more productive lives is hugely appealing.

更有成效的生活是非常有吸引力的。

It's led to a growing trend for people looking to take control

這導致了人們尋求控制的趨勢越來越大

of their own biology, optimising their bodies

他們自己的生物學，優化他們的身體

and minds through biohacking.

通過生物黑客技術，使人們的生活和思想得到改善。

But how safe and ethical is it?

但它的安全性和道德性如何？

And are there more natural ways of boosting your biology?

那麼是否有更自然的方法來提高你的生物學水準？

In this film, we're going to hear from both the biohackers

在這部影片中，我們將聽到生物黑客們的聲音

trying to push human health and wellbeing to its limits,

試圖將人類的健康和福祉推向極限。

and those taking more traditional scientific approaches.

和那些採取更傳統的科學方法的人。

Dave Asprey is an American entrepreneur

戴夫-阿斯佩裡是一位美國企業家

and the self-described father of biohacking.

以及自稱是生物黑客之父的人。

I fully expect, and this is not a made-up number,

我完全期待，這不是一個捏造的數字。

to live to at least 180 years old

至少活到180歲

unless something like a tree falling on me takes me out.

除非有像樹倒在我身上這樣的事情把我幹掉。

A lot of people ask, can we really hack the ageing process?

很多人問，我們真的能破解衰老過程嗎？

And we are now on the cusp, with literally about 50

而我們現在正處於風口浪尖上，實際上有大約50個

different innovations to control biology of ageing coming online

控制老化生物學的不同創新方法即將上線

all at the same time.

都在同一時間。

And I have 100% certainty that within a few years,

而且我有100%的把握，在幾年之內。

our new innovations that come in happen faster than our ageing.

我們的新創新比我們的老齡化發生得更快。

It's certainly true that the scientific understanding of ageing

當然，對老齡化的科學理解是真實的

has progressed rapidly in recent decades, but why is that?

近幾十年來進展迅速，但這是為什麼呢？

I think one of the really big surprises that's come along

我認為出現的一個真正的大驚喜是

about ageing is how malleable it is.

老齡化的特點是它的可塑性很強。

There are... Especially in animals.

有的...特別是在動物身上。

And I think what's come as a huge surprise is that sometimes

而我認為讓人大吃一驚的是，有時

the same thing will extend the healthy lifespan of a fly

同樣的事情可以延長蒼蠅的健康壽命

but also of a mouse.

但也是一隻老鼠的。

And what that's telling us, of course, is that some

當然，這告訴我們的是，一些

of the underlying mechanisms of ageing that we're interfering with

我們正在干擾的老化的基本機制的一部分

are in common between these animals.

是這些動物之間的共同點。

So I think that's why ageing has opened up, really, to research

是以，我認為這就是為什麼老齡化已經打開了，真的，研究

in recent years - the discovery that we can use these short-lived things

近年來，我們發現，我們可以利用這些短命的東西

where we can get the answers more quickly to understand

在那裡我們可以更快得到答案，以瞭解

what's going on in the creatures that we really care about,

在我們真正關心的生物中發生了什麼。

particularly ourselves.

特別是我們自己。

As the science of ageing and longevity becomes more advanced,

隨著老齡化和長壽的科學變得更加先進。

we're learning how to not just slow down gradually

我們正在學習如何不只是逐漸放慢速度

the effects of ageing, but truly reverse many aspects of ageing.

衰老的影響，但真正扭轉衰老的許多方面。

We believe the cells in our bodies have youthful information

我們相信我們身體裡的細胞有年輕的資訊

when we're born and over time they lose that information.

當我們出生時，隨著時間的推移，他們會失去這些資訊。

We've discovered that there's information in the cell

我們已經發現，細胞中存在著資訊

to reset the system in the way that you could reboot a computer

重置系統，就像你重啟計算機一樣。

with fresh software.

