(soft rousing music)

(柔和的激昂音樂)

(bird squawks)

(鳥叫聲)

We are Raphael Historic Falconry and we have been

我們是拉斐爾歷史性獵鷹公司，我們一直是

the English Heritage falconers for 21 years.

英國遺產組織的獵手們已經工作了21年。

We specialise in the historical recreation

我們專注於歷史再現

of falconry and hawking in England.

在英國，獵鷹和捕獵的發展。

We perform at beautiful historic properties,

我們在美麗的歷史遺蹟中表演。

including Audley End House, which is stood behind me.

包括站在我身後的Audley End House。

Falconry is a story which starts in the late Roman era

獵鷹運動是一個始於羅馬時代後期的故事

and continues through to the present day.

並一直持續到今天。

It's not just a story about hunting with birds.

這不僅僅是一個關於用鳥打獵的故事。

It's a story about people, places,

這是一個關於人、地方的故事。

and of course, princely hawks.

當然，還有王子的鷹。

Falconry is the art of hunting with a trained bird of prey

獵鷹術是用訓練有素的獵鳥進行狩獵的藝術。

to catch live quarry.

來捕捉活的獵物。

It's one of the oldest forms of hunting known to mankind.

這是人類已知的最古老的狩獵形式之一。

It started thousands of years ago and likely sprung

它開始於幾千年前，很可能是在幾千年前萌生的。

from observing a wild process.

從觀察一個野生過程。

It was not conceived originally as a sporting pursuit,

它最初並不是作為一種體育追求而設想的。

it was about hunting for food.

這是關於獵取食物的問題。

It was about harnessing the predatory nature

這是關於利用掠奪性的性質

of a wild raptor to catch edible birds and animals

的野生猛禽來捕捉可食用的鳥類和動物

for the table.

為表。

Falconry is thought to have developed

獵鷹被認為已經發展成為

thousands of years ago somewhere on the vast

幾千年前，在廣闊的

central Asian plateau.

中亞高原。

It likely travelled from Asia across Europe

它很可能從亞洲穿越歐洲而來

via the old silk routes and arrived sometime in Britain

通過古老的絲綢之路，在某個時候到達英國。

in the late Roman era.

在羅馬時代後期。

Join us on a journey through English history

加入我們的英國曆史之旅

as we explore falconry through the ages.

在我們探索歷代獵鷹的過程中。

(pensive music)

(沉思的音樂)

The Romans were not great practitioners of falconry,

羅馬人並不是獵鷹的偉大實踐者。

however, in 306 AD, Constantine the Great

然而，在公元306年，君士坦丁大帝

was declared emperor in York in succession to his father.

在約克被宣佈為皇帝，繼承了他父親的地位。

Just a few months prior to coming to Britain,

就在來英國的幾個月前。

he is said to have been observed hawking

據說有人觀察到他在捕鷹。

in eastern provinces.

在東部省份。

Constantine grew up in the eastern empire,

君士坦丁在東方帝國成長起來。

a region to which falconry is commonplace.

一個獵鷹活動普遍存在的地區。

So it's no surprise that he dabbled in the art of falconry

是以，他涉足獵鷹的藝術並不奇怪

during his youth.

在他年輕的時候。

It is said that he was the first to hawk with the shaheen,

據說，他是第一個用沙赫恩鷹擊長空的人。

which is a subspecies of the peregrine,

它是遊隼的一個亞種。

and that he chose to hunt with those hawks

而他選擇與那些鷹一起打獵

because when he went out with his retinue,

因為當他和他的隨從出去的時候。

the hawks could be trained to fly above his head

鷹可以被訓練到在他的頭上飛翔

and to shade him from the sun as though they were a parasol.

併為他遮擋陽光，彷彿他們是一把陽傘。

This is the first solid evidence that we have of a man

這是我們擁有的第一個關於一個人的確鑿證據

stepping onto English soil with falconry knowledge.

帶著獵鷹的知識踏上英國的土地。

Falconry never did catch on across the Roman Empire,

獵鷹業從未在整個羅馬帝國流行過。

perhaps because falconry was the chosen art

也許是因為獵鷹是被選中的藝術

of many of their enemies, perhaps because they preferred

他們的許多敵人，也許是因為他們更喜歡

their arena-based entertainments.

他們在競技場上的娛樂活動。

But one thing we know for sure,

但有一件事我們是肯定的。

the Romans were very familiar with birds of prey

羅馬人對獵物非常熟悉

on a spiritual basis.

在精神的基礎上。

The Romans worshipped birds as gods.

羅馬人把鳥當作神來崇拜。

They feared them as enemies and exalted them as prophets.

他們把他們當作敵人來敬畏，把他們當作先知來高舉。

They believed that because of the birds' power of flight

他們認為，由於鳥類的飛行能力

that they were the prophets of the ruling

他們是統治者的先知。

gods and goddesses in the heavens above our head.

