We used to ask the priests and the philosophers.

我們曾經問過祭司和哲學家們。

We used to ask them, "What should we believe?"

我們曾經問他們："我們應該相信什麼？"

But what any of us believe isn't going to change

但我們中的任何一個人相信的東西都不會改變

the way the Universe is.

宇宙是這樣的。

And so, the appropriate thing

是以，適當的事情

is to do a scientific exploration,

是做一個科學的探索。

to go and try and find out what is.

去嘗試並找出什麼是。

We want to know how we stack up against the cosmos.

我們想知道我們在宇宙中的地位如何。

Are we unique?

我們是獨一無二的嗎？

Are we one of many?

我們是許多人中的一個嗎？

And if we are one of many, how

如果我們是許多人中的一個，如何

intelligent are we relative to something else out there?

我們的智能是相對於外面的其他東西而言的？

- Welcome to the Berkeley Forum.

- 歡迎來到伯克利論壇。

We're so lucky to be starting off this season

我們很幸運能在本賽季開始時

with Dr. Jill Tarter tonight.

今晚與吉爾-塔特博士一起。

In 2004, she was named one of the "Time

2004年，她被命名為 "時間 "之一。

100 Most Influential People in the World."

世界上最有影響力的100人"。

She has served as the President

她曾擔任主席

of the California Academy of Sciences.

的加州科學院。

She has an astroid named after her.

她有一個以她名字命名的星體。

So without further ado, please welcome

是以，不再多說，請歡迎

Dr. Jill Tarter to the stage.

吉爾-塔特博士上臺。

- Thanks, Charlie.

- 謝謝，查理。

All right, are the mics working?

好了，話筒能用嗎？

- Yeah. - Good.

- 是的 很好。

My name is Jill Tarter.

我的名字是吉爾-塔特。

My title is Emeritus Director of SETI Research.

我的頭銜是SETI研究的名譽主任。

I'm often introduced as being the woman

我經常被介紹為是一個女人

who was the inspiration for Ellie Arroway,

她是埃利-阿洛維的靈感來源。

played by Jodie Foster in the movie "Contact."

由朱迪-福斯特在電影 "接觸 "中扮演。

- 18 hours, 36 minutes, 56.2 seconds.

- 18小時，36分鐘，56.2秒。

- I was back visiting Cornell for some symposium.

- 我回到康奈爾大學訪問，參加一些研討會。

When I got there, Ann Druyan, Carl's wife,

當我到達那裡時，卡爾的妻子安-德魯揚。

and Carl took me off to the corner.

和卡爾把我帶到角落。

And Ann said, "Carl's writing a science fiction book.

安說，"卡爾正在寫一本科幻小說。

I think you might recognize one of the characters,

我想你可能會認出其中的一個人物。

but I think you're gonna like her."

但我認為你會喜歡她。"

Carl sent me a pre-publication copy.

卡爾給我寄來了一份出版前的副本。

I was going, "Wait, wait, Carl doesn't know this about me.

我在想，"等等，等等，卡爾不知道我的這些情況。

How did he, how, how?"

他是怎麼，怎麼，怎麼？"

And it turns out, when I was a fresh Ph.D.,

而事實證明，當我還是一個剛畢業的博士時。

I got invited to a meeting in Washington,

我被邀請參加在華盛頓舉行的會議。

and I walked into a room of 80 female Ph.D.s

我走進了一個有80名女博士的房間。

in all kinds of STEM fields-

在各種STEM領域的

life-changing experience for me.

對我來說是改變生活的經驗。

I told Carl about this meeting

我把這次會議的情況告訴了卡爾

and we did a little bit of amateur demographics,

我們還做了一點業餘人口統計。

and it turned out that many of those women

而事實證明，這些婦女中有許多人

had their fathers die when they were young, just like me.

他們的父親在他們年輕的時候就死了，就像我一樣。

When I was about eight years old,

當我大約8歲的時候。

I was down in the Florida Keys.

我當時在佛羅里達群島。

And I remember one night walking along the edge of the Gulf,

我記得有一天晚上，我沿著海灣的邊緣行走。

holding my dad's hand and looking up in the sky,

握著我爸爸的手，仰望天空。

and seeing these magnificent stars.

