Today I will be answering your questions from twitter.

今天，我將在微博上回答大家的問題。

This is dino support at Tokaji sense una.

這是在Tokaji sense una的恐龍支持。

Us.

我們。

What's the scariest dinosaur?

最可怕的恐龍是什麼？

I think the scariest looking dinosaur would have been spinosaurus simply because it had this huge sail on its back.

我認為看起來最可怕的恐龍應該是刺龍，只因為它的背上有這個巨大的帆。

But I think here in the United States the T rex is definitely the people's favorite.

但我認為在美國，霸王龍絕對是人們的最愛。

Here's part of the T.

這裡是T的一部分。

Rex tooth.

雷克斯牙。

The largest tooth including the roots gets up to about seven or eight inches in length.

最大的牙齒包括牙根，可以達到大約七或八英寸長。

These cutting edges are serrated like a steak knife.

這些切割邊緣像牛排刀一樣有鋸齒。

T rex ate the whole prey.

霸王龍吃了整個獵物。

We have fossil droppings of T.

我們有T的化石糞便。

Rex and they show us that it ate the meat and the bones crunched up the bones much like some big crocodiles do today at Ricky Dell's us scientifically and historically speaking, how do we know what dinosaurs sounded like?

雷克斯，他們向我們展示了它吃肉和骨頭的碎裂，就像今天一些大鱷魚在瑞奇-戴爾的我們從科學和歷史上講，我們怎麼知道恐龍的聲音是什麼樣的？

Surely the sounds the movies have taught us are just guesses.

當然，電影教給我們的聲音只是猜測。

No.

沒有。

Well indeed there are just guesses.

那麼確實只是有猜測。

In fact it's quite likely that dinosaurs were much quieter than people give them credit for birds sing but most reptiles don't make much in the way of sounds except for hisses and grunts.

事實上，很可能恐龍比人們認為的鳥類唱歌要安靜得多，但大多數爬行動物除了嘶嘶聲和咕噥聲外，並沒有發出什麼聲音。

So we think that dinosaurs would have done things like that.

所以我們認為，恐龍會做這樣的事情。

But certainly not lion raw that Hollywood wants us to believe E.

但肯定不是好萊塢想讓我們相信的獅子生機勃勃E。

V four N two K four us when I die and go to heaven.

當我死後去到天堂時，V四N二K四我們。

First thing I'm asking God is what the Jurassic park get wrong, Jurassic park was made as an entertaining movie.

我問上帝的第一件事是《侏羅紀公園》有什麼錯，《侏羅紀公園》是作為一部娛樂性的電影。

Not as a science documentary.

不是作為一部科學紀錄片。

The star of the movies Are the raptors here is an actual skull of an adult velociraptor.

電影中的明星是這裡的猛禽，是一個真正的成年迅猛龍的頭骨。

The filmmakers decided that it looked too puny and they needed something bigger strangely enough.

電影製作人認為它看起來太小了，奇怪的是他們需要更大的東西。

Shortly after this was filmed, people found a really gigantic raptor out in Utah.

這部電影拍攝後不久，人們在猶他州發現了一隻非常巨大的猛禽。

And since then other giant raptors have been found in South America and in Asia.

而從那時起，在南美洲和亞洲也發現了其他巨型猛禽。

So there were giant raptor around.

所以周圍有巨型猛禽。

But there were in fact much bigger than the ones in the movie.

但實際上比電影中的要大得多。

The movie claims that T rex could only detect prey by motion.

電影中稱霸王龍只能通過運動來探測獵物。

In fact when we study the brain case of a T.

事實上，當我們研究一個T的大腦案例時。

Rex, we find that it had very large olfactory bulbs which are part of the brain that picks up information from the nose.

雷克斯，我們發現它有非常大的嗅球，這是大腦的一部分，從鼻子中獲取信息。

It had very large opening for the optic nerve which is the nerve that transmits information from the eye to the brain.

它有非常大的視神經開口，而視神經是將資訊從眼睛傳到大腦的神經。

And it had a very complicated inner ear that allowed it to here at least a wide range of low frequency sounds.

