Elon musk's brain chip company recently pushed back on claims that it violated animal welfare laws a few years ago, while testing on monkeys this year, the company plans to test on human subjects.

埃隆-馬斯克的大腦芯片公司最近對幾年前違反動物福利法的說法進行了反駁，而今年在猴子身上進行的測試，該公司計劃在人類身上進行測試。

But when it does, what would this major step mean for brain implant?

但當它出現時，這一重大步驟對大腦植入意味著什麼？

Science, academics like me have conducted clinical trials in people with brain implants.

科學，像我這樣的學者已經在腦部植入的人身上進行了臨床試驗。

Dr paul.

鮑爾博士。

New education is a professor of bioengineering and neurosurgery.

新教育是生物工程和神經外科的教授。

He directs the brain interfacing laboratory at stanford For about 20 years now.

他在斯坦福大學指導大腦界面實驗室的工作，至今已有20年。

Academic research brain implants up until this point more or less, have almost exclusively been with wires.

學術研究的大腦植入物到目前為止或多或少，幾乎都是用電線。

The difference that the N1 has that it's fully implantable, it is battery powered, it is wireless.

N1的不同之處在於它是完全可植入的，它是電池供電的，是無線的。

All of this is being done over Bluetooth protocol.

所有這些都是通過藍牙協議進行的。

Let's dive into the science behind neuralink to understand how exactly human brain chips work.

讓我們深入研究neuralink背後的科學，瞭解人類大腦芯片究竟是如何工作的。

The science behind how these implants work is not that different from how you would go about trying to measure the energy from a double A battery.

這些植入物工作的科學原理與你試圖測量雙A電池的能量沒有什麼不同。

It's the same principle that we're doing with these brain implants.

這與我們對這些大腦植入物所做的原理相同。

This is called neural electro physiological recording.

這被稱為神經電生理記錄。

When you move your arm to the right, certain sets of neurons are activated in a certain pattern, listening in to that activity and that pattern, you can predict very quickly which direction the arm is going to move.

當你向右移動你的手臂時，某些神經元組以某種模式被激活，傾聽這種活動和這種模式，你可以非常迅速地預測手臂將向哪個方向移動。

These are the neurons that are directly wired to your muscle unless that pathway from the brain to the spinal cord to the muscle is damaged the way it is.

這些是直接連接到你的肌肉的神經元，除非從大腦到脊髓到肌肉的那條通路被損壞的方式。

In patients with paralysis, the pathway is damaged.

在癱瘓的病人中，該通路被損壞。

Then the neural signals the signals from the brain aren't going to get down to move the muscles.

那麼神經信號，來自大腦的信號就無法下達，無法移動肌肉。

But in many cases the signals are still present in the brain, they're just not getting out.

但在許多情況下，信號仍然存在於大腦中，只是沒有傳出去。

So if you reach in and put something that listens in to those neurons and you know what's happening to the muscle and that's the goal of a brain implant.

是以，如果你伸手進去，放一個能聽懂這些神經元的東西，你就知道肌肉發生了什麼，這就是大腦植入的目標。

Now, let's look at a timeline of brain interface breakthroughs.

現在，讓我們來看看大腦界面突破的時間線。

Over the years, scholars have long been interested in how the brain works.

多年來，學者們長期以來一直對大腦的工作方式感興趣。

So it's important to view these new developments at neuralink as a culmination of breakthroughs by brain machine interface researchers, especially in the last few decades.

是以，重要的是要把neuralink的這些新發展看作是腦機接口研究人員突破的高潮，特別是在過去幾十年中。

For example, In 2002, the first demonstration of real time cursor control in monkeys took place 2008, a monkey controlling a robotic arm in three dimensions, Fed itself 2012.

例如，在2002年，第一次在猴子身上進行實時遊標控制的演示 2008年，一隻猴子在三維空間中控制一個機械臂，美聯儲自己 2012。

The first brain controlled robotic arm by a human, 2017, a human controlled a cursor mentally to type out words and sentences.

第一個由人類大腦控制的機械臂，2017年，人類用精神控制遊標，打出單詞和句子。

Dr.

博士。

Jochen was part of this study as well as the one in 2018 where a human subject mentally controlled a tablet to do things like Browse the web, send emails and play games or music.

約亨是這項研究的一部分，也是2018年研究的一部分，在這項研究中，人類受試者在精神上控制平板電腦做一些事情，如瀏覽網頁、發送電子郵件和玩遊戲或音樂。

All that's been done with a couple of 100 electrodes.

