And with the advent of spaceflight and moon landings, it seems like it should be just right around the corner in these missions wouldn't just be for scientific exploration, which would be super awesome because we would learn about the origins of life and the formation of the solar system.

而隨著航天和登月的出現，在這些任務中似乎應該是指日可待的，不僅僅是為了科學探索，這將是超級棒的，因為我們會了解到生命的起源和太陽系的形成。

They would serve to set up a permanent human presence on MARS, a colony on another world.

他們將用於在MARS上建立一個永久性的人類存在，在另一個世界上建立一個殖民地。

If only we could figure out how to do it before we launch on our first mission to MARS, let's look at the pros and cons of living on the red planet.

如果我們能在發射第一個火星任務之前想出辦法就好了，讓我們看看在紅色星球上生活的利與弊。

Let's start with the cons and frankly there are a lot of cons, Mars has no air.

讓我們從缺點開始，坦率地說，有很多缺點，火星沒有空氣。

It has less than 1% of the air pressure of the Earth.

它的空氣壓力不到地球的1%。

And what air there is, it's almost entirely carbon dioxide Mars has no liquid water, there is water there but it's locked up as ice, either underneath the surface or in the polar ice caps.

而那裡的空氣，幾乎完全是二氧化碳，火星沒有液態水，那裡有水，但它被鎖成了冰，要麼在地表下，要麼在極地的冰蓋中。

We need liquid water to survive.

我們需要液態水來生存。

And this makes it just so much more challenging.

而這使得它的挑戰性大大增加。

Next MARS is constantly suffering bombardment of solar radiation and cosmic rays.

接下來火星不斷遭受太陽輻射和宇宙射線的轟擊。

These are high energy particles that can break apart cells and even snip D.

這些是高能量的粒子，可以分解細胞，甚至剪斷D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

Itself without a thick atmosphere.

其本身沒有濃厚的氣氛。

And without a magnetic field, MArs is just exposed to this deadly radiation and can increase cancer rates for any martian colonists.

而沒有磁場，馬爾斯只是暴露在這種致命的輻射中，並會增加任何火星殖民者的癌症發病率。

Mars is far from the earth.

火星離地球很遠。

Hundreds of millions of miles away.

數億英里之外。

It would be the most distant mission we've ever sent.

這將是我們曾經派出的最遙遠的任務。

And it's also socially distant martian colonists would be the furthest human beings from earth and well, the entire solar system, mars has less gravity than the earth does.

而且在社會上，遙遠的火星殖民者將是離地球以及整個太陽系最遠的人類，火星的重力比地球小。

We don't know fully how to live and work and maintain our health and fitness in low gravity environments.

我們並不完全知道如何在低重力環境中生活和工作，並保持我們的健康和健身。

Our hearts shrink our muscles, degrade our bones with our away.

我們的心臟收縮了我們的肌肉，隨著我們的離開而退化了我們的骨骼。

We don't even know if fetuses in the womb can grow straight spines without Earth's gravity to go along with.

我們甚至不知道，如果沒有地球引力的配合，子宮裡的胎兒是否能長出筆直的脊柱。

That mars has about half of the sunlight that Earth does.

火星上的陽光大約是地球的一半。

And so anything that requires solar energy like solar power or photosynthesis is going to be so much less efficient.

是以，任何需要太陽能的東西，如太陽能或光合作用，其效率都會大大降低。

Mars occasionally experiences global dust storms.

火星偶爾會出現全球性的沙塵暴。

The dust on mars has been blowing for billions of years and it's not like dust or sand you might find in a desert, it's more like a fine talcum powder that gets everywhere and occasionally coats the entire planet, blocking out the sun.

火星上的灰塵已經吹了數十億年，它不像你在沙漠中發現的灰塵或沙子，它更像一種細小的滑石粉，到處都是，偶爾會覆蓋整個星球，擋住太陽。

For months.

幾個月來。

On end, mars is also cold.

最後，火星也很冷。

Really, really cold.

