T.

T.

Support.

支持。

We'll talk about life beyond earth.

我們將討論地球以外的生命。

First question comes from at john Mac Suta.

第一個問題來自約翰-麥克蘇塔。

If you found intelligent life on another planet, would you tell the public the truth or keep it a secret?

如果你在另一個星球上發現了智慧生命，你會告訴公眾真相還是保守祕密？

Absolutely no way we would keep this a secret john we are going to tell the world.

我們絕對不可能保守這個祕密，約翰我們要告訴全世界。

It's just not possible to keep this kind of thing a secret and we don't intend to at karaoke says extraterrestrial etiquette.

只是不可能對這種事情保密，我們也不打算在卡拉OK說外星禮儀。

How should humanity interact with alien intelligence?

人類應該如何與外星智能體互動？

I have to say that although we're really proud of ourselves and we think that we are the pinnacle of ever the top dog on this planet, if someone else can get from their star to our planet, they are in fact a lot more technologically advanced.

我不得不說，雖然我們真的為自己感到驕傲，我們認為我們是這個星球上的巔峰人物，如果別人能從他們的星星到達我們的星球，他們事實上在技術上要先進得多。

I would say the etiquette is we're going to play by their rules, Antonio paris says why do we assume et uses radio to communicate?

我想說的是，禮儀是我們要按他們的規則行事，安東尼奧-帕里斯說，為什麼我們認為et用無線電進行交流？

Is setting a waste of time and millions of dollars?

設置是對時間和數百萬美元的浪費嗎？

What do you think?

你怎麼看？

Well me, I think obviously not, that's what I've spent my career doing trying to answer this really really old human question of are we alone in the cosmos?

我認為顯然不是，這就是我的職業生涯，試圖回答這個非常非常古老的人類問題，即我們在宇宙中是否孤獨？

Why do we use radio?

我們為什麼要使用無線電？

Well we use radio and optical wavelengths, particularly radio travels across the very vast distances between the stars in our galaxy without being scattered or absorbed by the dust.

好吧，我們使用無線電和光學波長，特別是無線電穿越我們銀河系中恆星之間非常巨大的距離，而不會被塵埃散射或吸收。

So at least a piece the fairy paradox?

那麼，至少有一塊仙女的悖論？

Mathematically The universe should be teeming with intelligent life.

從數學上講，宇宙應該充斥著智慧生命。

So why don't we see extraterrestrial versions in all directions.

那麼，為什麼我們沒有看到各個方向的外星版本。

Really interesting question.

真的很有趣的問題。

The answer is we've hardly begun to look.

答案是我們幾乎沒有開始尋找。

Let me give you an example if that volume of space we need to explore is equal to the volume of all the world's oceans in 50 plus years.

讓我給你舉個例子，如果我們需要探索的那個空間的體積相當於50多年後世界上所有海洋的體積。

We've observed only about one hot tub's worth of the ocean.

我們只觀察了大約一個熱水池的海洋。

Maybe it's not so surprising that we haven't detected anything yet.

也許我們還沒有探測到任何東西，這並不令人驚訝。

We need to think in terms of cosmic times and not human lifetimes before we decide we're alone because we haven't found anything at Ellie maloney.

我們需要從宇宙時代而不是人類的一生來思考，然後再決定我們是孤獨的，因為我們在埃利馬洛尼沒有發現任何東西。

Fick wants to know should NATO and the US military developed planetary defense systems in case of an extraterrestrial threat.

菲克想知道，北約和美軍是否應該開發行星防禦系統，以應對地外威脅。

Oh, come on, get real.

哦，來吧，認真點。

I think what we should develop a defense system against asteroids near earth objects, rocks that have our name on it and that in fact could be big enough that a collision with earth could be civilization ending think about the dinosaurs.

我認為我們應該開發一個防禦系統，防止小行星靠近地球的物體，那些有我們名字的岩石，事實上可能大到與地球相撞可能是文明的結束，想想恐龍。

They didn't have a space program.

他們沒有一個太空計劃。

If they had maybe they wouldn't be extinct at Jody scott info is Matthew universal language to make contact with another intelligence.

如果他們有，也許他們就不會在朱迪-斯科特滅絕，資訊是馬修的通用語言，可以與另一個智能體取得聯繫。

Or is this just anthropocene tourism?

或者這只是人類世的旅遊？

Probably if you're going to be building any kind of transmitter or receiver, you need math.

可能如果你要建造任何種類的發射器或接收器，你需要數學。

So in that sense it's universal.

所以在這個意義上，它是普遍的。

But now we're thinking the way that we express math may be shaped by the very configuration of our own human brains.

