They're prolific, natural pollinators and are a huge part of our modern agriculture, I mean a lot of the food we eat relies on pollination from bees.

它們是多產的天然授粉者，是我們現代農業的一個巨大組成部分，我的意思是我們吃的很多食物都依賴於蜜蜂的授粉。

Unfortunately though they're also in serious danger.

不幸的是，雖然他們也面臨著嚴重的危險。

The scientists in our next film symbiosis might have discovered one cause and it could change everything.

我們下一部電影共生的科學家可能已經發現了一個原因，它可能改變一切。

We know about bees and their ecosystems.

我們知道蜜蜂和它們的生態系統。

Starting with the microscopic world that we never knew existed until now.

從直到現在我們都不知道存在的微觀世界開始。

This is symbiosis from days.

這是從天開始的共生關係。

Edge productions bees for more than 100 million years, they've been buzzing around helping plants reproduce.

邊緣產品蜜蜂超過1億年，它們一直在嗡嗡作響，幫助植物繁殖。

We're kind of shoulder to shoulder with bee populations in the maintenance and sustenance of plants.

我們在維護和養活植物方面與蜜蜂種群有點肩並肩。

We keep plants because we need them for food.

我們飼養植物是因為我們需要它們作為食物。

Bees are in a similar relationship with plants where they're helping the plant and getting something in return, bees collect pollen to feed to their young wings and the larva eat the pollen and develop into adults.

蜜蜂與植物的關係類似，它們在幫助植物的同時也得到了一些回報，蜜蜂收集花粉餵給它們的幼翅，幼蟲吃了花粉後發育成成年。

And that's what we've always thought.

而這也是我們一直以來的想法。

But the more we look, the more we realize that bees have this silent partner in their mutual ism with plants and that third silent partner is the microbes.

但我們看得越多，就越意識到，蜜蜂在與植物的相互關係中還有這個沉默的夥伴，而這個沉默的第三個夥伴就是微生物。

New research is revealing that these microbes play a surprising role in the lives of nature's most prolific pollinators.

新的研究顯示，這些微生物在自然界最多產的授粉者的生活中發揮著驚人的作用。

But this discovery raises new questions about the future of wild bees in a world transformed by humans.

但這一發現提出了新的問題，即在一個被人類改變的世界中，野生蜜蜂的未來。

If the microbial community is perverted in some way, it can have catastrophic effects in terms of be held, it matters because as with any symbiosis when you remove one of the symbiont, the symbiosis crumbles.

如果微生物群落以某種方式被扭曲，就會產生災難性的影響，這很重要，因為與任何共生體一樣，當你移除其中一個共生體時，共生體就會崩潰。

I think when people hear the word B, they typically think of honeybees.

我認為當人們聽到B這個詞時，他們通常會想到蜜蜂。

Honeybees are not native to North America.

蜜蜂並非原產於北美洲。

We brought honey bees here in the 16 hundreds spreading with european colonists.

我們在16世紀隨著歐洲殖民者的傳播把蜜蜂帶到這裡。

Honeybees became the most abundant bees on the continent, but there were already wild bees here.

蜜蜂成為大陸上最豐富的蜜蜂，但這裡已經有野生蜜蜂。

A lot of them In North America.

很多都是在北美。

We have 4000 native bee species.

我們有4000種在地蜜蜂。

Some of them are important crop pollinators.

其中一些是重要的農作物授粉者。

Some of them are also intimately tied to pollination of native wildflowers and native plants.

其中一些還與在地野花和在地植物的授粉密切相關。

Whenever there's a flowering plant there is a bee to visit that plant.

只要有開花的植物，就會有蜜蜂來拜訪該植物。

And so that pairing that mutual is um between the bees and the plants that has fed the literally and figuratively fed the diversity of bees in North America.

是以，蜜蜂和植物之間的相互配對，從字面上和象徵性地餵養了北美地區的蜜蜂多樣性。

Okay, the vast majority of these are solitary ground nesting bees and by solitary, I mean a single female constructs her own brood cell provisions it with pollen and nectar defends it against parasites and predators and lays her own egg.

好吧，絕大多數都是獨居的地巢蜜蜂，我說的獨居是指一隻雌性蜜蜂建造自己的育雛室，用花粉和花蜜供養它，抵禦寄生蟲和捕食者，併產下自己的卵。

Then the grub like larvae eat the pollen and nectar their mothers provision them with and eventually transform into adult bees when the weather conditions are right when the rain comes or when the spring comes, those bees will emerge and they'll start the cycle over again.