而且它有一個非常複雜的內耳，使它在這裡至少能聽到廣泛的低頻聲音。

So it would have smelled the actors in front of its snout and it would have been a very short movie indeed.

是以，它就會聞到它鼻子前面的演員的味道，這確實會是一部非常短的電影。

At Emo here a western, How did the asteroid kill every dinosaur like doesn't an asteroid hit like one general area rather than like the entire world.

在Emo這裡有一個西方人，小行星是如何殺死所有的恐龍的，就像小行星不是擊中了像一個一般的區域而不是像整個世界。

The asteroid theory is a very flat earth theory.

小行星理論是一個非常平坦的地球理論。

There's no flat earth.

沒有平坦的地球。

The earth is a sphere.

地球是一個球體。

What happened was when the asteroid happens to impact, it released the equivalent of 100 million megatons of energy and this basically melted this huge asteroid which was six miles in diameter and this sent up a gigantic clouds of glowing material up into the atmosphere.

發生的情況是，當小行星碰巧撞擊時，它釋放了相當於1億兆噸的能量，這基本上融化了這顆直徑6英里的巨大小行星，這將巨大的發光物質雲送入大氣層。

This would spread around the world.

這將傳播到全世界。

We see this even today when a volcano erupts volcanic dust sweeps all around the world.

我們甚至在今天看到，當火山爆發時，火山塵埃會席捲整個世界。

Imagine a world where suddenly it's raining drops of molten glass, that's what was happening.

想象一下，一個世界突然下起了熔化玻璃的雨滴，這就是當時的情況。

And so basically every larger animal at that point died and that's why the dinosaurs were wiped out probably within a matter of hours at most.

是以，基本上所有較大的動物在那個時候都死了，這就是為什麼恐龍可能在最多幾個小時內就被消滅了。

A matter of days at Lauren Berger us, How do they know what color dinosaurs were for many years, we really had no idea what color dinosaurs had.

在勞倫-伯傑我們的問題，他們怎麼知道恐龍是什麼顏色很多年來，我們真的不知道恐龍有什麼顏色。

In fact, people sort of assume that like many of the modern lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, it would have been sort of greenish brown and that's what you see in all the old dinosaur books.

事實上，人們有點認為，像許多現代蜥蜴、蛇、鱷魚、烏龜一樣，它應該是那種綠褐色的，這就是你在所有舊的恐龍書中看到的。

However, in recent years, thanks to some remarkable discoveries in china, we actually found out what some dinosaurs looked like and it was a real revelation.

然而，近年來，由於在中國的一些顯著發現，我們實際上發現了一些恐龍的長相，這是一個真正的啟示。

We found that some of the little feathered dinosaurs actually had color patterns as vivid as those in modern birds.

我們發現，一些小羽毛恐龍實際上有和現代鳥類一樣生動的顏色圖案。

There is a dinosaur called cow long and it had beautifully iridescent feathers.

有一種恐龍叫牛長，它有漂亮的彩虹色的羽毛。

So it would have looked like a big starling with nasty cloth.

是以，它看起來會像一個有討厭的布的大椋鳥。

So the dinosaur world was far more colorful than we were previously thinking at T six li us.

是以，恐龍世界遠比我們之前在T六裡想的要多姿多彩。

So why were dinosaurs so big back then.

那麼，為什麼當時的恐龍會這麼大。

But now animals are small.

但現在動物都很小。

Scientists go a lot of dinosaurs were big but there were also small dinosaurs.

科學家們認為很多恐龍是大的，但也有小的恐龍。

In fact there's one dinosaur that's barely over two ft long.

事實上，有一隻恐龍幾乎不超過兩英尺長。

Do you live in an environment where it's advantageous to be big for your particular mode of life?

你生活的環境中，對你特定的生活模式來說，大是有利的嗎？

And there's some places on earth where the rules are reversed often on islands.

而地球上有些地方的規則往往在島嶼上被顛覆。

Generally large animals become dwarfs about 15 million years ago.

一般來說，大型動物在1500萬年前會變成侏儒。

A gigantic hedgehog lived on an island.

一隻巨大的刺蝟住在一個島上。

And what is now Italy in other parts of the mediterranean, there were tiny elephants running on that would have actually been nice little pets if we had been around at that time.