真的，真的很冷。

The average temperature on MArs is negative 81 F and it gets as low as negative 220 degrees Fahrenheit.

馬爾斯的平均溫度為負81華氏度，最低可達負220華氏度。

It's just a cold place, It's colder than the coldest places on earth.

這只是一個寒冷的地方，它比地球上最冷的地方還要冷。

And if that weren't enough, the soil on mars is full of toxic chemicals that have to be filtered out before.

如果這還不夠，火星上的土壤充滿了有毒的化學物質，必須在之前過濾掉。

You can use it as soil to grow crops or to breathe in or to just exist in.

你可以把它當作土壤來種植作物，或在其中呼吸，或只是在其中生存。

These are all the cons what are some of the pros of going to Mars?

這些都是缺點，去火星有什麼好處？

Why would we want to do that?

我們為什麼要這樣做呢？

Well, who doesn't like an adventure?

那麼，誰不喜歡冒險呢？

No, I'm serious.

不，我是認真的。

I'm serious adventure.

我是認真的冒險。

And exploration has been a part of humanity.

而探索一直是人類的一部分。

It's in our D.

它在我們的D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

It's it's something that defines our species.

這是它定義了我們這個物種的東西。

And going to MArs is simply the next step in a journey that we've been on for tens if not hundreds of thousands of years.

而去麻省理工學院只是我們幾萬年甚至幾十萬年來一直在進行的旅程中的下一個步驟。

And hey Mars can offer another home.

而且嘿嘿，火星可以提供另一個家。

If something catastrophic were to happen to the earth, we'd have a plan B.

如果地球發生災難性的事情，我們會有一個B計劃。

A.

A.

Planet B if you will.

B星球，如果你願意的話。

And hey, going along with that, Mars has lots of empty space free for the taking.

而且，隨著這一點，火星有很多空的空間可供利用。

No one has a claim on Mars, no one is already living there.

沒有人對火星有要求，沒有人已經在那裡生活。

So it gives us a chance to colonize, to explore, to build new cities and new civilizations, you know, without eliminating existing ones.

所以它給了我們一個機會去殖民，去探索，去建立新的城市和新的文明，你知道，在不消除現有文明的情況下。

And there's tons of science to be done on Mars, not just the history of the red planet, but the origins of Life Mars was once a potential home for life with liquid water and a thick atmosphere, but something stopped understanding what happened on MArs can help us understand the origins of life on the earth.

在火星上有大量的科學工作要做，不僅僅是紅色星球的歷史，還有生命的起源 火星曾經是一個潛在的生命家園，有液態水和厚厚的大氣層，但有些事情停止了，瞭解火星上發生的事情可以幫助我們瞭解地球上生命的起源。

And lastly, my favorite reason to go to MArs, lots and lots of red.

最後，我最喜歡去馬爾斯的原因，很多很多的紅色。

If you're a fan of the color red?

如果你是一個紅色的粉絲？

Well then this planet is for you.

那麼，這個星球是為你準備的。

That was very satisfying anyway.

無論如何，那是非常令人滿意的。

If mars is so terrible, why should we even bother going there, why don't we go to the moon, the moon is literally next door.

如果火星如此可怕，我們為什麼還要去那裡，我們為什麼不去月球，月球簡直就在隔壁。

It's only days away instead of months away.

這只是幾天的事，而不是幾個月的事。

There are some advantages to MArs over the moon for one it's bigger so it does have more gravity and it does have water, it's frozen but it still exists and is accessible among all the worlds in the solar system, Mars is the closest thing we have to Earth.

與月球相比，馬爾斯有一些優勢，一是它更大，所以它確實有更大的重力，而且它確實有水，它是冰凍的，但它仍然存在，而且在太陽系的所有世界中可以進入，火星是我們最接近地球的東西。

So to design our mission to MARS, let's go to the chalkboard, let's take a look at what a single mission to MARS would look like.