所有這些都是用幾個100個電極完成的。

But in 2019 neuralink, a private company changed the game when it unveiled a pig named Gertrude with a wireless implant that monitored about 1000 neurons.

但在2019年，一傢俬人公司neuralink改變了遊戲規則，它推出了一隻名為Gertrude的豬，它的無線植入物可以監測大約1000個神經元。

The neurons are like wiring.

神經元就像佈線一樣。

Um and you kind of need an electronic thing to solve an electronic problem.

嗯，你需要一個電子的東西來解決一個電子問題。

That was a very interesting moment because its signal to the community that they're serious.

那是一個非常有趣的時刻，因為它向社會發出的信號是他們是認真的。

They're investing their building hardware from scratch and they're putting it in large animals for the pig.

他們從頭開始投資他們的建築硬件，並把它放在大型動物的豬身上。

The electrodes were implanted in somatosensory cortex allowing them to measure sensory activity like that of taking a step every time that that particular neuron they were listening to fired.

電極被植入體感皮層，使他們能夠測量感覺活動，如每次他們所聽的那個特定神經元啟動時的邁步情況。

You would hear this little pop or click from the audio channel.

你會聽到來自音頻通道的這種小的彈出或點擊聲。

And so the moment I heard it right, it's like, oh yeah hold they got neurons, you just recognize it instantly.

是以，當我聽到它的那一刻，就像，哦，是的，持有他們得到了神經元，你只是立即認出它。

You know what neurons sound like if you've been listening to them for decades and that's what they were communicating, right?

如果你聽了幾十年的神經元，你知道神經元聽起來是什麼樣子的，這就是他們的交流，對嗎？

They were they were telling the field we've got neurons pay attention and overnight it seemed the industry took notice.

他們是在告訴這個領域，我們必須注意，一夜之間，這個行業似乎注意到了。

Then in april of 2021 neuralink released the so called mind pong.

然後在2021年4月，neuralink公司發佈了所謂的 "頭腦風暴"。

Video pager was the name so Rhesus macaque, which is the type of monkey that is very commonly used in this field implanted with two of the N.

視頻尋呼機的名字是這樣的 恆河猴，這是在這個領域非常常用的猴子類型，植入了兩個N。

One devices, the neuralink devices performing brain control of a cursor on the screen.

一個設備，神經鏈接設備執行大腦對螢幕上游標的控制。

That's extremely significant because here neuralink is showing their new hardware, their new device in their hands.

這是極其重要的，因為在這裡neuralink正在展示他們的新硬件，他們手中的新設備。

Works in a monkey.

在一個猴子裡工作。

That's the level that's necessary to convince the scientific community to convince the FDA that you're ready to go into human clinical trials.

這是說服科學界的必要水準，以說服食品和藥物管理局，你已經準備好進入人體臨床試驗。

That's the evidence the FDA is looking for the recording power of the N.

這就是美國食品和藥物管理局正在尋找的N的記錄能力的證據。

One device and pager was eye opening because of the sheer number of individual electrodes that had been implanted.

一個設備和呼叫器讓人大開眼界，因為被植入的單個電極數量太多。

There was definitely a lot of clever engineering that went into that to build a device that can transmit 2048 electrodes worth of spiking information of digital ones and zeroes of spikes over a radio wirelessly.

這裡面肯定有很多聰明的工程，以建立一個可以通過無線方式傳輸2048個電極的數字1和0的尖峰資訊的設備。

And when you have that many channels, the performance that you should be able to get should eclipse what we've been able to do in the academic field.

當你有這麼多的管道時，你應該能夠得到的表現應該使我們在學術領域所能做到的事情黯然失色。

You know?

你知道嗎？

The maximum number of electrodes I've ever recorded from is 2 to 300.

我曾經記錄過的最多的電極數量是2到300。

So with all those electrodes, how does a device like the N.

那麼，有了所有這些電極，像N.A.這樣的設備是如何做到的？

One get implanted in the subject's brain?

一個被植入受試者的大腦中？

Make no mistake.

不要搞錯了。

This is neurosurgery.

這就是神經外科。

It is not a joke.

這不是一個玩笑。

This requires cutting the skin, getting down to skull, drilling a hole in the skull, exposing what's called the dura which is this protective layer of tissue that surrounds the brain, cutting the dura, folding it back to expose the brain.