而現在的意大利在地中海的其他地方，也有小象在奔跑，如果我們當時在附近，這些小象實際上是很好的小寵物。

God studies us.

上帝研究我們。

How many species of dinosaurs are there?

恐龍有多少種？

I want to know all of them right now.

我現在就想知道所有的人。

There are about 1100 described species of dinosaurs other than birds.

除鳥類外，大約有1100種被描述的恐龍。

Even very conservative estimates put the number much higher anywhere between 7000 and that may have been even more.

即使是非常保守的估計，這個數字也要高得多，在7000人之間，甚至可能更多。

One important thing to keep in mind is we are much closer in time to a T.

需要記住的一件重要事情是，我們在時間上更接近於T。

Rex than the T.

雷克斯比T。

Rex most to a stegosaurus.

雷克斯最到劍龍。

We now have classified this myriad of species by looking at various parts of the skeleton, the most obvious part of the skeleton.

我們現在通過觀察骨架的各個部分對這無數的物種進行了分類，這是骨架最明顯的部分。

It's the hip region.

是臀部區域。

When you look at the T.

當你看了T。

Rex over my shoulder here you can see a hip girdle that has three bones with the front bone, the pubic pointing downwards worth In the so called bird hipped dinosaurs which is unfortunately misnomers and nothing to do with birds.

雷克斯在我的肩膀上，你可以看到一個有三塊骨頭的臀部腰帶，前面的骨頭，恥骨朝下，值得在所謂的鳥臀部恐龍中，不幸的是，這是錯誤的說法，與鳥類無關。

You get hip region that has the pubic bone pointing backwards.

你得到的臀部區域，其恥骨指向後方。

There are many more subtle anatomical differences.

還有許多更微妙的解剖學差異。

But basically there are two large groups of dinosaurs.

但基本上有兩個大的恐龍群體。

The lizard head, dinosaurs also called Cilicia and the bird hipped dinosaurs called anesthesia at lust clothes us by the T.

蜥蜴頭，恐龍也叫西利西亞，鳥類臀部的恐龍叫麻醉，在慾望的衣服我們由T。

Rexes have little as arms that does not sit right with me.

雷克斯的手臂很小，我覺得不妥。

For a dinosaur.

對於一隻恐龍來說。

T.

T.

Rex had really small but very powerful arms and you can see this here on our pride and joy.

雷克斯的手臂真的很小，但非常有力，你可以在我們的驕傲和喜悅上看到這一點。

Nobody really knows why T.

沒有人真正知道為什麼T。

Rex has tiny arms.

雷克斯的手臂很小。

It has been calculated that the arms was still strong enough to lift up to £600 of weight.

據計算，這隻手臂仍然足夠強大，可以舉起600英鎊的重量。

Earlier, relatives of T.

早些時候，T.的親屬。

Rex still have longer arms.

雷克斯仍然有較長的手臂。

Other predatory dinosaurs actually get increasingly longer arms which eventually become wings and birds at solar wings.

其他掠食性恐龍實際上得到了越來越長的手臂，這些手臂最終變成了翅膀，鳥類在太陽的翅膀。

Since when were pterodactyls, Not dinosaurs.

從什麼時候開始，翼龍變成了恐龍，而不是恐龍。

Since ever dinosaurs and pterodactyls are related, but pterodactyls have nothing to do with dinosaurs.

從前恐龍和翼龍是有關係的，但翼龍與恐龍沒有關係。

They have a early common ancestors but they diverged in their evolution quite dramatically.

它們有一個早期的共同祖先，但它們在進化過程中出現了相當大的分歧。

Pterodactyls became flying creatures wings very different from those of birds, dinosaurs were mostly land dwelling animals and only a few forms later on evolved into birds which have very different looking wings.

翼龍成為飛行生物的翅膀與鳥類的翅膀非常不同，恐龍大多是陸生動物，只有少數形式後來演變成鳥類，它們的翅膀看起來非常不同。

At Trooper Snooks asked the question of the day, why did the early mammals and birds and fish like sturgeon etcetera not become extinct when the dinosaurs.