用新的軟件。

For example, we've recently reprogrammed the eye of an old mouse

例如，我們最近對一隻老老鼠的眼睛進行了重新編程

to be young again and those old mice get their vision back.

重新變得年輕，而那些老老鼠也恢復了他們的視力。

And that's just the beginning, I believe, of being able to turn

我相信，這只是一個開始，能夠把

the clock back, literally, to make younger tissues in the body.

時間倒流，從字面上看，是為了使身體的組織更年輕。

There are several companies within the growing longevity industry

在不斷增長的長壽產業中，有幾家公司

who are working on developing regenerative therapies

正致力於開發再生療法的人

to combat the diseases of ageing.

以對抗老齡化的疾病。

One such company is Elevian, who are investigating how a protein

Elevian公司就是這樣一家公司，他們正在研究如何將一種蛋白

found in young blood might have surprising

在年輕的血液中發現，可能有令人驚訝的

regenerative capabilities.

再生能力。

Our co-founders were part of a team that really made some

我們的聯合創始人是一個團隊的一部分，他們真正做出了一些

important discoveries - that young blood can rejuvenate aged animals

重要的發現--年輕的血液可以使年老的動物恢復活力

and vice versa - aged blood can accelerate ageing in young animals,

反之亦然--老化的血液可以加速年輕動物的老化。

and out of that work, they identified this little known factor

在這項工作中，他們發現了這個鮮為人知的因素

called GDF 11 that decreases with age, and what we and other labs

被稱為GDF 11的物質會隨著年齡的增長而減少，我們和其他實驗室的研究發現

have now found is that a very similar dose range of GDF 11

現在發現，在一個非常相似的劑量範圍內的GDF 11

can be used to treat

可用於治療

and prevent dozens of age-related diseases.

並預防幾十種與年齡有關的疾病。

This research, which originally began on mice,

這項研究，最初在小鼠身上開始。

is still in its early pre-clinical stage.

目前仍處於早期臨床前階段。

Any drug development process which arises from it

由此產生的任何藥物開發過程

has to be thorough, which can take years.

必須是徹底的，這可能需要幾年時間。

Elevian estimate that they are about a year away

Elevian估計，他們大約還有一年的時間。

from beginning human clinical trials.

從開始進行人體臨床試驗。

For those impatient to slow down their ageing process

對於那些迫不及待想延緩衰老的人來說

and not keen to take part in experimental trials,

並不熱衷於參加實驗性試驗。

there are steps that people can take in their daily lives.

人們可以在日常生活中採取一些措施。

In many ways, our fight during ageing is in our own hands already.

在許多方面，我們在老齡化過程中的鬥爭已經掌握在我們自己手中。

It's really clear that if you can, you should take as much exercise

真的很清楚，如果你可以，你應該儘可能多地鍛鍊身體。

as is healthy,

因為是健康的。

and also eat a healthy diet and not eat too much.

而且還要健康飲食，不要吃得太多。

Dr David Sinclair believes certain stresses on the body

大衛-辛克萊博士認為身體上的某些壓力

can actually be good for longevity.

實際上對長壽有好處。

If you do the things that trick the body into thinking

如果你做那些欺騙身體的事情，讓他們認為

times could be tough - short bouts of skipping meals,

時代可能很艱難--短時的不吃飯。

so hunger, fasting, but also losing your breath.

所以飢餓、禁食，但也會失去呼吸。

So running on a treadmill, doing a lot of heavy weight lifting.

所以在跑步機上跑步，做了很多重體力活。

We also think that these are another way to promote the body's defences.

我們還認為，這些是促進身體防禦的另一種方式。

And the combination of all of those things actually is known

而所有這些東西的組合實際上是已知的

to extend lifespan by keeping people healthier for longer.

通過使人們更健康地生活，延長壽命。

Some biohackers are determined to go further

一些生物學家決心走得更遠

and are willing to trial experimental therapies

並願意試用實驗性療法的人

on their own bodies.