並看到這些壯麗的星星。

And I just had this idea that on some planet

我只是有這樣的想法，在某個星球上

around one of those stars,

圍繞著這些星星中的一個。

there would be a creature

會有一個生物

walking along the edge of an ocean with their parent.

和他們的父母一起沿著海洋的邊緣行走。

And I don't know what set of circumstances

我不知道在什麼情況下

led me to have that particular worldview,

導致我有這種特殊的世界觀。

but it's been with me for a long time.

但它已經伴隨我很久了。

And I said, "Okay, I'm gonna be an engineer."

我說，"好吧，我要成為一名工程師"。

Then, sadly, my dad died a couple of years later.

然後，不幸的是，幾年後我父親去世了。

And I had told my dad I was gonna be an engineer,

我曾告訴我爸爸我將成為一名工程師。

and then I just got stubborn about it.

然後我就變得很固執。

That was it.

就是這樣。

I've never had any other job

我從未做過任何其他工作

except thinking about life beyond earth.

除了思考地球以外的生命。

Over my career, we have discovered

在我的職業生涯中，我們已經發現

planets around other stars, exoplanets.

圍繞其他恆星的行星，系外行星。

When we started, we only knew about nine

當我們開始時，我們只知道大約九個

in our solar system.

在我們的太陽系中。

And then we demoted one of those.

然後我們把其中的一個人降級。

But now we know that in the Milky Way galaxy,

但現在我們知道，在銀河系中。

there are more planets than there are stars.

行星的數量比恆星多。

And additionally, we now know about organisms

此外，我們現在知道的生物體

that we call "extremophiles"-

我們稱之為 "極端嗜好者" --

forms of life living in environments which,

生活在以下環境中的生命形式。

when I was a student, I was taught, utterly no chance,

當我還是個學生的時候，我被教導，完全沒有機會。

that's gonna be sterile.

這將是無菌的。

No reason to look for life there.

沒有理由在那裡尋找生命。

But of course, life is there.

但當然，生活就在那裡。

And now, it makes it just seem natural to ask the question,

而現在，它讓人覺得問這個問題很自然。

'Well, with all that potentially habitable

'嗯，有那麼多潛在的可居住地

real estate out there, is any of it actually inhabited?'

'外面的房地產，有任何一個是真正有人居住的嗎？

SETI, the acronym,

SETI，縮寫。

is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence-

是尋找外星智能的--。

but that's actually a misnomer.

但這實際上是一個錯誤的說法。

We don't know how to define intelligence.

我們不知道如何定義智力。

We certainly don't know how to detect it at a distance.

我們當然不知道如何在遠處探測它。

What we can perhaps do

我們也許可以做什麼

is find evidence of someone else's technology

是找到別人的技術證據

that is detectable over these vast distances

在這些遙遠的距離上可以檢測到的

between the stars.

在星星之間。

We've been looking for electromagnetic radiation,

我們一直在尋找電磁輻射。

signals either at radio wavelengths

在無線電波長的信號

or at optical wavelengths,

或在光學波長下。

but we're specifically looking for the kinds of signals

但我們要特別尋找的是那種信號

that, as far as we know, nature can't produce,

就我們所知，自然界不能產生的。

but our technologies do it all the time.

但我們的技術一直在這樣做。

We have different ways of doing that.

我們有不同的方式來做到這一點。

And in my case, teams that I've worked with

就我而言，與我合作過的團隊

look for technosignatures;

尋找技術特徵。

so we write software that's looking for

是以，我們編寫的軟件是為了尋找

those particular patterns.

這些特定的模式。

I've had the privilege of being in at the beginning.

我有幸在一開始就進入了。

My first year in graduate school,

我在研究生院的第一年。

UC Berkeley acquired the first real desktop computer

加州大學伯克利分校獲得第一臺真正的臺式電腦

that had ever been manufactured, the PDP-8/S.

有史以來所生產的PDP-8/S。

And it had no language, you had to program

而且它沒有語言，你必須進行編程

the 11 things that it could do

它可以做的11件事

by setting all the ones and zeros.

通過設置所有的1和0。

As I was finally getting ready to finish my graduate degree,

當我終於準備完成我的研究所學生學位時。

that piece of equipment, that computer was obsolete,

那件設備，那臺電腦已經過時了。

and it was given to an X-ray astronomer

並將其交給了一位X射線天文學家

by the name of Stuart Bowyer.