在Trooper Snooks提出了當天的問題，為什麼早期的哺乳動物和鳥類以及鱘魚等魚類沒有在恐龍出現時滅絕。

That's a very good question and in fact it's one of the great mysteries of paleontology, it's basically different life strategies.

這是一個非常好的問題，事實上這也是古生物學的一大奧祕，它基本上是不同的生命策略。

Small animals can hide a lot of small animals are also able to go without food for long times.

小動物可以隱藏很多小動物也能夠長時間不進食。

Was a large animal cannot.

是一個大型動物不能。

Most dinosaurs went extinct and only one group of dinosaurs.

大多數恐龍滅絕了，只有一組恐龍滅絕了。

Birds survived.

鳥兒們活了下來。

Birds, as I just said, are dinosaurs because they descended from small meat eating dinosaurs, just like we are primates because we descended from other kinds of primates.

正如我剛才所說，鳥類是恐龍，因為它們是吃肉的小型恐龍的後代，就像我們是靈長類動物，因為我們是其他種類的靈長類動物的後代。

We now have a beautiful series of fossils documenting all of the stages between little predatory dinosaurs like that and birds that would have been recognizable as a bird to anyone alive today.

我們現在有一系列美麗的化石，記錄了從那樣的小食肉恐龍到對今天活著的人來說可以認出是鳥類的所有階段。

It's very rare that you get such a nice continuation of fossils between one group and the group that it gave rise to at three boat paleo who would win in a fight camera source or an adult, an adult titan and Camaro source lived at very, very different points in time In adult tightened at the end of the cretaceous period about 66 to 68 million years ago and Camaro source about 100 and 50 million years ago.

非常罕見的是，你會在一個群體和它所產生的群體之間得到如此好的化石延續，在三船古生物中，誰會在一場戰鬥中贏得相機源或成人，成人泰坦和卡馬羅源生活在非常，非常不同的時間點，在成人緊縮在白堊紀末期約66至6800萬年前，卡馬羅源約100和5000萬年前。

My money would be on the Camaro saurus simply because Kamara sauce got a lot bigger.

我的賭注會押在卡瑪洛-薩魯斯身上，只是因為卡馬拉醬變得更大了。

Both however, were harmless plant eaters and so I don't think they would have really fought each other at harry butt cheek us.

然而，兩者都是無害的植物食客，是以我不認為它們會真的在哈雷屁股上與我們相互爭鬥。

What was the climate when the dinosaurs roamed the world in which dinosaurs lived was generally a fairly warm one.

恐龍漫遊時的氣候是怎樣的 恐龍生活的世界通常是一個相當溫暖的世界。

However, at high latitudes where the sun would disappear for months at a time, it would have been quite cold and we actually have even evidence from fossil soils that there were permafrost soils in some areas.

然而，在高緯度地區，太陽會一次消失幾個月，那裡會相當寒冷，我們實際上甚至有來自化石土壤的證據，表明在某些地區有永久凍土。

Yet dinosaurs lived there.

然而恐龍卻生活在那裡。

Dinosaurs really could cover almost any environment that you can imagine.

恐龍真的可以覆蓋幾乎所有你能想象的環境。

We know dinosaurs that lived essentially under sub polar conditions.

我們知道恐龍基本上是生活在亞極地條件下。

You know, dinosaurs that lived in really tropical regions.

你知道，那些生活在真正熱帶地區的恐龍。

We know dinosaurs that lived in deserts.

我們知道生活在沙漠中的恐龍。

So basically in a warm period of geological history, there were every At Udonis Haslem 69 us.

是以，基本上在地質歷史的一個溫暖時期，有每 在Udonis Haslem 69我們。

How are fossils of things?

事物的化石是怎樣的？

Don't those beep just disintegrate?

那些嗶嗶聲不就瓦解了嗎？

Well, fossils are a thing.

嗯，化石是一種東西。

They're real three dimensional objects.

它們是真正的三維物體。

Here's a limb bone of an ostrich mimic dinosaur that's about 90 million years old.

這是一個大約有9000萬年曆史的鴕鳥類模仿恐龍的肢骨。

Basically.

基本上。

What happens is after death minerals infiltrated this bone from the ground water around it and they contained a lot of iron.