然後，像蠐螬一樣的幼蟲吃他們母親提供的花粉和花蜜，並最終轉化為成年蜜蜂，當天氣條件合適時，當雨水到來或春天到來時，這些蜜蜂將出現，它們將重新開始循環。

But for many of North America's wild bees.

但對於許多北美的野生蜜蜂來說。

This cycle isn't running as smoothly as it used to.

這個週期並不像以前那樣順利。

Native bees are dwindling across the continent and the culprits behind their declines have been hard to pin down.

整個大陸的原生蜜蜂正在減少，而它們減少背後的罪魁禍首卻很難確定。

Mhm.

嗯。

We started doing research on the native bee fauna of apple orchards in around 2008.

我們在2008年左右開始對蘋果園的在地蜜蜂動物群進行研究。

1 of the things we detected is that the species richness and the abundance of bees declined with fungicide use fungicides are agricultural chemicals used to fight disease causing fungi in crops.

我們檢測到的一件事是，隨著殺蟲劑的使用，蜜蜂的物種豐富度和豐度都有所下降。殺蟲劑是用於對抗農作物中致病真菌的農業化學品。

But the link between fungicides and bee health was puzzling partly because you can't sell a fungicide in the US until it's been safety tested on bees.

但是殺真菌劑和蜜蜂健康之間的聯繫令人費解，部分原因是在美國你不能出售殺真菌劑，除非它經過對蜜蜂的安全測試。

There is a whole lot of data showing that the fungicides are relatively innocuous for the adult being.

有一大堆數據表明，殺真菌劑對成年人是相對無害的。

If fungicides weren't killing the adults, there had to be another connection.

如果殺真菌劑沒有殺死成蟲，那麼一定有其他聯繫。

But what was it?

但那是什麼？

The first clue came from researchers studying the life cycles of wild bees.

第一條線索來自於研究野生蜜蜂生命週期的研究人員。

Starting from the very beginning, Mom builds this little brood cell, she digs it out, she lines it, she puts food in it, She lays an egg on it.

從一開始，媽媽就建立了這個小育雛室，她把它挖出來，鋪上線，把食物放進去，她在上面下了一個蛋。

And that world is it's a nursery, right?

而那個世界是它是一個託兒所，對嗎？

But mom maybe intentionally, maybe sometimes by mistake, maybe it's just part of being a b.

但媽媽也許是故意的，也許有時是錯誤的，也許這只是作為一個B的一部分。

Mom introduces bacteria.

媽媽介紹了細菌。

She introduces funk.

她介紹了放克。

I and it gets sealed off and then it's really literally its own ecosystem.

我和它被密封起來，然後它真的是自己的生態系統。

An ecosystem.

一個生態系統。

We're only beginning to explore.

我們只是開始探索。

Mother bees collecting pollen and nectar.

採集花粉和花蜜的母蜂。

Also gather microbes like fungi and bacteria And whatever else is on the flowers they visit.

還收集微生物，如真菌和細菌以及它們所訪問的花朵上的任何其他東西。

We screened the pollen provisions and we found up to 35 agrichemicals and about half of those were fun designs.

我們對花粉條款進行了篩選，我們發現了多達35種農業化學品，其中約有一半是有趣的設計。

Mhm.

嗯。

It got the scientists thinking if bees bring fungicides into their nests, could those chemicals throw the tiny brood cell ecosystem out of balance?

這讓科學家們想到，如果蜜蜂將殺真菌劑帶入它們的巢穴，這些化學品會不會使小小的育雛室生態系統失去平衡？

And how would that affect the developing bees?

這又會對發展中的蜜蜂產生什麼影響？

Yeah.

是的。

To find the answer, they first had to figure out how bees interact with microbes in healthy brood cells.

為了找到答案，他們首先必須弄清楚蜜蜂如何與健康育雛室中的微生物互動。

We're here at the bodega bay marine lab in northern California to study one of north America's most interesting bees.

我們在加州北部的波德加灣海洋實驗室，研究北美最有趣的蜜蜂之一。

And to offer a bomb Boyd's, these bees build massive aggregations.

而為了提供一個炸彈博伊德的，這些蜜蜂建立了大規模的聚集。

So we find thousands of nests in one small area of the cliff face.

是以，我們在崖壁的一個小區域內發現了數以千計的鳥巢。

Mhm.

嗯。

When we excavate a nest site, we can start getting a glimpse of what's going on inside each of those brood cells.

當我們挖掘出一個巢穴時，我們就可以開始瞥見每一個育雛室裡面的情況了。

So here's a brood cell that we've just excavated out.

這是我們剛剛挖掘出來的一個育雛室。

We see the brute cell is quite a solid structure.