在他們自己的身體上。

I decided that I wanted to try every extreme intervention I could -

我決定，我想嘗試每一種可能的極端干預措施------。

the stuff that billionaires are doing,

億萬富翁們正在做的事情。

so that I could write about it and so that I could benefit from it.

這樣我就可以寫下它，這樣我就可以從中受益。

I've had my bone marrow taken out, spun down to get stem cells

我的骨髓已被取出，旋轉後得到了幹細胞。

and reintroduced the stem cells throughout my body.

並將幹細胞重新引入我的整個身體。

There's 150 supplements a day that are part of my regime

每天有150種補充劑，是我制度的一部分

but no-one really needs to do that.

但沒有人真的需要這樣做。

I am a guinea pig to see which ones work

我是一隻小白鼠，看看哪些是有效的。

and I'm constantly experimenting.

而且我在不斷地進行試驗。

There are different degrees of how far people want to go

人們想走多遠，有不同的程度

to slow down their ageing process.

以延緩其衰老過程。

The most advanced I've ever seen,

是我見過的最先進的。

if you want to call it advanced, was there are a few people

如果你想稱其為先進，有幾個人

that have tried reprogramming their body with gene therapy

嘗試過用基因療法重新規劃身體的人

and giving themselves hormones that are delivered by DNA.

並給自己提供由DNA傳遞的荷爾蒙。

To me, that's a risk. I definitely wouldn't go there

對我來說，那是一種風險。我肯定不會去那裡

because these effects are irreversible,

因為這些影響是不可逆的。

and if there was a cancer-causing issue,

以及是否存在致癌問題。

then, really, you're not going to live longer, right?

那麼，真的，你不會活得更久，對嗎？

There is scepticism among many in the mainstream scientific community

主流科學界的許多人對此持懷疑態度

around the role that biohackers can play

圍繞生物入侵者可以發揮的作用

in better understanding our biology.

在更好地瞭解我們的生物學。

Do the risks of this self-experimentation

這種自我實驗的風險是否

outweigh the potential rewards

超過了潛在的回報

or is there a middle ground that could help to push

還是有一箇中間地帶，可以幫助推動

the boundaries of optimising our health?

優化我們的健康的界限是什麼？

The idea of allowing for...

允許...的想法。

..more use of experimental therapy under informed consent

...在知情同意的情況下更多地使用實驗性療法

in a way that all data must be shared

以所有數據必須共享的方式

so that we as a community can learn from it,

是以，我們作為一個社區可以從中學習。

I think that's a really exciting idea.

我認為這是一個非常令人興奮的想法。

Biohacking has become a global movement and we are out there

生物黑客已經成為一場全球運動，我們在外面

asking the hard questions and doing the things

問困難的問題，做困難的事情

that a lot of scientists would like to do

很多科學家想做的是

but they're not allowed to do,

但他們不被允許這樣做。

because we still have autonomy over our own bodies.

因為我們對自己的身體仍有自主權。

And when we talk about our results, when we share them online,

而當我們談論我們的成果時，當我們在網上分享它們時。

scientists see them and go, "Interesting",

科學家們看到他們就會說："有意思"。

and then that provides fuel for studies.

然後這為研究提供了燃料。

The problem becomes when people start doing things

當人們開始做事情時，問題就變成了

which are not evidence based.

這些都是沒有證據的。

You know, for which the information really just isn't out there.

你知道，其中的資訊真的就是不存在的。

Then I think obviously, you know, as with anything else,

然後我想，顯然，你知道，和其他事情一樣。

it can get dangerous.

它可以變得很危險。

If you don't have the information on which to base a decision

如果你沒有資訊作為決定的基礎

to do something but you go ahead and do it, I mean,

我的意思是，如果你想做一件事，但你卻去做了。

that's risky by definition.

根據定義，這是有風險的。

I think somewhere in between there is a happy intermediate.

