between habits and skills, I don't.

習慣和技能之間，我不知道。

With a skill, you typically have

有了一個技能，你通常有

ways of improving the performance over time.

隨著時間的推移，改進性能的方法。

So, you want there to be a good habit basis for a skill.

是以，你希望一項技能有一個良好的習慣基礎。

And obviously when you start something new,

顯然，當你開始做新的事情時。

you have to be making decisions and exerting willpower.

你必須做出決定併發揮意志力。

Only over time will you start to automate-

只有隨著時間的推移，你才會開始實現自動化。

it can take thousands of repetitions before you can do it,

它可能需要重複數千次才能做到。

habitually, automatically in a high-level,

習慣性地、自動地在高層。

very accomplished way.

非常有成就的方式。

I think that when you start out learning a skill,

我認為，當你開始學習一項技能時。

that you're often starting out doing it thoughtfully

你經常在開始時做得很周到

in a very deliberate way.

以一種非常慎重的方式。

But over time that conscious thought

但隨著時間的推移，這種有意識的想法

becomes much less important.

變得不那麼重要了。

All you have to do is pick up the tennis racket and hold it,

你所要做的就是拿起網球拍並握住它。

and you know what to do with the ball.

而且你知道該怎麼處理這個球。

There's not a whole lot of conscious deliberation

沒有大量的有意識的斟酌

that has to be automatic.

這必須是自動的。

I got to talk to a professional cellist

我有機會和一位專業的大提琴家交談

about what it's like to play a piece of music

關於彈奏樂曲的感受

in front of an audience.

在觀眾面前。

I mean, the melodies are beautiful,

我的意思是，這些旋律很美。

they carry you along, but there's still so much to remember.

他們帶著你走，但仍有那麼多東西需要記住。

And it turns out they set cues throughout a piece.

而事實證明，他們在整個作品中設置了提示。

So they will practice a piece in segments,

所以他們會分段練習一首曲子。

and then if someone coughs in the audience,

然後，如果觀眾中有人咳嗽。

there's some disruption,

有一些干擾。

some other musician forgets where they are,

其他一些音樂家忘記了他們的位置。

they can go back to that cue;

他們可以回到那個提示。

that they can then just pick up from and continue.

然後他們就可以從這裡拿起並繼續。

And it's beautifully seamless.

而且它是美麗的無縫的。

Malcolm Gladwell has a book out arguing that,

馬爾科姆-格拉德威爾有一本書出來論證。

with enough practice, we can all be successful

只要有足夠的練習，我們都能成功

at a high level in almost any domain.

在幾乎所有的領域中都有很高的水準。

He's right,

他是對的。

that practice is beneficial, but geez-

這種做法是有益的，但天啊

it takes a whole lot more.

它需要更多的東西。

As an athlete, you need a certain set of physical abilities.

作為一名運動員，你需要有一定的身體能力。

To be a great musician,

要成為一個偉大的音樂家。

you need other kinds of capabilities.

你需要其他類型的能力。

You can get a whole lot better at skills

你可以在技能方面得到很大的提高

if you keep practicing them.

如果你繼續練習它們。

But whether you will be able

但是，你是否將能夠

to reach high-level, elite status,

以達到高層次的精英地位。

that's less certain

那是不太確定的

because that's a combination of innate skills,

因為那是一種先天技能的組合。

certain types of training, opportunities,

某些類型的培訓，機會。

who you get to work with.

你能和誰一起工作。

I mean, all of these things matter,

我的意思是，所有這些事情都很重要。

and it's not just based on practice.

而這不僅僅是基於實踐。

Our second self-our habits develop as a consequence,

我們的第二個自我，我們的習慣也是以而發展。

as a function of the opportunities that we have.

作為我們所擁有的機會的一個功能。

Of the choices that we have in our lives.

在我們的生活中，我們的選擇。