我們看到蠻橫的細胞是一個相當堅實的結構。

It has a very very strong odor.

它有一種非常非常強烈的氣味。

It smells a little bit like parmesan cheese or reggiano or cheetos.

它聞起來有點像帕爾馬乾酪或雷吉亞諾或奇多。

There's a fascinating chemical story going on here.

這裡有一個迷人的化學故事。

The pungent odor is a sign of microbes at work, just like what happens when microbes transform milk into cheese.

刺鼻的氣味是微生物工作的標誌，就像微生物將牛奶轉化為奶酪時發生的一樣。

So we have in this vial some provisions that came from the brood cell in the soil.

是以，我們在這個小瓶裡有一些來自土壤中的育兒室的規定。

The provision that smells like cheetos.

聞起來像芝多士的規定。

Once you put them on these plates, you can start to see some of the diversity of forms and colors and types of interactions of these microbes that otherwise remain unseen.

一旦你把它們放在這些板子上，你就可以開始看到這些微生物的一些多樣性的形式和顏色以及相互作用的類型，否則就看不到了。

Take a sample from a brood cell, let it grow for a few days and there they are bacteria, fungi.

從育雛室取樣，讓它生長几天，那裡有細菌、真菌。

It's likely thousands of species of microbes are all these different microbes just getting a free meal in the brood cell Or do they somehow benefit the developing bees?

很可能有數千種微生物，所有這些不同的微生物只是在育雛室裡免費吃了一頓飯，還是它們對發育中的蜜蜂有某種好處？

There's one way to find out.

有一個方法可以找出答案。

You knock out the microbes from the fermenting pollen mass and then you see how the B actually fares.

你把發酵的花粉團中的微生物打掉，然後你看看B的實際表現如何。

How does that larva, do?

那個幼蟲是怎麼做的？

The researchers turned to oz?

研究人員將目光投向盎司？

Mia bees for an answer.

米婭蜜蜂在等待答案。

Also known as mason bees as mia bees are widespread, solitary bees known to be important agricultural pollinators.

也被稱為石匠蜂的米亞蜂是廣泛的、獨居的蜜蜂，已知是重要的農業授粉者。

Unlike most solitary bees, they nest above ground, often in hollow plant stems.

與大多數獨居蜜蜂不同，它們在地面上築巢，通常是在空心植物莖中。

This makes as mia easier to study than ground nesting bees, but the researchers still had to figure out how to manipulate and observe larvae that normally develop inside sealed individual brood cells.

這使得As mia比地巢蜂更容易研究，但研究人員仍然必須弄清楚如何操縱和觀察通常在密封的單個育雛室內發育的幼蟲。

How do we study these bees?

我們如何研究這些蜜蜂？

How do we see what they're doing?

我們如何看到他們在做什麼？

They develop in these opaque chambers.

它們在這些不透明的腔室中發育。

We don't know what's going on in there and that's when we started opening their nests and looking at them.

我們不知道里面發生了什麼，這時我們開始打開它們的巢穴，看一看。

It just blew me away.

它只是讓我大吃一驚。

It was, there was such a brilliant method.

是的，有這樣一個出色的方法。

It just appealed to my type, a personality.

它只是吸引了我的類型，一種個性。

I guess it's almost like having your spice jar organized alphabetically.

我想這幾乎就像把你的調料罐按字母順序排列一樣。

It was just magnificent like that.

它就像那樣宏偉。

After a few years of trial and error, we figured out that we could actually rare these bees inside our lab inside these bell trays and have better survivorship than recorded in the wild.

經過幾年的試驗和錯誤，我們發現，我們實際上可以在我們的實驗室內，在這些鐘形托盤內稀有這些蜜蜂，並有比在野外記錄的更好的存活率。

Finally, the researchers had a solitary bee they could observe from egg to adult as it grew in a clear plastic brood cell.

最後，研究人員有一隻獨居的蜜蜂，他們可以在透明的塑膠育雛室中觀察它從卵到成年的成長過程。

What would happen if the bees pollen provisions were sterilized, removing the bacteria and fungi, but leaving the pollen and nectar intact?

如果對蜜蜂花粉規定進行消毒，去除細菌和真菌，但保留花粉和花蜜，會發生什麼？

And what we found is that when you remove the microbes, the developing larvae just suffer woefully.

而我們發現的是，當你去除微生物時，發育中的幼蟲就會受到嚴重影響。

Half of them don't even make it to pure peixian.

有一半的人甚至沒有達到純粹的peixian。

Those that do tend to be small and sickly and they take a long time to get there.

