So, this is not true.

所以，這是不正確的。

"The bigger the brain, the smarter the creature."

"大腦越大，生物就越聰明"。

[laughing]

[笑聲]

Size doesn't matter.

大小並不重要。

"You can't prevent a stroke."

"你無法預防中風"。

No.

沒有。

No, that's not true.

不，這不是真的。

That's very not true, actually.

事實上，這很不真實。

Hi, I'm Dr. Santoshi Billakota.

你好，我是桑托斯-比拉科塔博士。

I'm a clinical assistant professor in neurology

我是一名神經病學的臨床助理教授

at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine.

在紐約大學格羅斯曼醫學院。

I'm Dr. Brad Kamitaki.

我是布拉德-卡米塔基博士。

I'm a neurologist and assistant professor

我是一名神經病學專家和助理教授

at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.

在羅格斯大學羅伯特-伍德約翰遜醫學院。

And today we'll be debunking myths about the human brain.

而今天我們將揭穿關於人類大腦的神話。

"The bigger the brain, the smarter the creature."

"大腦越大，生物就越聰明"。

[laughing]

[笑聲]

Size actually does not matter when it comes to the brain,

當涉及到大腦時，大小實際上並不重要。

because there are creatures out there

因為有生物在那裡

with bigger brains than us, but probably not as complex.

擁有比我們更大的大腦，但可能沒有那麼複雜。

Your brain is really determined

你的大腦真的很堅定

by your body proportion, right?

通過你的身體比例，對嗎？

So when you think of, like, a big brown bear

是以，當你想到，比如，一隻大棕熊

that's way bigger than us,

這比我們大得多。

their brain is going to be bigger,

他們的大腦將變得更大。

but that doesn't necessarily mean

但這並不一定意味著

that they are smarter than us.

他們比我們更聰明。

We don't know that for sure

我們並不確定

because it hasn't been fully studied,

因為它還沒有被充分研究。

but we've seen that in instances such as chimpanzees.

但我們已經在黑猩猩等實例中看到了這一點。

They do have smaller brains, but we do know for a fact

他們的大腦確實比較小，但我們確實知道一個事實

that chimpanzees are probably as smart as we are.

黑猩猩可能和我們一樣聰明。

Certainly it's not the size of the brain that matters,

當然，重要的不是大腦的大小。

but probably how complex it is

但可能是它有多複雜

and how well developed certain areas are.

以及某些地區的發展程度。

Certain areas in humans are,

人類的某些領域是。

for example, our language centers

例如，我們的語言中心

are just much more developed than a cow

只是比牛要發達得多

or a bear, things like that. Billakota: Even a chimpanzee.

或一隻熊，諸如此類的事情。比拉科塔。甚至是黑猩猩。

Yeah. That's important in determining intelligence

是的。這在確定情報方面是很重要的

rather than the size itself.

而不是尺寸本身。

And also, how do we measure intelligence?

還有，我們如何衡量智力？

That also becomes tricky,

這也變得很棘手。

because not everyone is intelligent in the same way.

因為不是每個人都有同樣的智慧。

Noncognitive factors also play a role.

非認知因素也發揮了作用。

Like, what's your social intelligence?

比如，你的社會智能是什麼？

What's your emotional intelligence?

你的情商是多少？

All of that, I think, is very complex

所有這些，我認為是非常複雜的

and really difficult to measure.

而且真的很難測量。

"IQ tests are always an accurate measure of intelligence."

"智商測試總是對智力的準確衡量。"

So, this is false.

所以，這是假的。

There's so much that goes into intelligence.

有這麼多的事情需要用到情報。

Normal intelligence tests might measure things

正常的智力測試可能會測量一些東西

like executive function or planning,

如執行功能或計劃。

verbal skills, reading skills, things like that,

言語能力、閱讀能力，諸如此類的東西。

but it's only an approximation of what you can do

但這只是你能做到的一個近似值

and highly influenced by the conditions of the test,

並且受測試條件的影響很大。

how you're feeling at the time of the test,

你在測試時的感覺如何。

your educational level.

你的教育水準。

It would be nice to say that there's one test or one way

如果說有一個測試或一種方法就好了

that we can determine how intelligent someone is,

我們可以確定一個人有多聰明。

but there's so much that goes into intelligence

但有這麼多的事情需要用到智力上

that one test or even multiple different tests

那一個測試或甚至多個不同的測試

can't measure that very well.

