry,

而這種開放式的調查。

that ability to approach things with an open mind,

以開放的心態對待事物的能力。

we sometimes lose that.

我們有時會失去這一點。

We go into our ideological corners

我們進入了我們的意識形態的角落

and we have knee jerk reactions to things without saying,

而我們對不說的事情有膝跳反應。

"Show me the evidence."

"給我看看證據。"

So one of the things I wish people would think about,

是以，我希望人們能夠思考的一件事。

is it's not just about science,

是它不僅僅是關於科學。

it's about the scientific method.

這是關於科學方法。

Which means you're open to changing your mind.

這意味著你對改變你的想法持開放態度。

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並從世界上最大的思想家那裡學到更多。

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