但現在我們在想，我們表達數學的方式可能是由我們人類大腦的構造本身決定的。

Math.

數學。

Maybe universal.

也許是普遍的。

The function may be universal, but it may be that we will have a difficult time understanding someone else's expression of that map.

功能可能是普遍的，但可能是我們會很難理解別人對該地圖的表達。

Don't know.

不知道。

Love to have that problem at Rachel.

喜歡在瑞秋有這個問題。

84799974.

84799974.

At what year do you think we will discover aliens if ever and Rachel?

你認為我們會在哪一年發現外星人，如果有的話，還有瑞秋？

I can't answer that question.

我無法回答這個問題。

All I can say is that if we don't search we won't succeed.

我只能說，如果我們不搜索，就不會成功。

It's an open question and one that I think perhaps the 21st century will give us an answer to at vinyl on tour, aliens will land on earth.

這是一個開放的問題，我想也許21世紀會給我們一個答案，在乙烯的巡演中，外星人會登陸地球。

You have only five songs to explain what music means to mankind.

你只有五首歌來解釋音樂對人類的意義。

What songs would you choose?

你會選擇哪些歌曲？

Well, I think the songs of my youth are probably totally alien to to you rather than songs.

好吧，我想我年輕時的歌曲對你來說可能是完全陌生的，而不是歌曲。

I might go with buck because I think that is just the most beautiful muse we've ever created.

我可能會選擇降壓，因為我認為這只是我們創造的最美麗的繆斯。

Um johnny B Goode.

嗯，約翰尼-B-古德。

That was on the Voyager golden record as well as as box.

那是在《航海家》的黃金唱片上，也是作為盒子。

So music is personal taste.

是以，音樂是個人品味。

Um I'd send buck and I'd brag at a carbon E.

呃......我送了一桶，我在碳E吹噓。

We assume aliens look different from us.

我們假設外星人看起來與我們不同。

What if their intelligence is unrecognizable?

如果他們的智力無法辨認呢？

How do you give them an I.

你如何給他們一個I。

Q.

Q.

Test?

測試？

Think about how are we going to interact with them?

想一想我們要如何與他們互動？

Are we detecting deliberate mess in optical or radio wavelengths that they've sent us.

我們是否檢測到他們發給我們的光學或無線電波長的故意混亂。

Are they here looking us in the face that's going to determine how we interact with them.

他們是否在這裡看著我們的臉，這將決定我們如何與他們互動。

If they can get here.

如果他們能到這裡。

They're a lot smarter than we are.

他們比我們聰明多了。

You can forget the test.

你可以忘記測試。

We'll just follow their rules at skips abs, even if there is other intelligent life in the universe is our civilization even worth contact?

我們只是遵循他們的規則，即使宇宙中存在其他智能生命，我們的文明是否值得接觸？

Yeah, I suspect we are.

是的，我懷疑我們是。

We're doing a lot of things that are maybe not the wisest, but we are us.

我們在做很多事情，也許不是最明智的，但我們就是我們。

We are different than they are.

我們與他們不同。

I think the most interesting thing in the universe might be.

我認為宇宙中最有趣的事情可能是。

How diverse the laws of physics and chemistry can make life, How many different ways can evolution end up producing creatures that are intelligent, technological, even microbial?

物理和化學定律能使生命變得多麼多樣化，進化最終能以多少種不同的方式產生智能、技術、甚至微生物的生物？

How many different ways can you make life?

你可以有多少種不同的方式來創造生活？

That might be the biggest question of the cosmos and one that they would be interested in finding out what happened here at bobby wants to know did us fighter pilots see a UFO?

這可能是宇宙中最大的問題，也是他們有興趣瞭解的問題，在這裡發生的事情，鮑比想知道我們戰鬥機飛行員是否看到了UFO？

I don't know.

我不知道。

I've seen those videos too.

我也看過這些視頻。

I don't know what they are.

我不知道它們是什麼。

I don't know whether the equipment, which was in fact quite new.

我不知道這些設備，實際上是相當新的。

Um, was behaving properly.

嗯，行為端正。

All I can say is that there's no evidence that indicates that that's spacecraft from another intelligent species.

我只能說，沒有證據表明那是來自其他智能物種的航天器。

More than likely we have some problems with our own equipment.

更有可能的是，我們自己的設備有一些問題。

It's gonna take more than that to prove that aliens are here at will emcee kim.

這將需要更多的東西來證明外星人在這裡的意願emcee kim。

How much do we think all this recent UFO news is prepping the public for a discussion of actual contact.