是以，為了設計我們前往MARS的任務，讓我們到黑板上看看，讓我們看看前往MARS的單一任務是什麼樣子的。

This is our solar system.

這就是我們的太陽系。

Well, kind of it's it's not exactly the scale but here in the center we have our Happy little sun and here we have the orbit of the Earth and the orbit of MArs.

嗯，有點它是它不完全的規模，但在這裡的中心，我們有我們快樂的小太陽，這裡我們有地球的軌道和馬爾斯的軌道。

If we want to get from Earth to MArs we have to do some very complicated orbital dynamics we need to rely on on noon Isaac Isaac.

如果我們想從地球到馬爾斯，我們必須做一些非常複雜的軌道動力學，我們需要依靠中午的艾薩克-艾薩克。

Okay, maybe he'll show up later actually figuring out and plotting these missions is incredibly difficult and that's because the Earth in its orbit is constantly moving and so is MARS at a different distance in a different speed.

好吧，也許他以後會出現實際上，計算和繪製這些任務是非常困難的，這是因為地球在其軌道上不斷移動，火星也在不同的距離以不同的速度移動。

So the most efficient way to get to MArs is to wait for conjunctions when our planets aligned to sketch out a mission here, let's say we're on the Earth and we want to send a mission to Mars but when we're in conjunction by the time the mission actually gets to Mars it's not gonna be here, it's gonna be way up here.

是以，最有效的方法是等待我們的行星排列時的合相，在這裡勾勒出一個任務，假設我們在地球上，我們想向火星派遣一個任務，但當我們合相時，當任務真正到達火星時，它不會在這裡，它將在這裡的路上。

So mars it's gonna be here in its orbit.

所以火星它將會在這裡的軌道上。

So our trajectory from Earth to MArs will look Like this and with chemical rockets that will take about 180 days in a weightless environment.

是以，我們從地球到馬爾斯的軌跡將是這樣的，用化學火箭在失重環境下需要大約180天。

Just to get to Mars now you get on Mars, you land, you poke around, you scare all the Martians, you do your normal Martian business there and you want to get back to earth.

現在只是為了去火星，你上了火星，你著陸，你四處打探，你嚇唬所有的火星人，你在那裡做你正常的火星業務，你想回到地球。

Well guess what?

你猜怎麼著？

You're not in conjunction anymore.

你不再是聯合體了。

You have to wait, you have to wait for the planets to align again.

你必須等待，你必須等待行星再次排列。

So you have to wait on MArs as it continues its year before everything lines up again and only then can you return to the Earth?

所以你必須在MARS上等待，因為它在繼續它的一年，然後一切都會重新排列，只有這樣你才能返回地球？

And guess what?

你猜怎麼著？

It's another long trip.

這又是一次長途旅行。

When you launch from MArs here, the Earth is not gonna be in conjunction anymore.

當你從馬爾斯這裡發射時，地球就不會再結合了。

You have to travel another 180 days to intersect and safely returned to Earth.

你必須再行駛180天才能交匯並安全返回地球。

This is one of the most energy efficient missions to MArs and the entire mission duration is two years.

這是到MARS的最節能的任務之一，整個任務時間為兩年。

That's longer than any mission we have ever had in space before and that's just a single mission to build a colony of permanent human presence.

這比我們以前在太空中的任何任務都要長，而這只是一個建立人類永久存在的殖民地的單一任務。

We need tens, hundreds, thousands of missions to the red planet.

我們需要幾十、幾百、幾千次前往紅色星球的任務。

We're gonna have to bring a lot of stuff, I mean, oh boy think about all the things that you surround yourself with in your daily life, like air, we're gonna have to bring our own air to MArs or figure out how to make it there.

我們要帶很多東西，我的意思是，哦，孩子，想想你在日常生活中圍繞著你的所有東西，比如空氣，我們要把我們自己的空氣帶到馬爾斯，或者想辦法把它弄到那裡。

We're gonna need communications gear so we can talk to each other and call back to home.

