that we cannot see the entire universe right now.

我們現在無法看到整個宇宙。

And that's because there's such a thing that we quantify

這是因為有這樣一種東西，我們可以量化

as the observable universe.

作為可觀察的宇宙。

The universe has existed, we think, since the Big Bang,

我們認為，自大爆炸以來，宇宙一直存在。

about, say, 13.8 billion years.

大約，比如，138億年。

So as you look farther and farther out into space,

是以，當你向太空看得越來越遠的時候。

you necessarily have to look back in time.

你一定要回顧一下時間。

If something is a million light years away from you,

如果某個東西離你有一百萬光年的距離。

like the Andromeda galaxy

像仙女座星系

is about two million light years away,

大約在200萬光年之外。

the light that you see through binoculars tonight,

你今晚通過雙筒望遠鏡看到的光線。

as you look up at the Andromeda galaxy

仰望仙女座星系時

left two million years ago.

兩百萬年前離開。

We now have instruments that see so far,

我們現在有能看到這麼遠的儀器。

we can actually look back to about 400,000 years

我們實際上可以追溯到大約40萬年前

after the Big Bang.

大爆炸之後。

We can see so far out into space

我們可以看到這麼遠的空間

that the light has taken that long to get to us.

光線花了那麼長時間才到達我們身邊。

The whole idea of the Big Bang has been given

整個大爆炸的概念被賦予了

I think a real disservice.

我認為這是一種真正的傷害。

There are so many misconceptions,

有太多的誤解。

and certainly, one of the biggest misconceptions

當然，也是最大的誤解之一

is that people think that scientists feel

是，人們認為科學家覺得

that the Big Bang came out of nothing.

宇宙大爆炸是無中生有的。

I mean, how did all of this energy

我的意思是，所有這些能量是如何

and all of this matter that made up the universe,

以及構成宇宙的所有這些物質。

you're saying it just came out of nothing.

你是說它是憑空出現的。

No, I don't think any scientist actually believes that.

不，我不認為任何科學家真的相信這一點。

The problem is when you think

問題是，當你認為

about the condition the universe was in at that point,

關於宇宙在那個時候的狀況。

I mean, take our observable universe, right?

我的意思是，以我們可觀察到的宇宙為例，對嗎？

I mean, you can look from one side of the universe

我的意思是，你可以從宇宙的一邊看過去

to the other, you'll back 13.5 billion light years or more.

到另一個，你將回到135億光年或更多。

All of the stuff that we see was actually compressed

我們看到的所有東西實際上都被壓縮了

into a space smaller than an atom,

進入一個比原子還小的空間。

volume smaller than an atom.

體積小於一個原子。

We don't have the physics that describes

我們沒有描述的物理學

how that would work.

這將如何運作。

That is so much mass, so much energy and so little volume,

那是如此多的品質，如此多的能量和如此少的體積。

at this point, there wasn't even mass,

在這一點上，甚至不存在品質問題。

just basically pure energy,

只是基本上是純能量。

that right now, our physics doesn't go there.

現在，我們的物理學並沒有去那裡。

As we get a better idea about how gravity works

隨著我們對重力的工作原理有了更好的認識

under very extreme circumstances, huge energy densities,

在非常極端的情況下，巨大的能量密度。

we may have some idea what set off the Big Bang,

我們可能有一些想法，是什麼引發了大爆炸。

and possibly what came before the Big Bang.

也可能是大爆炸之前的東西。

So today we actually have telescopes that are so powerful,

所以今天我們實際上有了如此強大的望遠鏡。

they can see back to a time about 400,000 years

他們可以看到大約40萬年的時間

after the Big Bang.

大爆炸之後。

That's amazing, we can see so far away in space

太神奇了，我們可以在太空中看到這麼遠的地方

that the light has taken that long to get to us,

光線花了那麼長時間才到達我們身邊。

nearly 13.8 billion years.

近138億年。

And when we look back to that time,

而當我們回首那段時光時。

the universe looks very different.

宇宙看起來非常不同。

For one thing, it's very hot. (chuckles)

首先，它非常熱。（笑）。

It's actually about as hot as the surface of the sun.

實際上，它和太陽表面一樣熱。

And it's so dense and hot

而且它是如此密集和熱

that we actually can't see any farther.

我們實際上無法看到更遠的地方。

Literally, in any direction you look around the sky,

從字面上看，在你環視天空的任何方向。

anywhere you look,

在任何地方，你都可以看到。

if you look to that distance,

如果你看向那個距離。

you see the universe as it was at that time,

你看到宇宙在那個時候的樣子。

400,000 years after the Big Bang,

大爆炸後40萬年。

and everything becomes just hot hydrogen gas.

而一切都變成了熱的氫氣。

That's incredible.

這真是不可思議。

But what that means is that there's a limit.

但這意味著有一個限度。

There's a bubble around us that we can see

我們周圍有一個保麗龍，我們可以看到

just because there's been time for light to come to us

只是因為有時間讓光來到我們身邊

from those areas.

來自這些地區。

Think about my arm being the universe before the Big Bang,

想想我的手臂就是大爆炸之前的宇宙。

in some kind of state

處於某種狀態

that we can't even describe through modern physics.

我們甚至無法通過現代物理學來描述。

The entire observable universe that we can see now

我們現在能看到的整個可觀測的宇宙

used to be a tiny volume of it, maybe an atom in my arm.

過去它的體積很小，也許是我手臂上的一個原子。

One atom expanded

一個原子擴大了

and became the entire observable universe that we see.

併成為我們看到的整個可觀測的宇宙。

But that's not the whole universe.

但這並不是整個宇宙。

There are trillions of atoms in my arm.

我的手臂上有數萬億的原子。

Each one of those could expand

每一個人都可以擴大

to actually be its own entirely observable universe.

實際上是它自己的完全可觀察的宇宙。

So we can't tell yet how big

所以我們還不能說有多大

the universe was before the Big Bang,

宇宙在大爆炸之前是這樣的。

or even what shaped the universe is,

甚至是宇宙的形狀是什麼。

because all we're seeing is a tiny little bit of it

因為我們所看到的只是它的一小部分

that expanded to become everything that we see,

擴張到成為我們所看到的一切。

but that's not the whole universe.

但這並不是整個宇宙。

That's our observable universe.

這就是我們可觀察到的宇宙。

There's far more out there than what we can see.

外面的東西遠比我們能看到的多。

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並從世界上最大的思想家那裡學到更多。

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