This is News Review from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

這是 BBC 學英語的新聞評論節目。我是 Neil。

And I'm Beth.

我是 Beth。

Stick with us until the end of the programme and you'll learn some vocabulary about junk food.

看到節目結束，你會學到一些關於垃圾食品的詞彙。

Yeah, you will. And don't forget subscribe to our channel, like this video, and try the quiz on our website.

沒錯，你會的。而且不要忘記訂閱我們的頻道，按讚這支影片，並到我們的網站上進行測驗。

Now, today's story.

現在開始今天的故事。

Ultra-processed food affects people's mental abilities.

超加工食品會影響人們的心智能力。

That's according to a new study in Australia, which found that older people were negatively affected by things like junk food and fizzy drinks.

這是根據澳大利亞的一項新研究得出的結論，該研究發現老年人受到垃圾食品和碳酸飲料等食品的負面影響。

Meanwhile, research in the UK found that almost seventy five percent of calories in school lunches comes from ultra-processed food.

與此同時，英國的研究發現，學校午餐中近 75% 的卡路里來自超加工食品。

Health experts have called for there to be a limit on this type of food for schoolchildren.

健康專家呼籲對於學童，此類食物應進行限制。

You've been looking at the headlines, Beth. What is the vocabulary?

Beth，你看過今天要學習的頭條新聞，我們要學哪些詞彙呢？

We have 'ultra', 'cap' and 'escape the cycle'.

我們要學「超」、「上限」和 「逃離循環」。

This is News Review from BBC Learning English.

這是 BBC 學英語的新聞評論節目。

Let's have a look at our first headline.

讓我們看一下我們的第一個新聞標題。

This one comes from The New Telegraph in Nigeria: Study Ties Ultraprocessed Foods To Poor Cognitive Function

這篇報道來自奈及利亞的《The New Telegraph 》：研究調查認為超加工食品與低認知功能有關聯

So, first of all 'cognitive function'. That's an expression that refers to a broad range of mental abilities,

首先是「認知功能」。這是一個表達範圍廣泛的心智能力的表達方式，

but we're looking at 'ultra' in the word 'ultra-processed'.

但我們要看的是「超加工」裡的「超 」這個字。

Processed, though Beth, I think most people know?

Beth，我想「加工」這個字很多人都知道吧？

Yeah. It's food that has had some kind of industrial process done to it, often to make the food last longer or look better.

是的。 它是經過某種工業加工處理的食物，通常是為了使食物保存更久或看起來美味。

And here, by putting 'ultra' at the beginning of the word, it means 'extremely'.

而在這裡，把「超」放在這個詞的開頭，可以表示「極其地」。

So ultra-processed food has had a lot of things done to it, even before we put it in our mouths.

所以在我們吃進肚子裡前，超加工食品對食品進行很多加工。

Yeah. And this prefix 'ultra' we can add to different adjectives and it just means 'more extreme'.

是的。而這個前綴詞 ultra 我們可以加到不同的形容詞上，意思就是「更極端」。

Yeah, exactly. So, a really modern building is ultra-modern.

是的，沒錯。所以，現代建築是超現代的。

A very strict teacher could be ultra- strict and someone like you, Neil, who is really cool could be ultra-cool.

非常嚴格的老師可能是極端嚴格的，而 Neil，像你這樣很酷的人，就是極端酷。

Thanks, Beth. - You're welcome.

謝謝你。- 不客氣。

'Ultra' is added to adjectives, using a hyphen but not always.

「超」是加在形容詞上的，使用連字元號，但也不一定都要使用。

No. And you'll see in the headline and in lots of other places that it can be written as one word or two words with or without a hyphen.

不用。你會在標題和其他很多地方看到它可以被寫成一個詞或兩個詞，有或沒有連字號。

'Ultra' also exists as a noun and it is a type of person.

「超」也作為名詞存在，它是一種人的類型。

Exactly, yeah. So, an ultra is a person with extreme views on something,

正是如此。「極端分子」是對某件事情持極端觀點的人，

so they have opinions, for example, that are much more extreme than the other members of their political party or they might be extreme supporters of football team.

舉例來說，他們的觀點比其他支持同黨派的人極端得多，或者他們可能是某支足球隊的極端支持者。

OK, let's take another look at that.

讓我們再看一下這個用法。

Let's have a look at our next headline.

讓我們看看我們的下一個標題。

This one comes from the Times: Junk food cap demandd for school lunches

這個來自於《泰晤士報》：學校午餐的垃圾食品上限要求

And we are looking at the word 'cap'.

我們要來看「上限」這個詞。

Nice and easy, Beth, a cap is something you put on your head.

很好，很簡單。Beth，「帽子」是你戴在頭上的東西。

Yeah, well, that's actually quite a useful way of thinking about it.

