The battle for climate change will be won or lost in cities.

應對氣候變化的戰鬥將在城市中獲勝或失敗。

Cities play an outsized role in climate change, consuming around 75% of the world's energy

城市在氣候變化中發揮了巨大的作用，消耗了世界上大約75%的能源。

and producing more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions.

併產生超過70%的溫室氣體排放。

But they can also be part of the solution; creating meaningful impact while being small

但他們也可以成為解決方案的一部分；在小規模的同時創造有意義的影響。

and nimble enough to avoid the bureaucracy of global politics.

而且足夠靈活，可以避免全球政治的官僚主義。

In fact, many have already started work.

事實上，許多人已經開始工作。

2022 marked some of the most extreme weather events on record, with wildfires and droughts

2022年發生了一些有記錄以來最極端的天氣事件，野火和旱災

ravaging parts of Europe, the U.S. and Africa,

蹂躪歐洲、美國和非洲的部分地區。

while Asia battled disastrous flooding and monsoon rains.

而亞洲則與災難性的洪水和季風降雨作鬥爭。

And experts warn it's just the beginning.

專家警告說，這只是一個開始。

What we calculated and what we knew as, say, one-in-10-year events is now becoming one-in-five-years.

我們所計算的和我們所知道的，比如說，10年一遇的事件，現在變成了5年一遇。

So, the frequency is increasing.

所以，頻率在增加。

Our cities are at the forefront of those shifts.

我們的城市正處於這些轉變的最前沿。

Today, more than half of the world's population live in urban areas,

今天，超過一半的世界人口生活在城市地區。

a figure that's set to rise to 68% by 2050.

這個數字到2050年將上升到68%。

This migration pattern is driven partly by the climate crisis, which, in turn,

這種移民模式部分是由氣候危機驅動的，而氣候危機又反過來驅動。

creates new risks and stress for urban infrastructures.

為城市基礎設施帶來新的風險和壓力。

Many of our world cities are built on river systems or on water, for example, and as global temperatures rise

例如，我們世界上的許多城市都建立在河流系統或水面上，而隨著全球氣溫的上升

we have a lot of sea level rise, a lot of issues related to flooding.

我們有很多海平面上升的問題，很多與洪水有關的問題。

And so cities really feel the impacts there.

是以，城市真的感受到了那裡的影響。

By the middle of this century, 1.6 billion people living in more than 970 cities

到本世紀中葉，有16億人生活在970多個城市中。

look set to face chronic extreme heat as a result of climate change,

在氣候變化的影響下，中國將面臨長期的極端高溫。

with average summer temperatures surpassing 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

夏季平均溫度超過95華氏度。

At the same time, 800 million urban residents could be affected by sea-level rise

同時，8億城市居民可能受到海平面上升的影響

and 650 million by water shortages.

和6.5億人受到缺水的影響。

That has major implications not only for the environment,

這不僅對環境有重大影響。

but also politics, the economy, and society at large.

但也包括政治、經濟和整個社會。

Urban infrastructure and systems are typically closely interconnected, meaning a failure

城市基礎設施和系統通常是緊密相連的，這意味著一個故障

in any part of the network may be contagious, multiplying the damage.

在網絡的任何部分可能會被傳染，使損害成倍增加。

If London was to flood, then the cost would be immense.

如果倫敦發生洪水，那麼代價將是巨大的。

London Underground, DLR stations, hospitals, schools, the list goes on.

倫敦地鐵、DLR車站、醫院、學校，這樣的例子不勝枚舉。

So, what can our cities do to respond to, and reduce, the rising risks of climate change?

那麼，我們的城市可以做些什麼來應對和減少氣候變化帶來的不斷上升的風險？

Terri Wills, former director for global initiatives at C40 Cities,

Terri Wills，前C40城市全球倡議主任。

a global network of cities aiming to tackle climate change,

一個旨在應對氣候變化的全球城市網絡。

and now urban strategy leader at design firm Arup, explained more.

現在是設計公司Arup的城市戰略領導人，他解釋了更多。

There's quite a few cities that have really interesting approaches and initiatives.

有相當多的城市有真正有趣的方法和舉措。

We always hold up the example of Rotterdam. The Netherlands have reclaimed land from the sea.

我們總是舉出鹿特丹的例子。荷蘭從海中填海造地。

What Rotterdam is doing is welcoming the water and basically building infrastructure

鹿特丹正在做的是迎水而上，基本上是建設基礎設施。

that will take in the water and use the water when it's there

吸收水並在有水的情況下使用水。

but have different uses for the spaces when the water isn't there.

但當水不在那裡時，這些空間有不同的用途。

They might have public spaces that, when the waters come, you can enjoy the water,

他們可能有公共空間，當水來時，你可以享受水。

you can use boats.

你可以用船。

But when the water isn't there, it's more of a public realm space

但當水不在那裡時，它更像是一個公共領域的空間。

for sitting and eating and that kind of thing.

