some researchers who believe that everything we do

一些研究人員認為，我們所做的一切

is driven by a desire to achieve something.

是由實現某種目標的願望所驅動。

And, in fact, we've had some controversy in the literature,

而且，事實上，我們在文獻中也有一些爭議。

some back and forth in the science

在科學中的一些來回

about how likely it is

關於它的可能性有多大

that people ever respond without a goal

人們曾經在沒有目標的情況下做出反應

How do habits and goals actually interact?

習慣和目標究竟如何互動？

and what parts are involved in getting someone

以及讓一個人參與的部分是什麼

to get up in the morning and go running

早晨起來就去跑步

even when it's dark and miserable

即使是在黑暗和悲慘的情況下

and they don't feel like it

而他們並不覺得是這樣

Is that a habit, a goal, willpower?

那是一種習慣，一個目標，意志力？

How do all of those things interact?

所有這些東西是如何互動的？

It's probably a little bit of both, all of those things,

可能兩者都有一點，所有這些東西都有。

but it's definitely habit.

但這絕對是一種習慣。

People act on habits,

人們按習慣行事。

but still interpret their behavior

但仍然解釋他們的行為

as if it was goal-directed, as if it was designed

彷彿它是有目標的，彷彿它是被設計的

to achieve some outcome that occurred

以達到某種結果的發生

after the habit happened.

習慣發生後。

A lot of researchers became convinced

很多研究人員開始相信

that habits aren't important.

習慣並不重要。

They don't explain anything that's useful

他們沒有解釋任何有用的東西

really about human experience

真正關於人類的經驗

but just recognize that if you are trying

但要認識到，如果你正在努力

to change a behavior that involves repetition,

改變一個涉及重複的行為。

there's gonna be other mechanisms involved.

會有其他機制的參與。

The best example of that was with anti-smoking campaigns

這方面最好的例子是反吸菸運動

And this was one time in which the US government

而這是美國政府在一次

took effective steps

採取了有效措施

to help us control unwanted behavior.

以幫助我們控制不需要的行為。

They taxed cigarettes. They banned smoking in public places.

他們對香菸徵稅。他們禁止在公共場所吸菸。

They removed cues,

他們刪除了線索。

so you can't find cigarettes on a store shelf anymore.

所以你在商店的貨架上再也找不到香菸了。

You have to go ask somebody.

你必須去問別人。

By changing cues and adding friction,

通過改變線索和增加摩擦。

we cut smoking in this country from 50%

我們把這個國家的吸菸率從50%降低到

to where it is now, 15%,

到現在的位置，15%。

by addressing the things that change habits.

通過解決改變習慣的事情。

So we're able to show in research

是以，我們能夠在研究中顯示

that goals aren't necessary to drive behavior,

目標並不是驅動行為的必要條件。

that they can be confabulated after.

他們可以在之後被灌輸。

These research findings suggest

這些研究結果表明

that there is a separation between these two constructs,

這兩個結構之間存在著一種分離。

but our experience suggests that they're the same.

但我們的經驗表明，它們是一樣的。

This lure of phenomenology and our belief in the powers

現象學的這種誘惑和我們對權力的信念

of introspection, I think are closely tied.

我認為，檢討的重要性是緊密相連的。

Both of which contribute to this misunderstanding

這兩點都是造成這種誤解的原因

that habits are not important in human behavior.

習慣在人類行為中並不重要。

Habits are always there.

習慣總是存在的。

They're always available,

他們總是可以得到。

but every once in a while

但偶爾也會有

we intervene and do something more thoughtfully.

我們進行干預，做一些更周到的事情。

So there's all kinds of different mental models

所以有各種不同的心理模式

integrating these two systems,

整合這兩個系統。

and I think that's going to be

而且我認為這將是

one of the most interesting questions

最有趣的問題之一

for the next decade is figuring out how they interact.

未來十年，我們要做的是弄清楚它們之間的互動關係。