諸神在我們頭頂的天堂裡。

Birds were, therefore, seen to be prophets or messengers

是以，鳥類被看作是先知或信使

of those gods.

這些神靈的。

It is no wonder that the Imperial Roman Army

難怪羅馬帝國軍隊

chose to march into battle with a golden eagle at its head,

選擇了以金鷹為首的行軍打仗。

a symbol that was chosen by the Consul Marius.

一個由馬略執政官選擇的符號。

It was either painted on a pendant or carved as a 3D banner

它要麼被畫在吊墜上，要麼被雕刻成一個三維橫幅

and the man who carried that was known as the aquilifer,

而承載這個的人被稱為含水層。

coming from the Latin word for eagle, aquilae.

來自於拉丁語中的鷹，aquilae。

The old pagan Romans held the eagle as a divine creature,

古老的異教徒羅馬人認為鷹是一種神聖的生物。

for their universe was divided into three layers:

因為他們的宇宙被分為三層。

the mortal world, the underworld,

凡間的世界，冥界。

and the heavens above our head.

和我們頭上的天。

The eagle as the king of all birds,

鷹是百鳥之王。

the largest and the highest flying was said to be

據說，最大和最高的飛行器是

the only creature that could pass through all three layers

唯一能通過這三層的生物

of the universe.

宇宙的。

That is why king of the gods, Jupiter,

這就是為什麼眾神之王，朱庇特。

chose the eagle as his personal messenger.

選擇鷹作為他的私人信使。

The golden eagle occurs right across Europe and Asia.

金雕就在歐洲和亞洲各地出現。

So wherever the Romans travelled and invaded and settled,

是以，無論羅馬人在哪裡旅行、入侵和定居。

they would have seen golden eagles in the sky above them,

他們會看到金鷹在他們頭上的天空。

their constant heavenly protector.

他們永恆的天國保護者。

While the eagle was considered to be a divine prophet,

雖然鷹被認為是神聖的預言家。

there is a bird within the Roman world

羅馬世界裡有一隻鳥

that was the complete opposite.

那是完全相反的。

Not a creature from the heavens,

不是來自天上的生物。

but a creature sent from the underworld.

而是一個從冥界派來的生物。

A creature of darkness, the owl.

一個黑暗的生物，貓頭鷹。

The owl lived in the realm of darkness and was considered

貓頭鷹生活在黑暗的領域，被認為是

to be a winged demon rather than a winged prophet.

是一個帶翅膀的惡魔，而不是一個帶翅膀的先知。

To see an owl was bad luck

看到貓頭鷹會帶來厄運

and to have an owl visit your place of domestication

並讓貓頭鷹參觀你的馴養地

was considered to be a bad omen.

被認為是一個壞兆頭。

The Romans would use an owl as a weapon of intimidation.

羅馬人將使用貓頭鷹作為恐嚇的武器。

The power of Rome lay with the council of senates

羅馬的權力掌握在元老會手中

and they were diplomatically voted for.

而他們在外交上被投票支持。

If the council wanted to remove one of the senates,

如果議會想撤除其中一個參議院。

then they might send him a dead owl in a box.

那麼他們可能會給他寄來一隻裝在盒子裡的死貓頭鷹。

It was a weapon of intimidation, a threat,

這是一種恐嚇的武器，一種威脅。

that if he didn't remove himself and resign,

如果他不撤職和辭職的話。

then he would face perhaps death.

那麼他將面臨可能的死亡。

And it is a barn owl that allegedly foretold Julius Caesar

據稱，正是一隻穀倉貓頭鷹預言了凱撒大帝。

his own death by appearing above a doorway

通過出現在門口上方，他自己的死亡

through which he passed.

他所經過的地方。

(rousing dramatic music)

(激昂的戲劇性音樂)

In the post-Roman era, Britain suffered successive waves

在後羅馬時代，英國遭受了連續的浪潮

of invasion by the barbarian tribes

野蠻人部落入侵的情況下

of the European continent.

歐洲大陸的。

They had a pre-established tradition of hunting

他們有一個預先確立的狩獵傳統

with hawks and falcons.

與鷹和獵鷹。

And so that is how falconry and hawking

是以，這就是獵鷹和捕鷹的方式。

likely first came to Britain.

很可能是第一次來到英國。

It was witnessed by the Benedictine monks who were sent over

被派來的本篤會修士見證了這一事件。

to evangelise some of the north German tribes

向北德的一些部落傳福音

into the new religion of Christianity.

進入基督教的新宗教。

And so, falconry in Britain was originally described

是以，英國的獵鷹業最初被描述為

as a barbarian sport.

