a small barely moderated forum

一個幾乎沒有人管理的小論壇

became the center of attention.

成為人們關注的焦點。

- 8chan.

- 8chan。

- After 8chan.

- 在8chan之後。

- I mean it was on 8chan.

- 我的意思是這是在8chan上。

- A site 8chan.

- 一個網站8chan。

- The killer posted a rambling essay on 8chan,

- 凶手在8chan上發表了一篇漫無邊際的文章。

laying out his hate fueled motives.

闡述了他的仇恨動機。

And it wasn't the first time this had happened either.

而且這也不是第一次發生這種情況。

Since it's launch in 2013, 8chan has become known

自2013年推出以來，8chan已經成為著名的

as a place where hate can thrive.

作為一個仇恨可以茁壯成長的地方。

Even it's founder has said we'd be better off

甚至它的創始人也說我們會更好

if the site just disappeared.

如果該網站就這樣消失了。

And any company that works with 8chan

以及任何與8chan合作的公司

is under pressure to kick it offline.

正面臨著將其踢下線的壓力。

But how do you take a site off the internet?

但是，你如何將一個網站從互聯網上刪除？

Running a website requires a whole stack of services.

運行一個網站需要一大堆的服務。

And if it gets blocked, or deplatformed at any level

如果它被封鎖，或在任何級別上被剝奪了權利

it can become either hard to use

它可能會變得難以使用

or completely inaccessible.

或完全無法訪問。

At the bottom of the stack you've got the host.

在堆棧的底部，你已經得到了主機。

The server that actually holds information for the site.

實際持有網站資訊的服務器。

If you wanna reach that host by typing a link

如果你想通過輸入鏈接到達該主機

you need a registered domain

你需要一個註冊的域名

which is handled by an organization called ICANN

這是由一個名為ICANN的組織處理的

and a series of companies called registrars.

和一系列稱為註冊商的公司。

In the middle, you've got other services

在中間，你有其他服務

that serve more specialized roles.

擔任更專門的角色。

If a site wants to collect money with credit cards

如果一個網站想用信用卡收錢

for example it needs a payment processor,

例如，它需要一個支付處理器。

like Stripe or PayPal.

如Stripe或PayPal。

If it wants to protect itself from denial-of-service

如果它想保護自己免受拒絕服務的影響

or DDoS attacks, it needs a mitigation service

或DDoS攻擊，它需要一個緩解服務

from a company like Cloudflare.

來自Cloudflare這樣的公司。

And on top on all that, there are big social networks,

而在這一切之上，還有大的社交網絡。

mobile app stores and search engines

移動應用商店和搜索引擎

that can boost the sites reach.

這可以提高網站的影響力。

Opponents of sites like 8chan have targeted every level

像8chan這樣的網站的反對者已經針對每一個層面

of that stack and they've seen some success.

他們已經看到了一些成功。

Cloudflare cut off 8chan's DDoS protection shortly

Cloudflare不久就切斷了8chan的DDoS保護。

after the shooting, leaving it open to attack.

槍擊事件發生後，使其有機會受到攻擊。

8chan moved to a competing provider called Epik

8chan搬到了一個名為Epik的競爭性供應商那裡。

but that provider was leasing hardware from

但該供應商是在租賃硬件的基礎上

a different company called Voxility,

一家名為Voxility的不同公司。

which banned Epik as soon as it heard about 8chan.

它一聽說8chan，就禁止了Epik。

After that, 8chan just dropped off the internet.

在那之後，8chan就從互聯網上消失了。

Is it going to stay offline though?

但它會一直處於離線狀態嗎？

Probably not.

可能不會。

There are all kinds of internet infrastructure companies

有各種各樣的互聯網基礎設施公司

that specialize in keeping offensive

專注於保持攻擊性的

or even illegal sites online.

甚至是網上的非法網站。

Sometimes just outside the reach of law enforcement.