我認為在這兩者之間，有一個快樂的中間地帶。

I'm a scientist so I like to see what happens to my body

我是一個科學家，所以我喜歡看我的身體發生了什麼。

when I do X, Y or Z, but of course I'm very careful.

當我做X、Y或Z時，當然我非常小心。

I measure what happens

我衡量所發生的事情

and make sure that I'm hopefully not doing myself any harm.

並確保我有希望不對自己造成任何傷害。

Many of those trying to hack the ageing process

許多試圖破解老齡化進程的人

are also interested in trying to optimise their immune systems.

也對試圖優化他們的免疫系統感興趣。

In fact, there are biohackers experimenting with procedures

事實上，有一些生物黑客在實驗過程中

such as faecal transplants - taking someone else's poo as a medicine

如糞便移植--將別人的糞便作為藥物服用。

in an attempt to cure a range of ills.

試圖治療一系列的疾病。

Though less extreme, supermarkets and pharmacy shelves

雖然不那麼極端，但超市和藥店的貨架上

are heaving with so-called immune boosting pills and supplements.

所謂的提高免疫力的藥丸和補充劑層出不窮。

But is it even possible to alter how the body responds to disease

但是，是否有可能改變身體對疾病的反應方式呢？

through consuming someone else's poo or by eating a blueberry pill?

是通過食用別人的便便還是通過吃藍莓丸？

And what are the risks?

那麼風險是什麼呢？

The immune system is part of an interconnected system

免疫系統是一個相互聯繫的系統的一部分

running all the way through our body, involving all our tissues,

一直貫穿我們的身體，涉及我們所有的組織。

from our skin all the way through to our toes.

從我們的皮膚一直到我們的腳趾。

And in fact, the gut has one of the largest resident populations

而事實上，該腸道擁有最大的常駐人口之一

of immune cells in our body.

我們身體裡的免疫細胞的。

Most of the body's immune cells are found in the lining

人體的大部分免疫細胞都存在於內膜中

of the intestine, and the microbes in our gut play a crucial role

腸道中的微生物在我們的腸道中起著至關重要的作用。

in keeping those immune cells of our body healthy.

在保持我們身體的那些免疫細胞的健康。

They do that by providing the key chemical signals

它們通過提供關鍵的化學信號來做到這一點

that they get once they digest the good foods that we eat.

一旦他們消化了我們吃的好食物，他們就會得到。

So a healthy gut microbiome is obviously crucial

是以，一個健康的腸道微生物組顯然是至關重要的

to a healthy immune system.

對一個健康的免疫系統。

The immune system is considered to be an organ, but unlike every

免疫系統被認為是一個器官，但不同於每個

other organ in your body, it's one where components of the system

在你身體的其他器官中，它是一個系統的組成部分。

can migrate around the body.

可以在身體周圍遷移。

You don't expect that with cells from your lungs or your spleen

你不會指望從你的肺或脾臟中獲得的細胞。

or any other solid organ, but the beauty of the immune system

或任何其他固體器官，但免疫系統的美麗

is it has a property of immuno-surveillance.

是它有一種免疫監視的特性。

Immunological surveillance is when the cells of the immune system

免疫監視是指當免疫系統的細胞

come together to co-ordinate a response to an external threat

攜手合作，共同應對外部威脅

such as disease.

如疾病。

For example, your lymph nodes - the glands that swell up

例如，你的淋巴結--膨脹起來的腺體

when you are sick - are a sign of your immune system at work.

當你生病時，是你的免疫系統在工作的一個標誌。

We often hear messages encouraging us to boost our immune system.

我們經常聽到鼓勵我們提高免疫系統的資訊。

So, could we just take a pill to do that?

那麼，我們能不能吃藥來做這件事？

When you do meet an infectious threat,

當你確實遇到傳染病的威脅時。

our immune response has to react quickly to contain the threat

我們的免疫反應必須迅速作出反應，以遏制威脅。

and eradicate it, and you don't want it to stay on

和根除它，而且你不希望它停留在

because if it stays on, it's damaging.