沒錯，這其實是一個相當有用的思考方式。

So, yep, you put a cap on top of your head and as long as you're standing up that cap is the upper limit of your body.

你把帽子放在你的頭頂上，然後只要是你著的，那個帽子就是你身體的最頂端，也就是上限。

There is nothing beyond that.

除此以外沒有任何東西。

Yes, and 'cap' in this headline is used just like that in that way.

是的，而且這個標題中的「上限」就是以這種思考方式使用的。

Cap is a limit, something you cannot go above.

「上限」是一種限制，你無法超越的東西。

Exactly, and we can also use as a verb 'to cap' something

沒錯，我們也可以把 「cap」 作為一個動詞來使用。

And that just means 'to put a cap on' or 'put a limit on something'.

意思是「為其設置上限」或「對某事設置限制」。

Yeah, it's quite official sounding?

這個字聽起來蠻正式的？

Yes, (it) is and we mainly use it for serious things and also official measures taken to limit things,

是的，它是很正式的用法。我們主要將其用於嚴肅的事情以及為限制事情而採取的官方措施，

so, for example, at work, they might put a cap on your spending.

比如說，在工作上，他們可能會給你的支出設置一個上限。

Yeah, but you probably wouldn't say 'I put a cap on my kids mobile phone use'?

是的，但應該不會說：「我『限制 (cap)』了我孩子使用手機使用」？

No, probably not. It sounds a bit strange.

不會，應該是不會。這聽起來有點奇怪。

So, you might say that you'd restrict their time or put a limit on it.

你可能會說，你「限制 (restrict) 他們的時間，或對其進行『限制 (limit)。」

OK, let's have a look at that again.

好吧，讓我們再看看這個用法。

Our next headline, please.

請看我們的下一個頭條新聞。

This one comes from The House: Escaping the Junk Food cycle: is it possible?

這條新聞來自於 《The House》。有可能逃離垃圾食品循環嗎？

We have 'escaping the cycle'.

我們看到「逃離循環」。

There's an expression with two main parts 'escaping' and 'cycle'.

這種表達方式有兩個主要部分 ，「逃避 」和 「循環」。

Exactly. So, 'escaping' is about getting away from somewhere that you don't like.

正是如此。「逃離 」是指離開某個你不喜歡的地方。

We often hear about people escaping from prison and the second part is 'cycle'.

我們經常聽到有人逃出監獄。而第二部分是「循環」。

Neil, what can you tell us about 'cycle'?

Neil，你能告訴我們關於「循環」的嗎？

Well, a cycle is something that goes around.

循環是一種繞行的東西。

So think of a bi-cycle. Your legs go around, the wheels go around.

想想一台腳踏車（兩個圓圈）。你的腿轉來轉去，輪子轉來轉去。

A washing machine cycle, the clothes go round and round and round.

洗衣機也會循環，裡面的衣服會轉啊轉，轉啊轉。

Yep. So, 'escaping a cycle' is to try and get away from a situation that just keeps repeating itself.

是的。「逃離循環」是為了嘗試並擺脫一個不斷重複的情況。

And we do tend to use this for bad, negative situations.

而我們確實傾向於將此用於糟糕的、消極的情況。

Yeah. And you can put the bad thing in the middle of this expression 'escaping the cycle'.

是的。而且你可以把不好的事物放在這個用法的中間。

So, 'escaping the junk food cycle'...

像是「逃離垃圾食品循環」⋯⋯

people don't have enough time or money to buy healthy food, they buy unhealthy ultra-processed junk food,

人們沒有足夠的時間或金錢來購買健康食品，他們會購買不健康的超加工的垃圾食品，

but then they become unhealthy themselves.

但後來他們自己也變得不健康了。

And it's a cycle that goes around.

這是一個循環，循環往復。

Yeah. And we can use this with other dangerous situations.

是的。我們還可以將此用於其他危險情況。

So, we hear about people escaping the cycle of addiction or violence.

我們聽過人們擺脫了毒癮或暴力的循環。

Let's take another look.

讓我們再看一下這個用法。

We've had 'ultra-'. Add it to an adjective and it means 'more extreme'.

我們看過了「超」這個字。把它加進一個形容詞中，它的意思是「更極端」。

'Cap' - a limit. And 'escape the cycle' - get away from the situation which keeps getting worse.

「上限」- 一個限制。而「逃離循環」- 擺脫不斷惡化的局勢。

And you don't want your English to get worse, so don't forget there's a quiz on our website.

如果不希望英文變糟的話，別忘了我們的網站上有測驗可以進行。

Thank you for joining us, and goodbye. - Bye

謝謝你加入我們，再見。- 掰。