用於坐著吃飯之類的事情。

Here in London, the Thames Barrier, one of the largest movable flood barriers in the world,

在倫敦，泰晤士河屏障是世界上最大的可移動防洪屏障之一。

was launched in 1982 to protect the U.K. capital

於1982年啟動，以保護英國的資本。

and its citizens from high tides and storm surges.

和它的公民免受大潮和風暴潮的影響。

The tides that go in and out of London each day aren't a threat to the city.

每天進出倫敦的潮汐對城市並不構成威脅。

They're contained within the flood defense walls on either side of the river.

它們被控制在河道兩邊的防洪牆內。

But if we get a surge element that allows a hump of water to be formed that can add

但如果我們得到一個激增的元素，讓水的駝峰形成，可以增加

one meter, two, 2.5 meters on top of the tide, and it's that element that would overtop the defenses.

一米、兩米、2.5米的潮水之上，正是這種因素會使防禦系統被推翻。

Consisting of 10 steel gates spanning the width of the River Thames, when closed,

由10個鋼製閘門組成，關閉時橫跨泰晤士河的寬度。

the barrier can stand as high as a five-story building, providing protection

屏障可以像五層樓那麼高，提供保護

to 125 square kilometers, nearly 50 square miles, of central London.

到125平方公里，近50平方英里的倫敦市中心。

The Thames Barrier effectively puts a wall of steel right across the river.

泰晤士河屏障有效地將一堵鋼牆橫在河上。

We bring the smaller gates into the defense position, and then the larger gates,

我們將較小的閘門帶入防禦位置，然後是較大的閘門。

before we slow the river down.

在我們放慢河流的速度之前。

And then we finally bring the gates up into the full defense position

然後，我們終於把閘門抬起來，進入完全的防禦位置

and hydraulically stop the flow of the river.

並在水力上阻止河流的流動。

Hydrological and meteorological data is fed into the Barrier's control room every minute

水文和氣象數據每分鐘都會被輸入 "屏障 "的控制室。

from a broad network of tide and river pressure and water gauges.

觀測到的數據來自一個廣泛的潮汐和河流壓力及水位計網絡。

Any decision to close is based on a combination of three factors:

任何關閉的決定都是基於三個因素的綜合考慮。

the height of the tide, the height of tidal surge and the river flow entering the tidal Thames.

潮汐的高度、潮湧的高度和進入泰晤士河潮的河水流量。

We've had 206 flood-defense closures since 1983.

自1983年以來，我們已經有206次防洪關閉。

Our busiest flood season was when we had 50 closures in a three-month period.

我們最繁忙的汛期是在三個月的時間裡有50次關閉。

Elsewhere, in the equatorial city-state of Singapore, water scarcity concerns

在其他地方，在赤道上的城市國家新加坡，水的稀缺性令人擔憂。

over the past several decades, have compelled the government to shore up water reserves

在過去的幾十年裡，政府不得不加強水的儲備。

and reduce their dependence on imports from neighboring Malaysia.

並減少他們對來自鄰國馬來西亞的進口的依賴。

They designed the water system that maximizes all the possible resources they can get.

他們設計的水系統，最大限度地利用了所有可能得到的資源。

So, they still import, but much less.

是以，他們仍然在進口，但要少得多。

They collect all the rainwater into the storages and reuse that water.

他們將所有的雨水收集到儲水池中，並重新使用這些水。

They collect and treat all the wastewater and recycle quite a large part of that

他們收集和處理所有的廢水，並回收其中相當大的一部分。

and reuse it. And they also use saline water, so they have the desalination plant.

並重新使用它。他們還使用鹽水，所以他們有海水淡化廠。

Singapore has also created a fund to combat rising sea levels, with an estimated $100 billion

新加坡還設立了一個基金來應對海平面上升，估計有1000億美元的資金。

needed in its war chest over the next century to protect the island.

在下個世紀的戰爭中，它需要保護該島。

Drought and inland flooding are two of five major hazards presented by climate change,

乾旱和內陸洪水是氣候變化帶來的五個主要危害中的兩個。

alongside extreme heat, wildfires and coastal flooding and storm surges.

伴隨著極端高溫、野火和沿海洪水和風暴潮。

In a 2021 report on how cities can adapt to climate change, consultancy firm McKinsey, alongside C40 cities,

在2021年關於城市如何適應氣候變化的報告中，諮詢公司麥肯錫與C40城市一起。

outlined 15 high-potential actions that can help reduce such risks.

概述了15項可幫助減少此類風險的高潛力行動。

Those include four actions all cities can implement to build resilience,

其中包括所有城市都可以實施的四項行動，以建立復原力。

such as raising public awareness and boosting financing.

諸如提高公眾意識和促進融資。

The other 11 actions aim to reduce the impact of specific threats

其他11項行動旨在減少特定威脅的影響

and improve a city's ability to recover from them.

並提高一個城市從中恢復的能力。

Cities at risk from extreme heat, for instance, can apply cool surface treatments

例如，面臨極端高溫風險的城市，可以採用涼爽的表面處理方法

like white paint to roofs, walls and sidewalks to help reflect sunlight and reduce urban heat.