這些人往往是小而病態的，他們需要很長時間才能達到目的。

And so those appear to be huge consequences for A B.

是以，這些對甲乙雙方來說似乎都是巨大的後果。

That does not have its microbes.

這並沒有它的微生物。

The larvae developing without microbes were starving even with all the pollen and nectar they could eat.

在沒有微生物的情況下發育的幼蟲即使吃了所有的花粉和花蜜也會餓死。

So what was missing from their diet.

那麼，他們的飲食中缺少什麼呢。

If they're just eating pollen and nectar, these are going to be strictly herbivorous and that has a specific, like chemical signature.

如果它們只是吃花粉和花蜜，這些將是嚴格的草食動物，這有一個特定的，像化學特徵。

If you pluck a hair out of a vegetarian, they're going to have a different chemical signature than somebody that only eats red.

如果你從一個素食者身上拔出一根頭髮，他們將有一個與只吃紅色食物的人不同的化學特徵。

In other words, analyzing the molecules of the larva is made of can tell us what it's been eating.

換句話說，分析幼蟲的分子構成可以告訴我們它吃了什麼。

We typically think of bee larvae as vegetarians, but in the tiny ecosystem of the brood cell, they have access to a surprisingly diverse menu.

我們通常認為蜜蜂幼蟲是素食者，但在育雛室的微小生態系統中，它們可以獲得令人驚訝的多樣化菜單。

We looked at all major be families and we found every single B was significantly omnivorous.

我們研究了所有主要的be家族，我們發現每一個B都是明顯的雜食性。

They're eating huge amounts of this microbial meat.

他們正在吃大量的這種微生物肉。

It's not very often that you think of microbes as food, but that's what we think is exactly going on.

你並不經常認為微生物是食物，但這正是我們認為的情況。

We think that the larva eat pollen.

我們認為，幼蟲吃花粉。

Yes, but not nearly as much as they eat the microbes that have eaten the pollen.

是的，但還不如它們吃了花粉的微生物多。

Mhm.

嗯。

And if you remove those media microbes and force the larvae to become herbivores, they suffer, it might so be that they consume the pollen because they're trying to consume the microbes and the pollen is just in the way it's I think a massive shift in our understanding beyond their role as a food source.

而如果你去掉那些媒介微生物，迫使幼蟲成為食草動物，它們就會受到影響，可能如此，它們消耗花粉是因為它們試圖消耗微生物，而花粉只是礙於面子，我想這是我們對它們作為食物來源的作用之外的一個巨大轉變。

The microbes could also benefit the larvae by digesting the tough outer shells of pollen grains or even by neutralizing the defensive chemicals present in some plants, pollen and nectar.

這些微生物還可以通過消化花粉粒的堅硬外殼，甚至通過中和一些植物、花粉和花蜜中存在的防禦性化學物質，使幼蟲受益。

The researchers are testing these ideas and more whatever they find, it's clear that the ancient alliance between bees and plants depends on a third partner that's been hidden until now.

研究人員正在測試這些想法，無論他們發現什麼，很明顯，蜜蜂和植物之間的古老聯盟取決於直到現在還被隱藏的第三個夥伴。

We know from our research that there is a broad diversity of fungi within Poland provisions and we know that when they're not there to be suffer, which brings the scientists back to the link between fungicides and B hill In the us alone, we use more than £50 million pounds of fungicide each year connecting the dots from those supposedly be safe fungicides to declining bee populations.

我們從我們的研究中知道，在波蘭規定內有廣泛的真菌多樣性，我們知道，當他們不在那裡受到，這使科學家們回到了殺真菌劑和B山之間的聯繫，僅在美國，我們每年使用超過5000萬英鎊的殺真菌劑，從那些所謂的安全的殺真菌劑到下降的蜜蜂種群的點。

Sean realized that fungicides might not harm bees directly, but instead kill the fungi.

肖恩意識到，殺真菌劑可能不會直接傷害蜜蜂，而是會殺死真菌。

They rely on essentially taking microbial food from the mouths of bee larvae.

它們基本上是依靠從蜜蜂幼蟲的嘴裡獲取微生物食物。

Sean and his students tested this idea with a native social bee, the common eastern bumblebee.

肖恩和他的學生用一種在地的社會性蜜蜂，即常見的東方大黃蜂，測試了這一想法。

We set up an experiment where we had bumblebees in really big cages and we stocked them with lots of flowers.

我們做了一個實驗，把大黃蜂放在非常大的籠子裡，並給它們放了很多花。

Um, some cages, the flowers were sprayed with fungicide.

嗯，有些籠子，花被噴了殺真菌劑。

Some cages were just, you know, sprayed with water.