不能很好地測量。

So, the popular IQ test was developed in the early 1900s,

所以，流行的智商測試是在20世紀初開發的。

and it was a way to determine

而這是一種確定

which French students were cognitively delayed

其中法國學生在認知上有延遲的現象

so we could offer them better resources.

所以我們可以為他們提供更好的資源。

That got adopted in America at Stanford.

這在美國的斯坦福大學得到了採納。

But for all the reasons Brad laid out,

但由於布拉德提出的所有原因。

it doesn't take all of those things into account.

它沒有考慮到所有這些事情。

So I think although it is nice to say,

所以我認為雖然說得很好。

"Hey, I am smart, I did well on an IQ test,"

"嘿，我很聰明，我在智商測試中表現不錯。"

I really don't think that means too much.

我真的不認為這意味著太多。

Neither of us were born being doctors, right?

我們兩個人都不是天生的醫生，對嗎？

We had to learn and develop those skills

我們必須學習和發展這些技能

under many years of training.

在多年的訓練下。

I think that education is the best way

我認為，教育是最好的方式

to kind of make that happen, education very broadly.

以實現這一目標，教育非常廣泛。

That might not necessarily be school for everyone.

這可能不一定是每個人的學校。

Definitely some people are savants.

肯定有些人是救世主。

Some people are prodigies.

有些人是神童。

It's really hard to say what determines that.

真的很難說是什麼決定了這一點。

They might be better at certain things

他們可能在某些方面做得更好

but not necessarily good at others.

但不一定擅長其他。

We're all individuals. We all have different talents

我們都是個體。我們都有不同的天賦

and different aptitudes for different things.

以及對不同事物的不同本領。

So IQ tests just kind of measure your intelligence

是以，智商測試只是一種測量你的智力

in that one specific area,

在這一特定領域。

not how overall intelligent you are.

而不是你的整體智慧如何。

"We only use 10% of our brains."

"我們只用了10%的大腦"。

So, this is not true.

所以，這是不正確的。

We actually use all of our brain.

我們實際上使用了我們所有的大腦。

Not all of the time, but most of the time,

不是所有的時間，而是大多數時間。

we're using some percentage of our brain.

我們正在使用我們大腦的某些百分比。

This myth came into fruition

這個神話成了現實

I think in the early 1800s

我認為在19世紀初

where people were trying to figure out

在那裡，人們正試圖弄清楚

why injuring different parts of the brain

為什麼傷害大腦的不同部分

caused disabilities in people.

造成人們的殘疾。

So a bunch of psychologists came up with a theory

所以一群心理學家提出了一個理論

that we only use about 10% of our brains

我們只用了大約10%的大腦

versus people who are smarter, who use more.

與那些更聰明的人相比，他們使用更多。

Now we simply know that that is not the case.

現在我們簡單地知道，情況並非如此。

We know that because we have something called a PET/MRI

我們知道，因為我們有一個叫做PET/MRI的東西。

and a functional MRI study.

和功能MRI研究。

Kamitaki: We have the frontal lobe, which we use

上瀧：我們有額葉，我們使用它

for a lot of different purposes,

用於許多不同的目的。

motor function, language function,

運動功能，語言功能。

executive functioning, or planning activities.

執行功能，或計劃活動。

Behind that, our parietal lobe, here,

在這後面，是我們的頂葉，這裡。

which is our sensory cortex.

這就是我們的感覺皮層。

In the back of the brain, we have the occipital lobe,

在大腦的後面，我們有枕葉。

which is our visual processing center.

這就是我們的視覺處理中心。

And then here on the side,

然後在這裡的側面。

we have the temporal lobe, which is involved

我們有顳葉，它參與了

in memory, language comprehension, on the left side.

在記憶、語言理解方面，在左側。

Billakota: So to give you an example,

比拉科塔。所以給你舉個例子。

if you are reading something, you're going to be

如果你正在閱讀一些東西，你將會是

using your temporal lobes for comprehension.

用你的顳葉來理解。

You're going to be using your frontal lobes

你將會使用你的額葉

for comprehension. You'll also be using

用於理解。你還將使用

the back of your head, where your visual cortex sits,

你的後腦勺，你的視覺皮層就在那裡。

because that's where information from your eyeballs travel

因為那是來自你的眼球的資訊傳播的地方

and your body kind of makes sense of it that way.