作為一項野蠻的運動。

The famous Benedictine monk Boniface

著名的本篤會僧侶博尼法斯

is involved in correspondence between two Saxon kings.

參與了兩個撒克遜國王之間的通信。

The first a letter to Ethelbald of Mercia from Boniface,

第一封是博尼法斯給麥西亞的埃瑟爾巴德的信。

who sends from the continent the gift of a hawk

誰從大陸送來了鷹的禮物

and two falcons as a token of his affection.

和兩隻獵鷹，以示對他的愛戴。

The second letter is from Ethelbert II of Kent to Boniface

第二封信是肯特郡的埃瑟爾伯特二世寫給博尼法斯的。

asking him to acquire for him a particular falcon

要求他為他購買一隻特別的獵鷹

of courageous nature that he says

勇敢的天性，他說

cannot be found in England.

在英國無法找到。

This tells us that falconry birds were rare and precious

這告訴我們，獵鷹的鳥類是稀有和珍貴的。

at this time.

在這個時候。

So rare that they were of extreme high value

如此罕見，以至於它們具有極高的價值

and given as prestigious gifts.

並作為著名的禮物贈送。

It also reflects the fact that the foundations

這也反映了一個事實，即基金會

were being laid for hawk trade between Britain and Europe,

正在為英國和歐洲之間的鷹類貿易奠定基礎。

importing birds specifically for royal pursuit.

專門為皇室狩獵而進口鳥類。

All the Saxon kings, from Ethelbald of Mercia

所有的撒克遜國王，從麥西亞的Ethelbald開始

in the 8th century through to Edward the Confessor

從8世紀開始到懺悔者愛德華為止。

in the 11th century, flew hawks and falcons.

在11世紀，飛鷹和獵鷹。

Falconry had become a new royal pursuit.

獵鷹已經成為皇家的一項新的追求。

Only by the 10th century did falconry start to filter down

只有到了10世紀，獵鷹術才開始向下滲透。

to lower members of society.

對社會下層成員。

Falconry expansion led to

獵鷹業的擴張導致了

administrative and political change,

行政和政治變革。

changes that supported the practice of falconry

支持獵鷹活動的變化

and preserved the best sport for the kings themselves.

併為國王們自己保留了最好的運動。

The goshawk

蒼鷹

was one of the most popular species flown.

是最受歡迎的飛行品種之一。

It was described as a capable slayer of ground quarry,

它被描述為一個有能力的地面採石場的殺手。

an efficient catcher of food for the pots

為鍋裡的食物提供一個有效的捕捉器

and a military winged warrior.

和一個帶翅膀的軍事戰士。

Kings would go to great lengths to preserve

國王們會不遺餘力地維護

the safety of their hawks even in the face of death.

他們的鷹的安全，即使是在死亡面前。

This is demonstrated in the Anglo-Saxon poem

這一點在盎格魯-撒克遜的詩歌中得到了證明

about the battle of Maldon, where a young noble

關於馬爾登戰役，在那裡一個年輕的貴族

is about to commence battle with the Danes.

即將與丹麥人開戰。

As he faces his enemy, he releases his hawk to freedom

當他面對他的敵人時，他釋放了他的鷹的自由

for surely he is going to die.

因為他肯定會死。

And by releasing his hawk,

並通過釋放他的鷹。

she may fend for herself in the woods.

她可以在樹林裡自生自滅。

This was an act of confidence and an act of defiance

這是一種自信的行為，也是一種蔑視的行為

in the face of his enemy.

在他的敵人面前。

The Saxon kings loved their hawks.

撒克遜國王喜歡他們的鷹。

Alfred the Great is thought to have written

阿爾弗雷德大帝被認為是寫了

the first hunting manual on falconry,

第一本關於獵鷹的狩獵手冊。

but no evidence of it sadly survives.

但遺憾的是，沒有任何證據可以證明它的存在。

Edward the Confessor was a particularly avid falconer

懺悔者愛德華是一個特別熱衷於獵鷹的人

and we know more about the establishment of falconry

而且我們對獵鷹的建立有更多的瞭解

under his reign than any previous king.

在他的統治下，比以前的任何一個國王都多。

And that's because the Domesday Book

而這是因為《多姆塞德書》中

records it in great detail, an organisation and a structure

非常詳細地記錄了它的組織和結構

that was taken on by William the Conqueror

由征服者威廉承擔的

after his appearance.

在他出現之後。

And last word, of course, must go to Harold Godwinson,

當然，最後一句話，必須交給哈羅德-戈德溫森。

who was very nearly king of England

幾乎成為英國國王的人

had he not been shot through the eye with an arrow.

如果他沒有被箭射穿眼睛的話。

He's described as a little man who sat proudly

他被描述為一個小人，驕傲地坐在那裡

in his stirrups and only ever put his hawk down

在他的馬鐙上，只把他的鷹放下來

when he needed both hands with which to eat.