我們需要通訊設備，以便我們可以互相交談，並打電話回家。

We're gonna need a mode of transportation, not just to get to MArs, but to move around on MArs to explore.

我們將需要一種交通方式，不僅是為了去MARS，而且是為了在MARS上移動探索。

We're gonna need storage, we need like grain silos.

我們會需要儲存，我們需要像糧倉一樣的儲存。

Is their grain on mars?

他們的穀物在火星上嗎？

No, there's not grain on MArs, but we're gonna need silos for something.

不，馬爾斯上沒有穀物，但我們需要筒倉來做一些事情。

Eventually we need food.

最終我們需要食物。

We're gonna have to either bring food from earth or figure out how to grow it on martian soil.

我們要麼從地球上帶來食物，要麼想辦法在火星土壤上種植食物。

We're gonna have to figure out how to extract resources from MArs.

我們得想辦法從馬斯克那裡提取資源。

We need to turn that martian Regulus into walls and ceilings and toilets and stuff.

我們需要把火星上的軒轅劍變成牆壁、天花板和廁所什麼的。

All sorts of stuff.

各種各樣的東西。

We need utilities, we need plumbing and electrical conduits, we need ethernet cables in, and cell phone transmitters, We need fuel to power everything, we need water and yeah, there's plenty of water, but it's frozen.

我們需要公用設施，我們需要水管和電線管，我們需要以太網電纜，以及手機發射器，我們需要燃料為一切提供動力，我們需要水，是的，有很多水，但它被凍結了。

So, you know, we need to heat it up first.

所以，你知道，我們需要先把它加熱。

We need habitats, we need a place to live, we need a room and a dining room and maybe even a foyer, but we need all this stuff.

我們需要棲息地，我們需要一個住處，我們需要一個房間和一個餐廳，甚至可能是一個門廳，但我們需要所有這些東西。

We've begun to solve some of these challenges.

我們已經開始解決其中的一些挑戰。

We've started thinking about how to knock some of these items off the list so that we can build up a permanent human presence.

我們已經開始考慮如何將其中一些項目從清單上敲掉，以便我們能夠建立一個永久性的人類存在。

And one very interesting idea relies on something called the Sabatier process named after a french chemist.

還有一個非常有趣的想法，就是依靠以一位法國化學家的名字命名的薩巴蒂爾工藝。

Did I say the newton process?

我說過牛頓過程嗎？

No I didn't.

不，我沒有。

Isaac you're late.

艾薩克，你遲到了。

You were supposed to be on the other side.

你本該在另一邊的。

Thank you.

謝謝你。

We're gonna talk later.

我們以後再談。

Okay.

好的。

Anyway the Sabatier process, let me show you.

總之薩巴蒂爾過程，讓我給你看看。

It's a very simple chemical reaction where if you take carbon dioxide which mars has plenty of carbon dioxide that's for sure.

這是一個非常簡單的化學反應，如果你採取二氧化碳，火星有大量的二氧化碳，這是肯定的。

And you add some hydrogen which we can take along with us is a relatively easy to transport fuel.

而你加入一些我們可以隨身攜帶的氫氣，是一種相對容易運輸的燃料。

Put it under a lot of pressure at some high temperatures.

在一些高溫下將其置於很大的壓力之下。

You get methane which is a fuel and as a bonus some water.

你會得到甲烷，這是一種燃料，作為獎勵，還有一些水。

So one chemical reaction can transform something that's already present on MARS into a source of fuel and water.

是以，一個化學反應可以將火星上已經存在的東西轉化為燃料和水的來源。

That's not so bad.

這還不算太糟。

This doesn't solve all the problems but but it does start to chip away at them.

這並不能解決所有的問題，但它確實開始在這些問題上有所突破。

But to dig into the technology that we are developing today to build a human colony on MARS, we're going to need to talk to an expert.

但要挖掘我們今天正在開發的在MARS上建立人類殖民地的技術，我們需要和專家談談。

My name is eric Berger.