發生的情況是死後礦物質從周圍的地下水滲入這塊骨頭，它們含有大量的鐵。

That's why it has this yellowish brown color and gradually filled in all of the spaces in the bone.

這就是為什麼它有這種黃褐色的顏色，並逐漸填充了骨頭中的所有空間。

Sometimes the actual bone is still pretty much preserved, but in most cases the bone has changed just ever so slightly so that it's no longer possible for instance, to extract biomolecules like DNA from it at the art 3 15 US.

有時，實際的骨頭仍然保存得很好，但在大多數情況下，骨頭只是發生了輕微的變化，以至於不再可能，例如，從它那裡提取生物大分子如DNA的藝術3 15美國。

Bird dinosaur feathers, dinosaur scale or did they have a lot of bird sized feathers.

鳥類恐龍的羽毛，恐龍的鱗片，或者他們有很多鳥類大小的羽毛。

The really gigantic dinosaurs by and large did not have feathers.

真正巨大的恐龍大體上是沒有羽毛的。

We only know one really large tyrannosaur from china that lived in a very cold environment and had feathers.

我們只知道中國有一隻真正的大型暴龍，它生活在非常寒冷的環境中，並且有羽毛。

Most of the dinosaurs that we know that had feathers.

我們知道的大多數恐龍都有羽毛。

Were animals up to maybe five or six ft in length.

這些動物的長度可能達到五或六英尺。

And they had bird sized feathers.

而且他們有鳥類大小的羽毛。

And we know this because the bones have little bumps on them and you can see them when you take a chicken apart.

我們知道這一點，因為骨頭上有小疙瘩，當你把雞肉拆開時，你可以看到它們。

They're called Krill notes and that's where the large flight fails and the burdens at.

它們被稱為Krill筆記，這就是大型飛行失敗和負擔的地方。

Mr.

先生。

Soak us idea what was the smartest dinosaur like?

泡我們的想法 最聰明的恐龍是什麼樣的？

Would they have used tools, build shelter?

他們會不會使用工具，建造住所？

How much could they understand about the world?

他們對這個世界能瞭解多少呢？

Some of these little predatory dinosaurs have really large brains.

這些小的掠食性恐龍中，有些人的大腦真的很大。

They have the sort of bulging area here, much like you would see on a bird skull.

他們在這裡有那種隆起的區域，很像你在鳥類頭骨上看到的。

So these little dinosaurs probably had cognitive abilities similar to those that we see today in hawks, owls and particularly in crows and Ravens.

是以，這些小恐龍可能具有類似於我們今天在鷹、貓頭鷹，特別是烏鴉和烏鴉身上看到的認知能力。

Crows and Ravens have repeatedly shown their ability to solve relatively complex problems.

烏鴉和烏鴉已經多次表明它們有能力解決相對複雜的問題。

And some birds have sort of minimal kinds of tool use as well.

而有些鳥類也有某種最小的工具使用種類。

And something like that is not beyond the possibility for these early dinosaurs as well At from help us.

而像這樣的事情對於這些早期的恐龍來說，也不是沒有可能的，因為它們會幫助我們。

When did the first humans discover that there were dinosaurs?

人類最早是什麼時候發現有恐龍的？

I really want to know how we first figured out.

我真的想知道我們第一次是怎麼想出來的。

Giant giant giant dinosaurs roamed the Earth.

巨大的巨型恐龍在地球上游蕩。

The first record that we know of a definitive dinosaur is from the 17th century in England.

我們所知道的第一個明確的恐龍記錄是在17世紀的英國。

When robert Klotz described a part of a thighbone, he didn't know what to make of it.

當羅伯特-克洛茨描述一個大腿骨的一部分時，他不知道該如何理解它。

He compared it to giants of legends.

他將其與傳說中的巨人相比。

President thomas Jefferson couldn't conceive of the fact that animals had gone extinct even though he found fossils of extinct animals on his estate in Virginia.

托馬斯-傑斐遜總統無法想象動物已經滅絕的事實，儘管他在弗吉尼亞州的莊園裡發現了已滅絕動物的化石。

He thought that these animals still existed somewhere alive out west.