當他需要用兩隻手來吃飯時。

(dramatic music)

(戲劇性的音樂)

(eerie music)

(陰森的音樂)

The reign of the Plantagenet kings,

普蘭塔尼特國王的統治。

saw hawking become a more organised method of catching food

擺賣成為一種更有組織的捕食方法

and further expansion of falconry as a royal pursuit.

並進一步擴大了獵鷹作為一種皇家追求的範圍。

We see falconry starting to filter down

我們看到獵鷹運動開始向下過濾

through to lower orders of society to include the clergy

通過社會的下層階級，包括神職人員

and minor gentry and even yeoman.

和小貴族，甚至騎士。

Ladies for the first time became more actively involved

女士們第一次更積極地參與

in the pursuit of falconry,

在追求獵鷹的過程中。

being assigned their own delicate hawks

被分配到他們自己的精緻的鷹

for their gentle fists.

為他們溫柔的拳頭。

Employment was generated by both hawking and falconry

狩獵和獵鷹都創造了就業機會

and one could use the sport as a way to better one's life.

而且人們可以把這項運動作為改善自己生活的一種方式。

Trade routes were established to allow people

建立貿易路線是為了讓人們

to import birds from Scandinavia, from the Mediterranean,

從斯堪的納維亞半島，從地中海地區進口鳥類。

from North Africa and from the near and the far east.

來自北非以及近東和遠東的人。

Falconry birds became so highly prized

隼鳥變得如此珍貴

that they effectively became a form of currency.

以至於它們實際上成為一種貨幣形式。

They were used to trade and barter for goods,

他們被用來進行貿易和以物易物。

to pay ransoms and fines and rent,

以支付贖金、罰款和租金。

to be given these very valuable gifts and as tokens

得到這些非常寶貴的禮物，並作為信物

of noble men's affections.

高貴的人的感情。

Falconry was socially, culturally,

獵鷹是社會性的，文化性的。

and economically important.

和經濟上的重要性。

The middle ages were the golden age.

中世紀是黃金時代。

English medieval falconry mentions the peregrine falcon

英國中世紀的獵鷹學提到了遊隼

and the lanner falcon most frequently,

和獵鷹最常出現。

our two largest native species of falcon at that time.

我們當時最大的兩個本土獵鷹品種。

The peregrine was plentiful

百靈鳥的數量很多

and very good for catching medium-sized birds.

而且非常有利於捕捉中型鳥類。

However, it was frequently lost and sadly very expensive.

然而，它經常丟失，可悲的是非常昂貴。

The lanner falcon was comparatively much more affordable

獵鷹的價格相對來說要高得多

and a great deal more reliable.

而且更加可靠。

It is known to have bred here in the British Isles

據瞭解，它曾在不列顛群島這裡繁衍。

in the south and the west during the middle ages.

在中世紀，在南方和西方。

Never very common, but most certainly recorded

從來不是很常見的，但最肯定的是有記錄

as being there.

因為在那裡。

It was nicknamed the partridge hawk

它的綽號是 "鷓鴣鷹"。

and was used to catch medium-sized game birds.

並用於捕捉中型獵物。

Gentlemen who could not afford a tercel,

那些買不起tercel的紳士們。

that is a male peregrine falcon, would instead make do

這是隻雄性遊隼，而不是做

with a lanner or lanneret.

與一個拉納或蘭納特。

The word lanner derives from the old French word lanier,

lanner這個詞來自於古老的法語單詞lanier。

which means coward and relates to the sneaky

意思是懦夫，與陰險的人有關。

ambush style hunting tactics that the lanner is famous for.

埋伏式的狩獵戰術，這也是拉納人著名的特點。

Lanner falcons are soft feathered

蘭納獵鷹是柔軟的羽毛

and prefer warm conditions,

並喜歡溫暖的環境。

so did not make good winter hunting birds.

所以並不是很好的冬獵鳥。

They were, however, very reliable and seldom lost.

然而，它們非常可靠，很少丟失。

A slight temperature cooling that started in the first half

上半場開始的輕微溫度下降

of the middle ages resulted in the lanner falcons

在中世紀的時候產生了拉納獵鷹

slowly dying out.

逐漸消亡。

And by the early 1700s, they had all but disappeared

而到了17世紀初，他們已經完全消失了。

from the British Isles.

來自不列顛群島。

They retreated back to the warmth of the Mediterranean

他們退回到溫暖的地中海。

and Africa, where they are still found today.

和非洲，今天在那裡仍然可以找到它們。

The famous Book of Saint Albans

著名的《聖阿爾班斯之書》

written by Dame Juliana Berners and published in 1485,

由朱莉安娜-伯納斯夫人撰寫，於1485年出版。

very famously tells us that there was status among hawks