我的名字是埃裡克-伯傑。

I'm the senior Space editor.

我是高級空間編輯。

Ars Technica and author of a recent book called lift off about the origins of SpaceX.

Ars Technica和最近一本關於SpaceX公司起源的《升空》的作者。

So what are the next steps that we need in technology and engineering and understanding to enable a MARS mission could we do it tomorrow if we wanted to, you could do it tomorrow if you didn't mind if the astronauts died.

那麼，在技術、工程和理解方面，我們需要的下一步是什麼，以實現MARS任務，如果我們想的話，明天就可以做，如果你不介意太空人的死亡，你明天就可以做。

Um, but if you wanted them to live, we could not do it tomorrow.

嗯，但如果你想讓他們活著，我們明天就不能這樣做。

When you think about it.

當你考慮到這一點。

Really.

真的。

The first step towards going to MARS is the transportation system.

去MARS的第一步是交通系統。

You need a way to get 468 or more people off of the planet Earth to survive a six month journey to MARS and then to get them safely down on the surface of MARS and if you want to bring them back, you've got to figure out how to launch a rocket from MARS rendezvous with maybe a spacecraft in MArs orbit and then come back to Earth and then land on Earth.

你需要一種方法讓468個或更多的人離開地球，在前往MARS的六個月旅程中生存下來，然後讓他們安全地降落在MARS的表面，如果你想把他們帶回來，你必須想辦法從MARS發射火箭與也許在MARS軌道上的航天器會合，然後回到地球，然後在地球上降落。

We've never sent a really large spacecraft on MARS.

我們從來沒有在火星上發送過真正的大型航天器。

Obviously the biggest one is about a metric ton and we would need to land something another 20 to 30 tons on surface of MARS.

顯然，最大的一個約為一公噸，我們將需要在火星表面再降落20至30噸的東西。

So you really need to solve the transportation system problem first and we don't have that.

所以你真的需要首先解決運輸系統的問題，而我們沒有這個能力。

Nasa doesn't have that, No one really has that.

美國國家航空航天局沒有，沒有人真正有這個能力。

What about landing on MARS?

在火星上登陸呢？

You know, we've developed all sorts of interesting contraptions.

你知道，我們已經開發了各種有趣的裝置。

Like there was the giant bouncing ball there, The sky cranes.

就像那裡有巨大的彈跳球，天空中的起重機。

How do we land a, like you said, a multi ton vehicle on the surface of MARS, what kind of of technology do we need to develop?

我們如何在火星表面登陸，就像你說的，一個多噸的飛行器，我們需要開發什麼樣的技術？

The key technology is propulsive landing.

關鍵技術是推進式著陸。

So we've never really done that on Earth when the space shuttle came back to Earth, it was a glider when our capsules come back to Earth?

所以我們在地球上從來沒有真正做過，當航天飛機回到地球時，我們的太空艙回到地球時是滑翔機？

They're under parachutes, we launch under propulsion but we don't really land under propulsion.

他們在降落傘下，我們在推進力下發射，但我們並沒有真正在推進力下降落。

MaRS has a much thinner atmosphere obviously.

MaRS的氣氛顯然要稀薄得多。

And so to flow down such a large, massive spacecraft coming to MArs, you need some kind of propulsive landing technology and that's probably some kind of thruster, but it's very much sort of theoretical and not actually real in your estimation.

是以，要流下這樣一個大型的、巨大的航天器來到馬爾斯，你需要某種推進式著陸技術，這可能是某種推進器，但它在很大程度上是一種理論，在你的估計中實際上並不真實。

And this is just your personal eric berger take how long until the first human steps foot on MArs.

而這只是你個人的Eric Berger，要到什麼時候才會有第一個人類踏上馬爾斯。

So I'm 48 years old paul and I love nothing more than to see humans walk on MArs in my lifetime.