這需要切開皮膚，深入到頭骨，在頭骨上鑽一個洞，露出所謂的硬腦膜，也就是圍繞大腦的這層保護性組織，切開硬腦膜，將其折回，露出大腦。

And then you get to the surface of the brain where you can implant the electrodes.

然後你到了大腦的表面，在那裡你可以植入電極。

The biggest risks with these types of techniques are infection bleeding and tissue damage.

這些類型的技術的最大風險是感染出血和組織損傷。

So what would it take for the FDA to approve clinical trials in humans?

那麼，美國食品和藥物管理局要怎樣才能準許人類的臨床試驗？

The neuralink device are called Class three medical devices they are implantable and they're going into very sensitive body cavities.

神經鏈接設備被稱為第三類醫療設備，它們是可植入的，它們將進入非常敏感的體腔。

That is the highest level of scrutiny that the F.

這是聯邦調查局的最高級別審查。

D.

D.

A.

A.

Signs to medical devices.

對醫療設備的標誌。

They don't have a predecessor.

他們沒有前任。

There's no previous example that's approved.

沒有以前的例子是被認可的。

And so very appropriately they got a high bar they have to cross in order to get it approved.

是以，他們非常恰當地得到了一個必須跨越的高標準，以使其獲得準許。

So what neuralink has to do next is prepare a very long and technical document with all the evidence from animal studies that their device is safe and effective.

是以，neuralink接下來要做的是準備一份非常長的技術文件，其中包括所有來自動物研究的證據，證明他們的設備是安全和有效的。

This document is submitted to the FADA who has 90 days to review and give them an answer.

這份文件被提交給FADA，FADA有90天的時間來審查並給他們答覆。

If the FDA says yes then they're clinical trial is approved and neuralink can enroll and recruit human participants were on the cusp of a complete paradigm shift.

如果美國食品和藥物管理局說 "是"，那麼他們的臨床試驗就會被準許，而neuralink就可以招募人類參與者，這是一個完全範式轉變的邊緣。

This type of technology has the potential to transform our treatments not just for stroke and paralysis and degenerative disease?

這種類型的技術有可能改變我們的治療方法，不僅僅是對中風和癱瘓以及退行性疾病的治療？

Motor degenerative diseases but also for pretty much every other type of brain disease.

運動性退行性疾病，但也適用於幾乎所有其他類型的大腦疾病。

From Parkinson's epilepsy to dementia, Alzheimer's and even psychiatric disease.

從帕金森氏癲癇到痴呆症、阿爾茨海默氏症，甚至精神病。

Seeing neuralink and the other companies in this space start an industry around neuro engineering.

看到neuralink和這個領域的其他公司圍繞神經工程開始了一個產業。

Brain machine interfaces, neuro prosthetics has been a tremendous amount of validation for neuroscientists and engineers who have been working in this space for decades.

腦機接口、神經假肢對在這一領域工作了幾十年的神經科學家和工程師來說是一個巨大的驗證。

How much happier could the scientific community be than to give birth to an industry?

科學界還有什麼比誕生一個產業更高興的呢？

So will this industry someday lead to the creation of cyborg humans with superhuman intelligence.

那麼，這個行業是否有朝一日會導致創造出具有超人智慧的機械人。

There's all sorts of wild speculation in our field.

在我們的領域有各種瘋狂的猜測。

I think science fiction is wonderful at telling very creative and captivating stories about all sorts of things, including including brain machine interfaces.

我認為科幻小說在講述關於各種事物的非常有創意和吸引人的故事方面非常棒，包括包括腦機接口。

The reality is we are in such early stages of this space, right, where we are just barely able to record from neurons that control muscles and try to interpret something meaningful information out of that.

現實情況是，我們處於這一領域的早期階段，對，我們只是勉強能夠從控制肌肉的神經元中進行記錄，並試圖從中解釋一些有意義的資訊。

We're going to be in that space for decades.

我們將在這個空間裡待上幾十年。

That's where I will focus.

這就是我將關注的地方。

Much of my career, is understanding what's going on with these neurons and the circuits that they are working on.

我職業生涯的大部分時間，是瞭解這些神經元和它們所工作的電路是怎麼回事。

And that's where the last 15 years of my work has been.

而這就是我過去15年的工作所在。

And the coming several decades of my work will focus in on this space because that's going to be the forefront of neuroscience.

而我未來幾十年的工作將集中在這個領域，因為這將是神經科學的最前沿。

The rest I think it's fun to think about, but I don't see how that's going to be in the foreseeable future.

其餘的我認為思考起來很有趣，但我不認為在可預見的未來會有這樣的情況。