如在屋頂、牆壁和人行道上塗抹白色塗料，以幫助反射陽光和減少城市熱量。

Others facing wildfire risks can focus on prevention such as planting fire-resistant vegetation

其他面臨野火風險的人可以把重點放在預防上，如種植抗火的植被

and creating breaks to slow or control fires.

並創造休息時間來減緩或控制火勢。

Meanwhile, those vulnerable to coastal flooding and storm surges can invest

同時，那些容易受到沿海洪水和風暴潮影響的人可以投資

in flood- and storm-resistant buildings and coastal barriers.

在抗洪和抗風暴的建築和海岸屏障中。

In seeking solutions, it's also important to ensure the cure isn't worse than the cause,

在尋求解決方案時，確保治療方法不比原因更糟糕也很重要。

and that any adaptations don't create more climate risks.

並確保任何適應措施不會造成更多的氣候風險。

That's where nature-based solutions, or so-called blue-green design, can come in.

這就是基於自然的解決方案，或所謂的藍綠色設計，可以發揮作用的地方。

Blue-green design fundamentally says that we should build with the environment.

藍綠設計從根本上說，我們應該與環境一起建設。

Having new developments which, ideally, would have the systems that recycle the water,

有了新的發展，理想的情況下，會有水循環的系統。

maximize the use of the rainwater, so that's the blue bit.

最大限度地利用雨水，所以這就是藍色的部分。

And then the green bit is the systems that have, say, green roofs,

然後，綠色的部分是有，比如說，綠色屋頂的系統。

lots of green space around the buildings.

建築物周圍有很多綠色空間。

Planting trees and installing green roofs and walls, for instance, can reduce temperatures,

例如，種植樹木和安裝綠色屋頂和牆壁，可以降低溫度。

capture water and provide sustainable urban drainage solutions.

捕獲水並提供可持續的城市排水解決方案。

This is not to say that nature-based solutions can solve everything.

這並不是說基於自然的解決方案可以解決一切問題。

But there is much more, I think, opportunities to really combine grey infrastructure with

但我認為，還有更多的機會，可以真正將灰色基礎設施和其他基礎設施結合起來。

green spaces and then have that blue element, where we think about maximizing the use of

綠地，然後有藍色元素，在這裡我們考慮最大限度地利用

the local resources and recycling it as much as possible.

當地資源，並儘可能地回收利用。

Still, the threat of climate change is ever evolving.

儘管如此，氣候變化的威脅仍在不斷演變。

So what more might cities and their citizens start doing now to evaluate and respond to those risks?

那麼，城市和市民現在還可以開始做什麼來評估和應對這些風險？

They can look at, OK, we've put in this much blue and green infrastructure,

他們可以看看，OK，我們已經投入了這麼多的藍色和綠色基礎設施。

we've installed this storm water management system, but how do you know that those are actually

我們已經安裝了這個雨水管理系統，但你怎麼知道這些是真正的

having a result? As a community, have some of the temperatures lowered in a particular area

有結果嗎？作為一個社區，是否有一些特定地區的溫度降低了

compared to previous years when the temperatures were at a similar level?

與前幾年溫度處於類似水準時相比，有什麼不同？

So understanding the results of those interventions is going to be really important and Arup wants

是以，瞭解這些干預措施的結果將是非常重要的，奧雅納希望

to provide our cities with kind of the measurement frameworks that they'll need

為我們的城市提供他們需要的測量框架。

to be able to assess that, which then helps with planning.

以便能夠評估這一點，然後幫助進行規劃。

Such measures aren't just environmental; they make political and economic sense too.

這樣的措施不僅是環保，也有政治和經濟意義。

According to the World Bank, investing in more resilient infrastructure globally

根據世界銀行的說法，在全球範圍內投資於更有彈性的基礎設施

could save as much as $4.2 trillion in climate change damages.

可以節省多達4.2萬億美元的氣候變化損失。

The cost of installing some of this infrastructure might be seen as excessive.

安裝其中一些基礎設施的費用可能被視為過高。

But then the damages often felt by extreme flooding, by the heat stress that we're seeing,

但是，極端的洪水和我們看到的熱應力所經常感受到的損害。

can often be greater than the cost of the interventions.

往往比干預措施的成本要高。

The U.K.'s Environment Agency is now exploring how the Thames Barrier might need to be expanded

英國環境署目前正在探索如何擴大泰晤士河屏障的範圍。

to safeguard the 1.4 million people and £320 billion of property

以保障140萬人和3200億英鎊的財產。

and critical infrastructure it protects.

以及它所保護的關鍵基礎設施。

The Environment Agency has got an adaptive strategy.

環境局有一個適應性戰略。

And that plan, based on data, will react to what's actually happening to sea level rise,

而這個計劃，基於數據，將對海平面上升的實際情況做出反應。

rather than predictions.

而不是預測。

And that will offer a range of solutions.

而這將提供一系列的解決方案。

But the likely solution for the protection of London is Thames Barrier Two,

但保護倫敦的可能解決方案是泰晤士河屏障二號。

probably built around 2070, probably downstream of where we are now.

可能建於2070年左右，可能在我們現在所在的下游。