我今年48歲，保羅，我最喜歡的是在我的有生之年看到人類在馬爾斯上行走。

It's just a technological leap with the existing rocket technology we have, it's a half trillion dollar mission at least.

以我們現有的火箭技術，這只是一個技術上的飛躍，這至少是一個5萬億美元的任務。

And it requires decades sort of work to build up to it.

而這需要幾十年的工作來建立起來。

You know, realistically, I think even SpaceX, you know, we just talked about sending humans to MARS in the 20 twenty's.

你知道，現實地說，我認為即使是SpaceX，你知道，我們剛剛談到在20世紀20年代將人類送往火星。

I don't see that as viable, but you know, within 10 to 15 years.

我不認為那是可行的，但你知道，在10到15年內。

Alright, alright, let's fast forward a couple of decades into the future.

好吧，好吧，讓我們快進到未來幾十年。

You're playing with your grandkids, you're you're watching the tv, you're watching that that this MArs mission play out.

你在和你的孫子玩，你在看電視，你在看這個MARS任務的進行。

What does it look like?

它看起來像什麼？

Step by step?

一步一步來？

How many launches does it take to get the required equipment into orbit and on mars, just what does that whole scenario look like?

需要多少次發射才能將所需的設備送入軌道並送上火星，只是整個情況是怎樣的？

So we went to the moon with the Saturn five rocket and that rocket was just big and burly enough to carry everything we needed to set several tons down on the surface of the moon and get two astronauts there and back.

是以，我們用土星五號火箭去了月球，那枚火箭足夠大，足夠粗壯，可以攜帶我們所需要的一切，把幾噸重的東西放在月球表面，把兩名太空人送到那裡，然後再回來。

A single rocket ain't gonna do it for MArs.

一枚火箭無法滿足馬斯克的要求。

So even if you have some of the most powerful rocket that Nasa is building, which would be the block two variant of the SLS rocket, you probably need 6 to 8 of those launches to not just establish your your ship that's going to go to MArs but to fuel it.

是以，即使你有一些Nasa正在建造的最強大的火箭，這將是SLS火箭的第二塊變體，你可能需要6到8次這樣的發射，不僅僅是建立你的飛船，要去馬爾斯，而且要為它提供燃料。

That's kind of like why when Elon musk or Jeff Bezos or relativity or these other companies, Their plans sort of incorporate reused from the beginning because you're gonna have lots of launches to do this.

這有點像為什麼當埃隆-馬斯克或傑夫-貝佐斯或相對論或這些其他公司，他們的計劃有點像從一開始就納入重複使用，因為你會有很多發射來做這個。

And if you're spending, you know, so much money launching, expendable rocket, you just can't afford to go anywhere.

如果你花了，你知道，這麼多錢發射，消耗性火箭，你只是不能去任何地方。

Let's fast forward even a few more decades because we do want want to push the edge here and look at MArs colonization.

讓我們再快進幾十年，因為我們確實想在這裡推陳出新，看看馬爾斯的殖民化。

It's certainly plausible that the first mission to MARS will be you go when you come back, what would it take to set up a semi permanent status where there's a rotating crews in and out like the international space station, like our deep antarctic research stations.

到MARS的第一個任務當然是你去你就回來，那要怎樣才能建立一個半永久性的狀態，像國際空間站那樣有一個輪流的工作人員進出，就像我們的南極深部研究站那樣。

What kind of infrastructure would it take to get there?

需要什麼樣的基礎設施才能到達那裡？

I actually had an interesting conversation with Elon musk about this.

實際上，我與埃隆-馬斯克就此事進行了一次有趣的對話。

The question was, what would it take to build a self sustaining settlement on the surface of MArs, it would take one million metric tons of stuff propelling the three D printers to stock for the three D printers, food agriculture, domes, wherever you're going to live, all of it.

問題是，在馬爾斯表面建立一個自我維持的定居點需要什麼，需要一百萬公噸的東西來推動三個D型打印機的庫存，糧食農業，圓頂，無論你要住在哪裡，所有的東西。