有時就在執法部門的範圍之外。

Anonymity networks like Tor can disguise

像Tor這樣的匿名網絡可以偽裝成

where content is hosted or let sites bypass

內容託管的地方，或讓網站繞過

the traditional domain name system.

傳統的域名系統。

There's usually no way to ban a site

通常沒有辦法禁止一個網站

from the internet forever.

從互聯網上永遠消失。

One of the clearest examples of this happened in 2017.

這方面最明顯的例子之一發生在2017年。

When the neo-Nazi blog, Daily Stormer

當新納粹博客 "每日風暴"(Daily Stormer)

was widely condemned for mocking the death

因嘲弄死亡而受到廣泛譴責。

of anti-racist protester, Heather Heyer.

反種族主義抗議者希瑟-海爾的案件。

GoDaddy, Cloudflare, Google and others,

GoDaddy、Cloudflare、谷歌和其他公司。

all stopped working with the site.

都停止了與該網站的合作。

And for a while it couldn't find anywhere to register

有一段時間，它找不到任何地方可以註冊

a domain name, which made it very hard to find.

一個域名，這使得它很難找到。

But once the controversy died down

但一旦爭論平息

it found a new registrar and resumed operating.

它找到了一個新的註冊商並恢復了運作。

Members of a site can also just go form a new community.

一個網站的成員也可以直接去組建一個新的社區。

A lot of 8chan's members came from another message board

8chan的很多成員都來自另一個留言板

called 4chan, which had tried to moderate some

稱為4chan的公司，曾試圖對一些

of its most toxic elements and ended up

其最有毒的元素，最後被

just sending them somewhere worse.

只是把他們送到更糟糕的地方。

If 8chan gets shut down, users can move on to other forums

如果8chan被關閉，用戶可以轉移到其他論壇

or launch private chat rooms.

或啟動私人聊天室。

So, what's the point then?

那麼，這有什麼意義呢？

Well, there are a few major arguments

嗯，有幾個主要的論點

for pressuring companies to deplatform hate sites.

因為他們向公司施壓，迫使其撤銷仇恨網站。

It makes it a lot harder for sites to collect money

這讓網站收錢的難度大增

or run ads, even if they get traffic.

或運行廣告，即使他們獲得流量。

It can also make it harder for people to encounter

這也會使人們更難遇到

these dark corners of the internet in the first place.

這些黑暗的互聯網角落擺在首位。

These aren't huge platforms like Reddit or Twitter.

這些並不是像Reddit或Twitter那樣的巨大平臺。

At the end of the day, 8chan is a pretty small place.

在一天結束時，8chan是一個相當小的地方。

And as we saw earlier this week,

而正如我們在本週早些時候看到的那樣。

revoking things like DDoS protection

撤銷DDoS保護等事項

can knock a site offline while it's experiencing

可以使一個網站在體驗過程中處於離線狀態。

a burst of publicity.

一陣陣的宣傳。

Just because you can't keep something off

僅僅因為你不能保留一些東西

the internet forever,

永遠的互聯網。

doesn't mean you can't reduce its power.

並不意味著你不能減少它的力量。

But there's also a dark side to deplatforming

但是，去中心化也有其黑暗的一面

because it basically involves asking a handful

因為它基本上涉及到問一些

of private companies or CEOs

的私營公司或首席執行官

to act like internet gatekeepers.

像互聯網守門員一樣行事。

Cloudflare is incredibly powerful.

Cloudflare的實力令人難以置信。

Almost 20% of the top 10 000

前10 000名中有近20%的人

internet properties use it right now.

互聯網物業現在就在使用它。

And it has no real system of accountability or transparency.

而且它沒有真正的問責制或透明度制度。

When Cloudflare kicked off the Daily Stormer in 2017,

當Cloudflare在2017年踢走了Daily Stormer。

Cloudflare's CEO, Matthew Prince essentially got mad,

Cloudflare的首席執行官馬修-普林斯（Matthew Prince）基本上生氣了。

pushed a button and dropped the site.