而你的身體也會以這種方式來理解它。

Kamitaki: And then also, if we take the brain apart

上瀧：然後，如果我們把大腦拆開，也是如此

a little bit, we have our brain stem over here,

有一點，我們的腦幹在這裡。

which is kind of our lizard brain.

這有點像我們的蜥蜴腦。

It's our primitive brain that controls things

是我們的原始大腦在控制事物

like level of arousal, breathing, respirations,

如喚醒的程度、呼吸、呼吸聲。

heart rate, blood pressure.

心率、血壓。

We have some deep motor functions here in the brain as well.

我們的大腦中也有一些深層運動功能。

Another part of the brain that we have

我們的大腦的另一個部分

is our cerebellum, kind of on the bottom,

是我們的小腦，有點像在底部。

which is also involved in motor control and motor planning.

它也參與了運動控制和運動計劃。

In doing one task,

在做一項任務時。

you could be using multiple parts of your brain,

你可能在使用你大腦的多個部分。

but you're not using everything at the same time.

但你不是同時使用所有東西。

"Video games rot your brain."

"電子遊戲會腐蝕你的大腦"。

So, this is a myth.

所以，這是一個神話。

Video games in and of themselves

電子遊戲本身

don't actually rot your brain.

實際上不會使你的大腦腐爛。

That's something that I definitely heard a lot

這是我肯定經常聽到的事情。

when I was younger from my grandma and my mom.

當我年輕的時候，我從我的祖母和我的母親那裡得到的。

Billakota: A lot of our literature

比拉科塔。我們的很多文獻

has shown that video games,

已經表明，視頻遊戲。

especially the ones that focus on team building,

特別是那些專注於團隊建設的。

on solving riddles, solving puzzles,

在解開謎語，解決難題上。

building strategy, are actually pretty good for you.

建設戰略，實際上對你很有好處。

They actually do build up those centers of your brain,

它們實際上是在建立你的大腦的那些中心。

especially when you're a child.

特別是當你是個孩子的時候。

You know, games can be used for other purposes.

你知道，遊戲可以用於其他目的。

For example, our colleagues in surgery,

例如，我們在外科的同事。

when they do scopes, they practice those skills

當他們在做窺視時，他們會練習這些技能

with things like video-game simulators.

與像視頻遊戲模擬器一樣的東西。

Looking at the trials,

看一下試驗。

no one has actually defined what too much video games is.

沒有人真正定義過多的電子遊戲是什麼。

Every literature study that I've looked at

我所看的每個文獻研究

quotes between 12 hours to 90 hours a week is OK.

每週12小時到90小時之間的報價是可以的。

I feel like 90 hours might be a little excessive.

我覺得90個小時可能有點過分。

But I think in reality, the bigger signs

但我認為在現實中，更大的標誌是

of someone withdrawing from social activities

的人退出社會活動

and wanting to just stay at home and play video games

並希望只是呆在家裡玩電子遊戲

and they'd prefer to do that than do other things,

而且他們寧願做這個也不願意做其他事情。

that's more of a red flag.

這更像是一個紅旗。

I always say, everything in moderation.

我總是說，一切都要適度。

Like, if it's affecting your social life,

比如，如果它影響了你的社交生活。

if you're just stuck in front of the TV all day,

如果你只是整天困在電視前。

that's not good psychologically.

這在心理上是不好的。

"Memory gets worse as you age."

"隨著年齡的增長，記憶力會越來越差。"

So, this is false.

所以，這是假的。

In fact, there are some types of memory

事實上，有一些類型的內存

that improve as you get older.

隨著年齡的增長，這種情況會得到改善。

For example, things like semantic memory:

例如，像語義記憶這樣的東西。

your vocabulary, reading.

你的詞彙量，閱讀。

Procedural memory. For example, people that are very good

程序性記憶。比如說，那些非常優秀的人

at musical instruments, like, can play the piano,

在樂器方面，比如，可以彈鋼琴。

often will retain those skills.

往往會保留這些技能。

Some people will notice some change in memory.

有些人將注意到記憶力的一些變化。

That's often things like episodic memory,

這往往是像外顯記憶這樣的東西。

which is kind of our memory of recent events.

