Name: 凍結的水會膨脹。如果你不讓它膨脹呢？ (Freezing water expands. What if you don't let it?)
Uploaded: 2022-10-14T17:45:37.000Z
Duration: 3 min 14 s

When water freezes, it expands - that's  why ice floats and why cans and jars  

當水凍結時，它就會膨脹--這就是為什麼冰會漂浮，為什麼罐子和瓶子會漂浮。

基礎被動語態

bulge or explode in the freezer. On the  other hand, when water is compressed,  

在冷凍室裡鼓起或爆炸。另一方面，當水被壓縮時。

it melts. You need a lot of pressure - an ice  cube that's 4 degrees celsius below freezing  

它就會融化。你需要很大的壓力 - 一個低於冰點4攝氏度的冰塊

can withstand around 500 times atmospheric  pressure before it'll melt - but it will melt! 

可以承受大約500倍的大氣壓力才會融化--但它會融化!

So if when you freeze water, it expands, and  when you compress it, it melts... what happens  

是以，如果當你凍結水時，它就會膨脹，而當你壓縮它時，它就會融化......會發生什麼？

if you try to freeze it while it's compressed?  Like, what if you cool water below 0 degrees  

如果你試圖在它被壓縮時將其凍結？  比如說，如果你把水冷卻到0度以下怎麼辦？

celsius inside a super strong pressure vessel that  can't bulge or stretch? If the water is liquid,  

攝氏度的超強壓力容器內，不能隆起或拉伸？如果水是液體的話。

it's not under pressure, so below 0 celsius it  should freeze. But if it's frozen, it expands,  

它沒有壓力，所以在0攝氏度以下它應該凍結。但如果它被凍結，它就會膨脹。

creating pressure, and so it should melt. Which  means it should freeze. Which means it should  

創造壓力，所以它應該融化。這意味著它應該結冰。這意味著它應該

melt. You see the problem. The pressure  that causes melting is being generated  

融化了。你看到了問題所在。導致熔化的壓力是在產生

by expansion that requires being frozen...  it seems like we've arrived at a paradox. 

通過擴張需要被凍結......似乎我們已經到達了一個悖論。

If by "paradox" you mean "phase diagram"! -  you know, those pictures that tell you whether  

如果你說的 "悖論 "是指 "相位圖"!- 你知道，那些能告訴你是否

a substance is solid, liquid, or gas - aka, its  phase of matter - for different combinations of  

一種物質是固體、液體還是氣體--也就是它的物質相--對於不同的組合

temperature and pressure. On the phase diagram for  water, you can see here that at normal atmospheric  

溫度和壓力。在水的相圖上，你可以看到，在正常大氣壓下

pressure, when you cool water down, it goes from  a liquid to a solid, as you'd expect. And while at  

壓力，當你把水冷卻時，它從液體變成固體，正如你所期望的那樣。而當在

minus 4 degrees celsius and atmospheric pressure  water is frozen solid, when you increase the  

在零下4攝氏度和大氣壓力下，水是凍結的固體，當你提高

pressure, the solid water goes back to a liquid. So - what if you don't let the water expand when  

壓力，固體水就會變回液體。那麼--如果你不讓水膨脹，當

it freezes? Well, when water's below 0 degrees  celsius, it wants to freeze - but only some of  

它凍結了嗎？好吧，當水低於0攝氏度時，它想結冰--但只有部分的

it can, because any bits that freeze, expand,  which pressurizes the container, and eventually  

它可以，因為任何凍結的碎片都會膨脹，從而使容器加壓，最終導致

the pressure builds up enough to keep any more  liquid water from freezing at that temperature!  

壓力的建立足以使任何更多的液態水在該溫度下不會結冰!  

On the phase diagram, we follow the line between  liquid and solid in the direction of colder  

在相圖上，我們沿著液態和固態之間的線，沿著較冷的方向走。

temperature & higher pressure. If you cool the  container even more, then slightly more bits of  

溫度和更高的壓力。如果你將容器冷卻得更多，那麼就會有更多的碎屑進入你的身體。

water will be able to freeze and expand, until the  pressure again builds up enough to keep any more  

水將能夠凍結和膨脹，直到壓力再次建立起來，足以保持任何更多的

liquid water from freezing. And so on. The colder  you make the container, the higher the percentage  

液態水不會結冰。以此類推。你讓容器越冷，百分比就越高

of ice, and the higher the pressure in the  container. This graph shows the percentage of ice  

冰的百分比，以及容器中的壓力越高。該圖顯示了冰的百分比

vs liquid water when you cool a fixed volume of  water to different temperatures, and I've labeled  

當你把固定體積的水冷卻到不同的溫度時，與液態水相比，我已經標明瞭

pressures generated at each temperature, too. As for whether the container ever completely  

在每個溫度下產生的壓力，也是如此。至於容器是否曾經完全

turns to ice... Well, looking at the phase diagram  again, we see that once the temperature is low  

變成了冰...那麼，再看一下相圖，我們看到，一旦溫度低了

enough and the pressure high enough, the remaining  liquid water can freeze into a different phase of  

足夠大的壓力，剩餘的液態水可以凍結成不同階段的水。

ice, called ice III. And ice III contracts and  becomes denser when it freezes, creating more  

冰，稱為冰III。而冰III在凍結時收縮並變得更稠密，創造出更多的

space and allowing the entire container to freeze  solid - though some will still be our normal ice  

空間，並允許整個容器凍結成固體--儘管有些仍然是我們正常的冰。

(called ice Ih) and some will be ice III. So there is no paradox - the phase of water,  

(稱為冰Ih)，有些將是冰III。所以不存在悖論--水的相位。

it turns out, can be non-binary. Wait! Water - water you doing? Don't click  

事實證明，它可以是非二進制的。等等！水--水你在幹什麼？不要點擊

away - ice suspect you might be interested in this  video's sponsor, Brilliant. Brilliant is a fun,  

走了--冰懷疑你可能對這個視頻的贊助商Brilliant感興趣。輝煌是一個有趣的。

interactive science and math learning platform  for curious people young and old, professional  

為充滿好奇心的年輕人和老年人、專業人員提供互動式科學和數學學習平臺。

and beginner. Brilliant is based off the principle  that learning by doing is the fastest path towards  

和初學者。輝煌是基於這樣的原則：在實踐中學習是走向成功的最快途徑。

mastery of a new concept or skill - not just  lectures - and they have interactive courses  

掌握一個新的概念或技能--而不僅僅是講課--他們有互動課程

ranging from logic to fundamentals of computer  science to quantum mechanics to infinity and  

從邏輯學到計算機科學基礎，再到量子力學，再到無窮大，不一而足。

beyond (literally - they have courses about  infinity)! To gain a deeper understanding  

超越（字面意思是--他們有關於無限的課程）!為了獲得更深刻的理解

of science and mathematics and to sign up for  free, go to Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics. The  

要想免費註冊，請訪問Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics。講座

first 200 people will get 20% off an annual  Premium subscription with full access to  

前200人將獲得8折的年度高級訂閱，可完全訪問

all of Brilliant's courses and puzzles, with  more exclusive content added monthly. Again,  

所有Brilliant的課程和謎題，以及每月增加的獨家內容。再來。

that's Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics - and  thanks to Brilliant for their support.

這就是Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics - 感謝Brilliant的支持。