Now in this lesson you will see a, I'll practice listening section, Pay attention carefully, listen and answer the questions now.

現在，在這一課中，你將看到一個，我將練習聽力部分，仔細注意，現在聽並回答問題。

Watch, listen and learn.

觀察、傾聽和學習。

Now.

現在。

Turn to section two.

轉到第二節。

Take some time to look at questions 11-16, listening.

花些時間看看第11-16題，聽一聽。

Section two, you will hear a recording of a radio news magazine discussing the importance of doing good in the community.

第二節，你將聽到一個廣播新聞雜誌的錄音，討論在社區做好事的重要性。

Now listen carefully to the interview And Answions Questions 11 - 16.

現在仔細聽一下面試，回答問題11-16。

Hello, I'm Emma Robertson and I'd like to welcome our listeners to beyond the lens, the program that aims to dig deeper on issues in culture and society.

大家好，我是艾瑪-羅伯遜，我想歡迎我們的聽眾來到《鏡頭之外》，這個節目旨在深入挖掘文化和社會的問題。

Today we have Professor Hudson McMahon from the University of bristol's Department of Social Policy.

今天我們請到了來自布里斯托爾大學社會政策系的哈德森-麥克馬洪教授。

Hello Professor McMahon, Do you want to tell us a little about what you'll be presenting today?

你好，麥克馬洪教授，你想告訴我們你今天要介紹的內容嗎？

Of course, Emma, but first I'd like to thank you for having me on the show.

當然，艾瑪，但首先我想感謝你邀請我參加節目。

My wife and I are both avid listeners of beyond lens and it's a bit of a thrill to be on the show.

我的妻子和我都是超越鏡頭的狂熱聽眾，能參加這個節目有點激動。

But I digress today.

但我今天想說的是。

I want to talk about the importance of doing good in the community and in society.

我想談一談在社區和社會中做好事的重要性。

There are many ways of doing this, But the two most common ways of volunteering and giving to charity.

有許多方法可以做到這一點，但最常見的兩種方法是志願服務和向慈善機構捐贈。

However, these methods of improving community in society have an important difference While volunteering once time is almost always a positive for society.

然而，這些在社會中改善社區的方法有一個重要的區別，而志願服務一次的時間幾乎總是對社會有積極意義。

Given to charity is significantly more problematic problematic.

給予慈善機構的問題明顯更多。

Professor McMahon, it would seem to me that giving to charity is always a positive for society.

麥克馬洪教授，在我看來，向慈善機構捐贈總是對社會有積極意義。

We celebrate those among us who are the greatest owners to charity.

我們慶祝我們中那些對慈善事業有最大貢獻的人。

Yes, and in general it is warranted.

是的，而且在一般情況下，這是有道理的。

I do want to clarify in general, given to charity is good, but one must be very careful for two reasons.

我確實想澄清一下，一般來說，捐給慈善機構是好事，但必須非常小心，原因有二。

First, some charities do not do sufficient amounts of charitable good per pound and second, some charities received too much money that could be spent better on all the causes.

首先，一些慈善機構每磅做的慈善好事不夠多；其次，一些慈善機構收到的錢太多，可以更好地用於所有事業。

Let me discuss each of these.

讓我逐一討論。

In turn, this seems to me a rather radical thesis.

反過來說，這在我看來是一個相當激進的論題。

It seems that way, but I hope to convince you otherwise by the end of the program.

看起來是這樣，但我希望在項目結束時能說服你。

Now getting back to charities, some cherries simply do not give a lot of their received monies to the actual performance of good acts.

現在回到慈善機構，一些櫻桃根本沒有把收到的大量資金用於實際的善行。

For instance, some charities utilize less than 10% of their donations on actual charitable activities.

例如，一些慈善機構將不到10%的捐款用於實際慈善活動。

The rest goes to salaries, promotion and other overhead costs.

其餘的用於工資、促銷和其他管理費用。

So for a donation of £100 it may be the case that less than £10 actually goes to helping someone.

是以，對於100英鎊的捐款，可能只有不到10英鎊真正用於幫助某人。

That sounds terrible, but it still helps people right?