因為如果它一直開著，就會造成損害。

And that is what happens in allergy and autoimmune disease,

而這正是發生在過敏和自身免疫性疾病中的情況。

which are overactivity of the immune response.

這些都是免疫反應的過度活躍。

So there is no wonder pill that's going to restore and boost

是以，沒有什麼奇怪的藥丸可以恢復和提高

one part of the immune response to help us be super-powered

免疫反應的一個部分，幫助我們成為超級強者

because it's also interconnected and the risks of getting it wrong

因為它也是相互關聯的，而且弄錯的風險也很大。

are really quite dramatic.

真的很有戲劇性。

So, instead of boosting our immune system,

所以，與其說是提高我們的免疫系統。

we should focus on supporting it.

我們應該專注於支持它。

Everything that we know already which is good for our health

我們已經知道的對我們的健康有益的一切

will also benefit our immune system.

也將有利於我們的免疫系統。

More exercise taken at regular intervals

定期採取更多的運動

has been shown to boost your immune function.

已被證明可以提高你的免疫功能。

That's been shown and that's published data.

這已經被證明了，這也是公開的數據。

Unfortunately, the modern lifestyle is not very good

不幸的是，現代的生活方式不是很好

for our immune system.

為我們的免疫系統。

Our diets of convenience foods and fatty foods that are low in fibre

我們的飲食中的方便食品和低纖維的油膩食品

alongside sedentary lifestyles with little exercise,

伴隨著久坐的生活方式，很少運動。

high stress and not too much sleep, too much screen time.

高壓力和不多的睡眠，太多的螢幕時間。

All of these combine to make our immune response

所有這些結合起來，使我們的免疫反應

not work as it should.

不像它應該的那樣工作。

Getting enough sleep and reducing stress

獲得足夠的睡眠和減少壓力

can help our immune system operate at an optimal level.

可以幫助我們的免疫系統運行在最佳水準。

And even though one blueberry won't work miracles,

儘管一顆藍莓不會創造奇蹟。

getting a variety of the right foods is very important.

獲得各種正確的食物是非常重要的。

To help your immunity, you need to be feeding up your gut microbes,

為了幫助你的免疫力，你需要養活你的腸道微生物。

and the best way to do this is to make them more diverse,

而做到這一點的最好方法是使它們更加多樣化。

give them more species.

給他們更多的物種。

And I recommend 30 different types of plant a week,

而且我建議每週有30種不同類型的植物。

which gives you all the fibre you should need.

這給了你所有你應該需要的纖維。

Secondly, you should pick plants to eat that are high in polyphenols.

其次，你應該挑選多酚含量高的植物來吃。

These are the chemicals that are naturally found in plants

這些是自然存在於植物中的化學物質

and are actually rocket fuel for your gut microbes.

並且實際上是你的腸道微生物的火箭燃料。

So things like brightly coloured berries,

所以像顏色鮮豔的漿果。

strong flavours like coffee beans, dark chocolate

強烈的味道，如咖啡豆、黑巧克力

and even red wine contains polyphenols.

甚至紅葡萄酒也含有多酚。

So if what you eat and your gut is so important for your immune system,

是以，如果你吃的東西和你的腸道對你的免疫系統如此重要。

why are some people transplanting other people's poo

為什麼有些人要移植別人的便便？

into their own stomachs?

進入他們自己的肚子？

Faecal microbial transplant, or, colloquially, a poo transplant,

糞便微生物移植，或者俗稱為大便移植。

is taking a sample of a stool from a normal person

是從一個正常人身上提取糞便樣本

and putting it into someone who's unwell.

並把它放到身體不適的人身上。

This has been done for several decades for very bad infections

對於非常嚴重的感染，已經做了幾十年了。

of the bowel like Clostridium difficile