他的名字叫斯圖爾特-鮑耶。

He figured out a way that we could take the data

他想出了一個辦法，我們可以把數據

and we could analyze it

而我們可以分析它

looking for signals that were engineered.

尋找設計好的信號。

And so he came and recruited me to work on his SETI project

於是他來到這裡，招募我為他的SETI項目工作。

at Hat Creek Observatory,

在Hat Creek天文臺。

and I programmed that PDP-8 to be the processing engine

我把那臺PDP-8編程為處理引擎。

for that search.

為該搜索。

You have to be very careful in this kind of work

在這種工作中，你必須非常小心。

about deciding whether or not what you have detected,

關於決定你所檢測到的東西是否存在。

what shows up in your data,

在你的數據中顯示的內容。

is actually real, coming from the sky,

實際上是真實的，來自於天空。

or whether what you're finding in your data is coming from

或者你在數據中發現的東西是否來自於

your own equipment, noise that you generate.

你自己的設備，你產生的噪音。

And so we have this problem of deciding whether

是以，我們有這樣一個問題：決定是否

what we've detected is us or them.

我們所檢測到的是我們或他們。

Over time, that gets to be more and more problematic

隨著時間的推移，這變得越來越有問題了

as there are more satellites orbiting.

因為有更多的衛星在軌道上運行。

And so we've had to try and get clever,

是以，我們不得不嘗試變得聰明起來。

and we certainly spend a good half

我們當然要花上一半的時間

of our computing resources

我們的計算資源的

trying to discriminate between us and them.

試圖將我們和他們區分開來。

And now, we're on a threshold

而現在，我們在一個門檻上

where we can begin to think about

在這裡我們可以開始思考

using artificial intelligence to help us with this search,

使用人工智能來幫助我們進行這種搜索。

to look at the data in a bias-free way,

以一種無偏見的方式來看待數據。

and say, 'Not is there this pattern,

並說：'不是有這種模式。

but is there any pattern?'

但是否有任何模式？

I think that's going to open up a lot of new channels

我認為這將會開闢很多新的管道

for SETI research in the future.

為未來的SETI研究。

For me, the fun part was getting started with this.

對我來說，有趣的部分是開始做這件事。

This idea of working on something

這種工作的想法

that might not succeed during your career is a little dicey,

在你的職業生涯中可能不會成功，這就有點危險了。

and it takes a certain kind of personality

而這需要一定的個性

to be eager to do that.

要急於做這個。

The real reason to work on this question

努力解決這個問題的真正原因

is to know whether it's possible

是要知道是否有可能

for us to have a long future.

為了我們有一個長久的未來。

There are so many challenges on this planet today.

今天在這個星球上有這麼多的挑戰。

Maybe our future is not very long

也許我們的未來並不長

because of mistakes that we have made

因為我們所犯的錯誤

in terms of living on this planet in a sustainable manner.

在以可持續的方式生活在這個星球上方面。

So a successful detection means

是以，成功的檢測意味著

that it's possible to have a long future

有可能擁有一個漫長的未來

as a technological civilization.

作為一種技術文明。

I don't expect them to solve our problems

我不指望他們能解決我們的問題

but I do expect, if we succeed,

但我確實期望，如果我們成功了。

to be inspired by knowing that somebody else made it

知道別人做到了，就會受到鼓舞。

through this technological adolescence,

通過這個技術青春期。

and we can too,

而我們也可以。

we simply have to find the way.

我們只需要找到方法。

This is a really large search,

這是一個非常大的搜索。

and our tools for doing the search

和我們的工具進行搜索

are getting better all the time,

越來越好了。

and now, exponentially faster.

而現在，以指數級的速度。

It makes me mad to be old

老了讓我很生氣

because I'm not going to be around long enough

因為我不會在這裡呆得很久

to see the end of that story

看看這個故事的結局

or the beginning of the next phase of our searching.

或者說是我們下一階段搜索的開始。

Now, in my cheerleading role,

現在，在我的拉拉隊的角色。

I'd like to work on establishing an endowment

我想致力於建立一個捐贈基金

so that this kind of activity, this scientific exploration

是以，這種活動，這種科學探索

can be funded stably into the future

可以在未來獲得穩定的資金

because that's what it's probably gonna take.

因為這可能是它所需要的。