這聽起來很可怕，但它仍然可以幫助人們，對嗎？

Well, yes, but as charitable givers, we should try and reward those charities who do most good with the least amount of money by that.

嗯，是的，但作為慈善捐贈者，我們應該嘗試通過這種方式獎勵那些用最少的錢做最多的好事的慈善機構。

I mean that those thinking of donating to charity should do research on a charity before giving to the cause.

我的意思是，那些考慮向慈善機構捐款的人應該在捐款之前對慈善機構進行研究。

There are other charities where more than 50% of donations go to the end, cause these charities are much more deserving of your patronage.

還有其他一些慈善機構，50%以上的捐款都用到了最後，因為這些慈善機構更值得你去贊助。

You now have some time to look at questions 17-20.

你們現在有時間看一下第17-20題。

Now, listen to the rest of the interview And Answions Questions 17 - 20.

現在，請聽一下訪談的其餘部分，並回答問題17-20。

Another reason to be discerning when it comes to your choice of charities is what I call the relative utility of a charitable donation.

當你選擇慈善機構時，另一個原因是我所說的慈善捐款的相對效用，要有鑑別力。

Hmm.

嗯。

Let me take a guess here.

讓我在這裡猜一猜。

Professor McMahon is the relative utility of a donation, how much good it does relative to other donations.

麥克馬洪教授是指一項捐贈的相對效用，即相對於其他捐贈，它有多少好處。

That's just about it.

就這些了。

Emma, the relative utility of a donation is how much good a donation does amount spent, for instance, the disease, M and D motor neuron disease was in the news in recent years and M and D charities received a windfall of donations.

艾瑪，捐款的相對效用是指捐款花了多少錢，例如，M和D運動神經元疾病近年來成為新聞，M和D慈善機構收到了大量捐款。

This sounds all well and good, but there is a problem.

這聽起來很好，但有一個問題。

Unlike, say, heart disease, mm.

不像，比如說，心臟病，mm。

D does not affect very many people.

D並不影響非常多的人。

While it would be wonderful to cure the disease, there are better allocations of our limited charity funds.

雖然治癒這種疾病是件好事，但我們有限的慈善資金還有更好的分配方式。

Wait.

等等。

So you're saying it was bad for people to give to em and d charities not quite only that it was sub optimal because there's a limited supply of money given to charity each year.

所以你是說，人們給em和d慈善機構捐款是不好的，不僅如此，它是次優的，因為每年給慈善機構的錢是有限的供應。

It is important that it is used at least somewhat optimally and allocating overwhelming amounts of money to a disease that affects very low percentage of people is extremely suboptimal.

重要的是，至少要在某種程度上優化使用，將大量的資金分配給影響比例很低的疾病是非常不理想的。

That's very interesting, Professor McMahon.

這非常有趣，麥克馬洪教授。

So how can our listeners try and optimist their charitable gifts first of all, don't be caught up in viral social media campaigns.

是以，我們的聽眾如何嘗試和優化他們的慈善捐贈首先，不要被病毒式的社交媒體活動所吸引。

Instead use such moments to remind yourself of the importance of giving to charity in general and not just a niche causes with good promotion And second, do your research before you donate, look up how much of the charities donation go to the actual end goal.

相反，利用這樣的時刻來提醒自己向一般的慈善機構捐款的重要性，而不僅僅是有良好宣傳的小眾事業。第二，在捐款之前做研究，看看慈善機構的捐款有多少用於實際的最終目標。

Additionally, look up how many people are affected by the charities and cause the more people there are affected and the worst they are affected, the more likely you should be to donate to their cause.

此外，查一查有多少人受到慈善機構的影響，原因是受影響的人越多，受影響越嚴重，你就越有可能向他們的事業捐款。

It is all about maximizing good in the world.

這都是為了使世界上的善最大化。

That certainly sounds like a noble goal, but if everyone donates That is the end of section two Now turn to section three, Take some time to look at questions.

這聽起來當然是一個崇高的目標，但如果每個人都捐獻，那麼第二節就結束了，現在轉到第三節，花點時間看看問題。