他認為這些動物仍然在西部的某個地方活著存在。

And that was one of the reasons he sent to Lewis and Clark expeditions out.

這也是他派劉易斯和克拉克探險隊出去的原因之一。

The Smithsonian got into the dinosaur business early in the 20th century and here's an old photograph.

史密森尼學會在20世紀初進入了恐龍領域，這裡有一張老照片。

This was taken in the 19 thirties, an excavation in progress and you see people here chipping out large blocks of rock that have bone in them and then are taken back to the laboratory where the actual excavation begins.

這是在1930年代拍攝的，一個正在進行的挖掘工作，你看到人們在這裡削出大塊的岩石，其中有骨頭，然後被帶回實驗室，開始實際的挖掘工作。

We can glue it back together, clean its surface and ultimately it's ready for study and exhibit at half past owns us.

我們可以把它粘在一起，清潔它的表面，最終它可以在我們擁有的一半時間裡進行研究和展覽。

Who comes up with these dinosaur names?

這些恐龍的名字是誰想出來的？

Like what if a dinosaur were named Hank?

比如說，如果一隻恐龍叫漢克呢？

Why do you got to make names so complicated?

為什麼你要把名字弄得這麼複雜？

The scientists who described the dinosaurs come up with the names.

描述恐龍的科學家們想出了這些名字。

Each animal has a genius and the species name and in the case of dinosaur names, it's the same.

每種動物都有一個天才和物種名稱，就恐龍的名字而言，也是如此。

It's tyrannosaurus rex.

是霸王龍。

In that case it's actually one of the best names ever chosen for dance because the research I wanted to portray it as the tyrannical creature that ruled its ecosystem and because of its big size, it's called rex which means king.

在這種情況下，它實際上是有史以來為舞蹈選擇的最好的名字之一，因為研究中我想把它描繪成統治其生態系統的暴虐的生物，由於它的體型很大，它被稱為rex，意思是國王。

I've been very fortunate that somebody named dancer for me there's an animal called handsome, which is a little bone headed dinosaur, which I sort of taken a back handed compliment that I am born at it.

我一直很幸運，有人為我命名為舞者，有一種動物叫帥哥，是一種小骨頭恐龍，我算是反手恭維了一下，我是天生的。

But it's a nice thing because it kind of immortalize you messing us.

但這是件好事，因為它有點讓你給我們搗亂而不朽。

How did?

如何做到的？

T rex asleep like curled up roosting like chicken asking for a friend T rex presumably crouched down just like a lot of birds do when they're resting.

霸王龍睡著了，像蜷縮在一起的雞，像雞在問候朋友 霸王龍估計是蹲下了，就像很多鳥在休息的時候一樣。

However, we actually have found dinosaurs that were preserved in burrows where they presumably were sleeping or at least hanging out and some of them are kind of curled up at paul Garcia NBA as how did the brontosaurus weigh 23 tons when it only ate plants.

然而，我們實際上已經發現了保存在洞穴中的恐龍，它們大概是在那裡睡覺或至少是在外面閒逛，其中一些恐龍有點蜷縮在保羅-加西亞-NBA，因為雷龍只吃植物，怎麼會有23噸重。

You have to imagine that these dinosaurs probably spent every waking minute eating.

你必須想象，這些恐龍可能每一個清醒的時間都在吃東西。

The other reason that brontosaurus is so big is if you eat plants, you have a big problem.

雷龍這麼大的另一個原因是，如果你吃植物，你就有一個大問題。

Much of the plant food that animals and people eat is made out of cellulose.

動物和人吃的大部分植物食物都是由纖維素製成的。

And so you need a very large gut to accommodate bacteria and other microorganisms that can break the cellulose down into fatty acids and sugars like glucose that the host animal can actually digest.

是以，你需要一個非常大的腸道來容納細菌和其他微生物，以便將纖維素分解成宿主動物能夠真正消化的脂肪酸和葡萄糖等糖類。

So in order to be a full time plant either you need a really large gut at allergy leg in us.

是以，為了成為一個全職的植物人，要麼你需要在我們的過敏腿上有一個真正的大腸。

We're dinosaurs cold blooded or warm blood.