我們認為最近的這些UFO新聞在多大程度上是在為公眾討論實際接觸做準備。

I think that like many things are interested in this question is cyclical.

我認為，就像很多事情都感興趣一樣，這個問題是週期性的。

We get really hyped up about it.

我們對它真的很熱心。

Somebody makes a claim.

有人提出了一個要求。

People discuss it.

人們討論它。

And then after a while, the Kardashians, do something else and we lose interest.

然後過了一段時間，卡戴珊家族，做一些別的事情，我們就失去了興趣。

What if we are the aliens that we seek?

如果我們就是我們尋找的外星人呢？

And Earth was once populated by a much more intelligent life force until we do destroyed it.

而地球上曾經住著一個更聰明的生命力，直到我們確實摧毀了它。

Well, think about that.

嗯，想想看。

The planet is really quite active.

這個星球確實相當活躍。

About the oldest rocks we can find are a little bit more than four billion years old and the planet we think formed about 4.5 billion years ago.

我們能找到的最古老的岩石大約有40多億年的歷史，我們認為這個星球大約在45億年前形成。

Now these rocks produced stones called zircons and the zircons sometimes have inclusions that have biological ratios of light carbon, too heavy carbon.

現在，這些岩石產生了被稱為鋯石的石頭，鋯石有時會有內含物，其中有生物比例的輕碳，太重的碳。

So we're thinking maybe life went back that far, but we don't find any huge trash heaps.

所以我們在想，也許生命可以追溯到那麼遠，但我們沒有發現任何巨大的垃圾堆。

We don't find any evidence of foundries or Large structures or roads.

我們沒有發現任何關於鑄造廠或大型結構或道路的證據。

Let's just say we don't see any evidence for that intelligence is proportional to the number of thoughts we can simultaneously call and hold in our minds as we explore new ideas.

我們只能說，我們沒有看到任何證據表明，智力與我們在探索新思想時能同時調用和持有的思想數量成正比。

So what would we look like to an alien species who could juggle 10 or 20 times as many thoughts as our smartest human.

那麼，對於一個能夠玩轉10或20倍於我們最聰明的人類的思想的外星物種來說，我們會是什麼樣子。

We wouldn't look very intelligent, would we?

我們看起來不是很聰明，對嗎？

We have to ask questions.

我們必須提出問題。

Not in our language, but in their language.

不是用我們的語言，而是用他們的語言。

We have to try and interact with non human intelligence in ways that they perceive.

我們必須嘗試以非人類智能的方式與之互動，讓他們感知到。

And we're beginning to do a little bit of that with whales and dolphins and with a number of other species.

而我們正在開始對鯨魚和海豚以及其他一些物種做一些這方面的工作。

We can actually understand that prairie dogs standing up in the field are saying to one another, hey, there's the big guy over there in the yellow sweater.

我們實際上可以理解，站在田野裡的草原犬在互相說，嘿，那邊是穿黃色毛衣的大個子。

He's back.

他回來了。

Other intelligence is going to have to speak to us in our language if we're going to have any ability to communicate at G.

如果我們要有任何溝通的能力，其他智能體將不得不用我們的語言與我們交談。

D.

D.

Bassett thought experiment.

巴塞特思想實驗。

If our ai could lead to an existential threat and there may be other intelligent life in the universe.

如果我們的ai可能導致存在的威脅，而且宇宙中可能有其他智能生命。

What about their ai?

那他們的艾呢？

Yeah.

是的。

Good question.

好問題。

I think it's quite likely that what we will encounter is their artificial intelligence.

我認為很有可能我們將遇到的是他們的人工智能。

It can be propagated in so many different ways between the stars as we build artificial intelligence.

在我們建立人工智能的過程中，它可以以許多不同的方式在星際間傳播。

And hopefully as they built their artificial intelligence, they are going to be constraints that build into the structure goals that remain consistent with goals that we have for ourselves.

並希望在他們建立人工智能的過程中，他們將成為約束條件，在結構中建立與我們對自己的目標保持一致的目標。

If it's rogue game over, what is the organizing principle behind intelligent life?

如果是流氓遊戲結束，那麼智能生命背後的組織原則是什麼？

Whoa, What a question.

哇，真是個好問題。

We can't defined intelligence.

我們無法定義情報。

What we have done to make progress in this field is to use technology as our proxy for intelligence.

我們為在這一領域取得進展所做的工作是將技術作為我們情報的代理。

So if we detect evidence of someone else's technology out there, we will assume that at some time there was an intelligent entity that created the technology best we can do at Z.

是以，如果我們檢測到外面有其他人的技術的證據，我們將假設在某個時候有一個智能實體創造了我們在Z國能做的最好的技術。

Shah If there's a new planet who own the real estate, will Nasa get into the property development business?