這是一種我們對最近事件的記憶。

Episodic memory is basically the who, what, where, and when,

外顯記憶基本上是誰、什麼、哪裡和什麼時候。

so, "Where did I put my keys?

所以，"我把鑰匙放在哪裡了？

Where did I park my car?"

我的車停在哪裡了？"

Those kind of things do tend to decline,

這類事情確實有下降的趨勢。

and I think a lot of it is because

我認為這很大程度上是由於

we just aren't as focused on things.

我們只是沒有那麼專注於事情。

It's not necessarily something that's pathological

這不一定是病態的東西

or suggests dementia.

或暗示有痴呆症。

Kamitaki: Not everyone will get dementia,

上瀧：不是所有人都會得痴呆症。

but that risk does increase as you get older.

但這種風險確實隨著你的年齡增長而增加。

Right now, we don't have any medications

現在，我們沒有任何藥物

or treatments that can prevent someone

或治療，可以防止有人

from getting Alzheimer's disease,

從獲得阿爾茨海默病。

but there are some environmental risk factors

但也有一些環境風險因素

that if you address can prevent you from getting dementia

如果你能解決這個問題，就能防止你得痴呆症。

or at least prevent your memory from getting worse.

或至少防止你的記憶力變差。

So some of those things include just general health,

是以，其中一些事情包括一般的健康。

eating healthy foods, taking care of your heart,

吃健康的食物，照顧好你的心臟。

moderate exercise, making sure

適度的運動，確保

that you stay healthy cardiovascularly,

你要保持心血管健康。

which is also going to help your brain.

這也將有助於你的大腦。

"Left-brained people are logical,

"左腦的人是有邏輯的。

and right-brained people are creative."

和右腦的人有創造力。"

I think the myth came from the 1800s

我認為這個神話來自於19世紀。

when, as neurologists were trying

時，由於神經病學家正在努力

to figure out different functions of the brain,

以弄清大腦的不同功能。

they discovered that the left side of our brain

他們發現，我們的左腦

in most people is dominant for language, verbal memory,

在大多數人中對語言、言語記憶占主導地位。

whereas the right brain was much more

而右腦則更

of our visual-spatial functions.

我們的視覺空間功能。

But there's no structural brain difference in people

但人的大腦結構並無差異

who are more logical versus more creative.

誰更有邏輯性，誰更有創造性。

Rather, it's more their environment,

相反，這更像是他們的環境。

the way that they were raised.

他們被撫養的方式。

In neurology, when we talk about

在神經病學中，當我們談論到

brain hemispheric dominance, we typically are talking

大腦半球的優勢，我們通常是在談論

about language and verbal memory dominance.

關於語言和言語記憶的優勢。

Where does that live? And for most people,

那是住在哪裡？而對於大多數人來說。

that's on the left side of the brain.

那是在大腦的左側。

Billakota: So if you're right-handed,

比拉科塔。所以，如果你是右撇子。

about 90% of the time,

大約90%的時間。

you're going to be left-hemisphere-dominant,

你將會是左腦為主的。

which means a lot of your memory and speech production

這意味著你的很多記憶和語言生成

and understanding, comprehension,

和理解，理解力。

that kind of stuff's going to sit

這類東西會被放在

on the left side of your brain,

在你的大腦的左側。

whereas if you're left-handed,

而如果你是左撇子。

it can kind of go both ways.

它可以是雙向的。

So I think the reality is,

所以我認為現實是。

we say that someone is left-brain-dominant

我們說某人是左腦發達的人

or right-brain-dominant, and it doesn't really mean

或以右腦為主，並不真正意味著

that one person is more creative

一個人更有創造力

and the other one is more logical.

而另一個則更符合邏輯。

These are just talents and sort of skills

這些只是人才和技能的排序

that people develop, whether inherently

人的發展，無論是固有的

or through their personalities,

或通過他們的個性。

but it really has nothing to do

但它真的沒有什麼關係

with the side of their brain that they use more.

用他們使用較多的那一側大腦。

"You can't prevent a stroke." No.

"你無法預防中風"。沒有。

That's not true.

這不是真的。

That's very not true, actually.

事實上，這很不真實。

You can definitely prevent a stroke.

你絕對可以預防中風。

How to do that is by really addressing

如何做到這一點是通過真正解決