This would be the biggest health crisis

這將是最大的健康危機

that we've experienced this century.

我們在本世紀所經歷的。

We don't hear about it. But it's already here.

我們沒有聽說過它。但它已經在這裡了。

Nobody is safe, until we're all safe.

沒有人是安全的，直到我們都安全了。

What would a world without antibiotics look like?

一個沒有抗生素的世界會是什麼樣子？

Well, I think it would look a lot like the past,

嗯，我想它看起來會很像過去。

where a lot of people would die younger than they do now.

在那裡，很多人將比現在更年輕地死去。

Just think about war -

只要想想戰爭 --

more people died of infections and their wounds,

更多的人死於感染和他們的傷口。

than died actually on the battlefield.

比實際死在戰場上的人多。

The discovery of various classes of antibiotics in the 20th Century

20世紀各種類型抗生素的發現

had a profound impact on health care.

對衛生保健產生了深遠的影響。

So treatment of infection suddenly became very straightforward,

是以，感染的治療突然變得非常直接。

and it's something that we benefit a lot from today.

這也是我們今天受益良多的東西。

Antibiotics protect people during operative surgery -

抗生素在手術過程中保護人們 --

Caesarean sections, replacement joints, let alone cancer treatments.

剖腹產，更換關節，更不用說癌症治療了。

Antibiotics added, on average, 20 years life to everyone.

抗生素平均為每個人增加了20年的壽命。

We went to the hospital, the emergency room.

我們去了醫院，急診室。

They said they gave him a broad spectrum antibiotic.

他們說他們給他注射了廣譜抗生素。

And then they took me to another room and they're like,

然後他們把我帶到另一個房間，他們說。

"Your son has an infection. We don't know the source."

"你的兒子被感染了。我們不知道來源。"

We were in the ICU with like 10 doctors,

我們在重症監護室裡有大約10名醫生。

and they said he wasn't really going to make it.

他們說他並不真的能做到。

At that point, I knew that he was dead.

在那一刻，我知道他已經死了。

I could feel it.

我可以感覺到它。

And that's when we learned that Simon had contracted

這時我們得知，西蒙已經感染了

an antibiotic resistant bacterium, a superbug.

一種耐抗生素的細菌，一種超級細菌。

And I had never heard of any of this.

而我從來沒有聽說過這些事情。

Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin was immense.

亞歷山大-弗萊明對青黴素的發現是巨大的。

Noticing that in a petri dish where bacteria were growing,

注意到在一個細菌生長的培養皿中。

there were white areas where the bacteria were not growing.

有白色的區域，那裡的細菌沒有生長。

And he realised that something had happened.

他意識到已經發生了一些事情。

He looked and found the fungus, penicillin -

他看了看，發現了真菌，青黴素------。

our first effective antibiotic that saved masses of lives.

我們的第一個有效的抗生素，拯救了大量的生命。

Most antibiotics come from soil and fungi.

大多數抗生素來自土壤和真菌。

When I expose bacteria to antibiotics,

當我把細菌暴露在抗生素下時。

they're going to become resistant,

他們會變得抗拒。

which is very bad because we haven't discovered

這是很糟糕的，因為我們還沒有發現

a new antibiotic in the last 30 years.

在過去30年裡，有一種新的抗生素。

Growing up back in Mexico,

在墨西哥長大。

you didn't need a prescription to get an antibiotic.

你不需要處方就能得到抗生素。

You had a little bit of a sore throat,

你有一點喉嚨痛。

you go to the pharmacy and get an antibiotic.

你去藥店買一種抗生素。

And that only gives more and more chances to these bugs

而這隻給了這些蟲子越來越多的機會

to acquire mutations to become resistant.

以獲得突變，成為抗性。

The situation today is more serious than people realise.

今天的情況比人們意識到的還要嚴重。

It's actually the first real study looking at all the data -

這實際上是第一項研究所有數據的真正研究 --

494 million patient records -

4.94億份病人記錄 -

to model what is happening.

來模擬正在發生的事情。

It is predicted that by 2050,

據預測，到2050年。

10 million people are going to die every year

每年將有1000萬人死亡

from complications with superbugs or resistant microbes.

從超級細菌或抗性微生物的併發症中獲益。

So we really have to find alternative strategies

是以，我們真的必須找到替代戰略

to fight against these bugs.

來對抗這些蟲子。

A world without antibiotics -

一個沒有抗生素的世界 -

I sometimes call it "the post-antibiotic apocalypse" -

我有時稱它為 "後抗生素啟示錄" --

would impact on our food chain too,

也會對我們的食物鏈產生影響。

because animals would get ill, plants would get ill and die.

因為動物會生病，植物會生病和死亡。

We would really be in the most dreadful mess.

我們真的會陷入最可怕的混亂。

As an individual, I think one of the most important things

作為一個人，我認為最重要的事情之一是

is don't ask for antibiotics if they are not offered to you.

如果沒有人給你提供抗生素，就不要要求使用抗生素。

If you are prescribed antibiotics,

如果你被開了抗生素。

then make sure you finish the course of antibiotics that you're given.

然後確保你完成給你的抗生素療程。

Because if you don't finish the course,

因為如果你沒有完成課程。

even if you're feeling better,

即使你感覺好多了。

there might be some residual infection

可能有一些殘留的感染

that could become resistant.

可能成為抗性的。

We have probably found the easy-to-find antibiotics.

我們可能已經找到了容易找到的抗生素。

But that doesn't mean there are not many more to be found.

但這並不意味著沒有更多的人可以找到。

If we keep recycling the same old treatments,

如果我們繼續循環使用相同的舊治療方法。

then the problem is just going to exacerbate.

那麼這個問題就會惡化。

One of the main bottlenecks with antibiotic research

抗生素研究的主要瓶頸之一

is that the easiest thing to do

這是最容易做到的事嗎？

is to look at the structures of existing antibiotics,

是研究現有抗生素的結構。

and modify those slightly to try to overcome the resistance.

並稍微修改這些內容，以試圖克服阻力。

It's much more challenging to find a completely new class of antibiotics.

要找到一類全新的抗生素，則更具挑戰性。

So we have to fund quite widely in order to be able to identify

是以，我們必須提供相當廣泛的資金，以便能夠確定

those strategies that are going to work best.

這些戰略將是最有效的。

I think if there were more awareness

我認為如果有更多的意識

then there would be more general pressure from society

那麼就會有更多來自社會的普遍壓力

on governments and on companies

對政府和公司的影響

to fund more research into targeting this problem.

以資助針對這一問題的更多研究。

We should be anticipating problems,

我們應該預見到問題。

and doing something about them before they become

並在它們變成之前做一些事情

enormous global crises.

巨大的全球危機。