Shah 如果有一個新的星球，誰擁有房地產，Nasa會進入房地產開發業務嗎？

Great question.

好問題。

We have confirmed over 4000 other planets around other stars.

我們已經確認有4000多顆其他行星圍繞著其他恆星。

The question of who owns them, Who can mind them is you know a work in progress.

誰擁有它們，誰能管理它們的問題，你知道是一個正在進行的工作。

The U.

幽會。

N.

N.

Treaty of the outer space says that it is possible to benefit from an extra terrestrial body without owning it.

外層空間條約說，有可能從地外天體中獲益而不擁有它。

That no one owns it basing this metal law if you wish on the law of the seas.

沒有人擁有它，如果你願意的話，把這個金屬法建立在海洋法的基礎上。

No one owns the ocean.

沒有人擁有海洋。

But people can in fact salvage and fish and benefit from the oceans.

但事實上，人們可以打撈和捕撈，並從海洋中獲益。

That's kind of the playing field that we're dealing now with extrasolar bodies.

這就是我們現在處理太陽系外天體的那種比賽場地。

It's a work in progress.

這是一項正在進行的工作。

We'll see how it plays out at code is broken.

我們將看到它在代碼被破壞時是如何發揮的。

Oh yeah my code usually is if aliens exist who could be far far older than humanity and have used similar comms tech to us?

哦，我的代碼通常是，如果外星人存在，他們可能比人類古老得多，並且使用了與我們類似的通信技術？

How come We've not heard a thing because the cosmos is pretty damn big.

我們怎麼會什麼都沒聽到，因為宇宙是非常大的。

We're talking about signals here for communication.

我們在這裡談論的是用於交流的信號。

Maybe we need to look for something else.

也許我們需要尋找別的東西。

Maybe we're doing an absolutely exquisite job and looking for just the wrong thing.

也許我們正在做一個絕對精緻的工作，尋找的只是錯誤的東西。

Maybe we haven't figured out that the thing that intelligent advanced societies use to communicate is zeta rays and we haven't discovered them yet at K.

也許我們還沒有搞清楚，智能高級社會用來交流的東西是Zeta射線，而我們在K點還沒有發現它們。

Eight.

八個。

Mommy lisa.

媽媽莉莎。

What if they are trying to communicate but we just don't realize it yet.

如果他們試圖溝通，只是我們還沒有意識到，怎麼辦？

Yes.

是的。

Absolutely.

絕對的。

What if they're using some technology?

如果他們使用一些技術呢？

Some physics that we haven't yet invented.

一些我們還沒有發明的物理學。

We could be missing a signal.

我們可能錯過了一個信號。

The only strategy is to stay around long enough so that we get smart enough that we invent the technology and then we can find the signal at captain fish mugs.

唯一的策略是在這裡呆足夠長的時間，使我們變得足夠聰明，以至於我們發明了這種技術，然後我們可以在船長的魚杯上找到信號。

Do aliens have belly buttons?

外星人有肚臍嗎？

Yes.

是的。

Well that's a good question.

嗯，這是個好問題。

I'd love to know the answer to that.

我很想知道這個問題的答案。

We look at various forms of life on this planet.

我們看一下這個星球上的各種生命形式。

Not all of them have belly buttons.

並非所有的人都有肚臍眼。

So it's possible that aliens don't either at E.

所以有可能外星人在E也不知道。

T.

T.

Exists.

存在。

Oh I like that.

哦，我喜歡這樣。

When will we hear from E.

我們什麼時候能聽到E的消息。

T.

T.

And there are lots of hashtags here.

而且這裡有很多標籤。

I don't know the answer to that question.

我不知道這個問題的答案。

I don't know if ET is out there.

我不知道ET是否在那裡。

I think it's likely the universe appears to be relatively bio friendly.

我認為很可能宇宙看起來是相對生物友好的。

We know about lots of planets around other stars.

我們知道有很多圍繞其他恆星的行星。

We now know about lots of life forms on this planet that exist in extreme extreme for us environments.

我們現在知道這個星球上有很多生命形式存在於對我們來說極端的環境中。

There's a chance and the only way that we'll know is to look.

有一個機會，而我們知道的唯一方法就是去看。

And when I can't answer that question, talk to my great granddaughter, she may have an answer for you.

當我不能回答這個問題時，請和我的曾孫女談談，她可能會給你一個答案。

That was E.

那是E。

T.

T.

Support.

支持。

That's what I know and mostly what I don't know.

這就是我所知道的，主要是我所不知道的。