按下一個按鈕，放棄了這個網站。

- I woke up one morning and got sick

- 有一天早上我醒來時生病了

of these jerks using our platform and I flipped a switch

這些混蛋使用我們的平臺，我打開了一個開關

and they were no longer on the internet.

而且他們已經不在互聯網上了。

And I'm not sure that that's a power

我不確定這是否是一種權力。

that any individual, especially any individual

任何個人，特別是任何個人

that isn't politically sort of,

這並不是政治上的那種。

has a political legitimacy to them

具有政治上的正當性

that any individual should be making.

任何個人都應該做的。

- Cloudflare is a private company,

- Cloudflare是一傢俬營公司。

and it has every right to ban a customer.

而且它完全有權禁止一個客戶。

But Prince said that he wasn't comfortable

但普林斯說，他並不舒服

making arbitrary decisions

做出任意的決定

about which sites can stay online.

關於哪些網站可以保持在線。

These lower level infrastructure businesses

這些較低層次的基礎設施業務

have traditionally tried to stay out of content moderation.

傳統上，我們一直試圖不參與內容審核。

Because any decisions they make will have huge ramifications

因為他們做出的任何決定都會產生巨大的影響

for freedom of speech on the internet.

為互聯網上的言論自由。

And while banning some ugly sites

而在禁止一些醜陋網站的同時

might seem like an easy call,

可能看起來是一個簡單的電話。

these companies also face pressure

這些公司也面臨著壓力

to ban political dissidents across the world.

以禁止世界各地的政治異見人士。

And repressive governments use

而壓迫性政府則利用

a lot of the same arguments to paint

很多相同的論點來描繪

those groups as hateful and dangerous.

這些團體是可憎的和危險的。

It's certainly not ideal to have a few CEOs

有幾個CEO當然不理想

making huge decisions with no oversight or appeals process.

在沒有監督或上訴程序的情況下做出巨大決定。

Cloudflare certainly thinks so.

Cloudflare當然這麼認為。

When it kicked out 8chan it asked governments

當它踢出8chan時，它要求政府

to establish better guidelines

建立更好的準則

for when to pull a site offline.

撤消網站的時間。

Lots of countries can access 8chan

很多國家都可以訪問8chan

and if it weren't so easy to carry out mass shootings

如果不是那麼容易進行大規模的槍擊事件

in America, online hate might not spill

在美國，網上的仇恨可能不會溢出

into deadly violence so often.

變成致命的暴力，如此頻繁。

But at least in the US, where Cloudflare operates,

但至少在Cloudflare營運的美國。

institutions don't seem sure how

機構似乎並不確定如何

to deal with white nationalist terrorism.

以應對白人民族主義恐怖主義。

And when Congress has amended the law

而當國會對法律進行修訂時

to keep bad content offline, it's often turned out badly.

以保持不良內容的離線，其結果往往很糟糕。

Like the FOSTA SESTA bill,

如FOSTA SESTA法案。

which is meant to stop online trafficking.

其目的是為了阻止網上販運。

But has ended up making web companies marginalize

但最後卻使網絡公司被邊緣化了

sex workers or purge adult content in general.

性工作者或清除一般的成人內容。

Crafting policies to address hate online

擬定政策以解決網上仇恨問題

and setting up systems to enforce them

並建立系統來執行它們

could take a long time if it happens at all.

如果發生的話，可能需要很長的時間。

So if people wanna keep these sites off the internet

是以，如果人們想讓這些網站遠離互聯網

they basically have to pressure companies like Cloudflare.

他們基本上要對Cloudflare這樣的公司施加壓力。

Even if the companies don't want to be making those calls.

即使這些公司不希望打這些電話。

Thank you for watching this is a very serious topic

謝謝您的觀看，這是一個非常嚴肅的話題。

that goes far beyond just the internet.

這遠遠超出了互聯網的範圍。

If you wanna help out some of the communities affected

如果你想幫助一些受影響的社區

or fight hate groups please just check out

或打擊仇恨團體，請直接查看

the links in the description of this video.

本視頻描述中的鏈接。