有些籠子只是，你知道，噴了水。

And then we tracked how those bumblebee colonies did.

然後我們跟蹤了這些大黃蜂群的表現。

And we saw this hugely negative effect on the bumblebee colonies that had fungicide residue on the flowers.

我們看到了這種對花朵上有殺蟲劑殘留的大黃蜂群的巨大負面效應。

The colony's foraging on fungicide treated flowers had fewer workers and smaller queens than colony's foraging on untreated flowers.

與在未經處理的花朵上覓食的蜂群相比，在經殺蟲劑處理的花朵上覓食的蜂群的工蜂數量較少，蜂王也較小。

That monkey wrenched microbial community results in starving larvae.

那個猴子扳道的微生物群落導致了飢餓的幼蟲。

So if you ask the question, fungicides be safe not for the larva, and so definitely not.

是以，如果你問這個問題，殺真菌劑對幼蟲來說是安全的，所以肯定不是。

The data show that the standard practice of testing fungicides only on adult bees has a critical blind spot and we might never have known it without researchers exploring the hidden world of the brood cell.

這些數據表明，只在成年蜜蜂身上測試殺真菌劑的標準做法有一個關鍵的盲點，如果沒有研究人員探索隱蔽的育雛室世界，我們可能永遠不會知道。

We're now looking at how fungicides affect other bee species, specifically the solitary bees.

我們現在正在研究殺真菌劑如何影響其他蜜蜂物種，特別是獨居蜜蜂。

And we're in the midst of that right now, researchers are carefully dozing owes me a bee's pollen provision with various fungicides in the lab mimicking the real world interactions of bee larvae, microbes and fungicides.

而我們現在正處於這個階段，研究人員正在實驗室裡用各種殺真菌劑小心翼翼地瞌睡欠我一隻蜜蜂的花粉規定，模仿現實世界中蜜蜂幼蟲、微生物和殺真菌劑的相互作用。

Their goal is to identify the threats these chemicals pose to native pollinators.

他們的目標是確定這些化學品對在地授粉者造成的威脅。

We really rely a lot on some of these agrochemicals, sadly, if we stopped applying agrochemicals are our food supply would probably be in trouble.

我們真的非常依賴這些農用化學品，可悲的是，如果我們停止使用農用化學品，我們的食品供應可能會出現問題。

So the answer is not to stop all fungicide sprays.

是以，答案不是停止所有的殺真菌劑噴灑。

That's not the answer.

這不是答案。

The answer is to figure out a way where spring can be done in a manner that is sustainable and compatible with bee conservation.

答案是找出一種方法，使春天能夠以可持續的方式進行，並與蜜蜂保護兼容。

The scientists are optimistic that some fungicides will be more bee friendly.

科學家們樂觀地認為，一些殺真菌劑將對蜜蜂更加友好。

Our findings so far suggest that not all fungicides are created equal.

迄今為止，我們的研究結果表明，並非所有的殺真菌劑都是平等的。

Some may cause fewer problems for bees than others and beyond choosing less harmful fungicides.

有些可能對蜜蜂造成的問題比其他的少，而且在選擇危害較小的殺真菌劑之外。

We can also adjust how we apply these chemicals to our crops.

我們還可以調整我們對作物施用這些化學品的方式。

We can spray crops before or after bloom.

我們可以在開花前或開花後噴灑作物。

So there's less fungicide on the flowers when bees are foraging or even spray at night when most bees aren't active.

是以，在蜜蜂覓食的時候，花上的殺菌劑就少了，或者甚至在大多數蜜蜂不活躍的晚上也要噴。

One of the fruits of our work has been to say, hey, microbes matter for bees, bees matter to you, the growers.

我們工作的成果之一是說，嘿，微生物對蜜蜂很重要，蜜蜂對你們這些種植者很重要。

So can we do this better where we protect our plants but also protect the pollinators.

是以，我們能不能做得更好，既保護我們的植物，又保護傳粉者。

And we're learning the protecting native bees means protecting the microbes that help them grow and thrive the food we eat.

我們正在學習保護在地蜜蜂意味著保護幫助它們生長和繁榮我們吃的食物的微生物。

The air we breathe is in some way shaped by these microbes.

我們呼吸的空氣在某種程度上是由這些微生物形成的。

You don't see them, You don't know that they're there, but they shape every every facet of our existence.

你看不到它們，你不知道它們在那裡，但它們塑造了我們存在的每一個方面。

Yeah.

是的。

24.

24.

Right.

對。

Mhm.

嗯。

Right.

對。

Yeah.

是的。

Yeah.

是的。