"This is a different type of enemy then we're used to."

"這是一個不同類型的敵人，我們已經習慣了。"

"And we're adjusting our thinking to the new type of enemy."

"而且我們正在調整我們的思維，以適應新型的敵人。"

Days after the 9/11 attacks, President George W. Bush

在9/11襲擊發生後的幾天，喬治-W-布什總統

launched the global war on terror.

啟動了全球反恐戰爭。

In October 2001, he sent the military to invade Afghanistan

2001年10月，他派軍隊入侵阿富汗

and hunt down members of al-Qaeda and its ally, the Taliban. 

並追捕基地組織及其盟友塔利班的成員。

It also offered cash rewards to anyone who would help capture a terrorist. 

它還向任何幫助捕獲恐怖分子的人提供現金獎勵。

Often enough money to change lives. 

經常有足夠的錢來改變生活。

So, many in Afghanistan and Pakistan took advantage of the offer

是以，阿富汗和巴基斯坦的許多人利用了這個機會

and turned hundreds of men over often with little evidence.

並在沒有什麼證據的情況下將數以百計的人推翻。

The US sent those men to secret prisons called black sites.

美國將這些人送入被稱為黑牢的祕密監獄。

Where they interrogated and tortured them.

在那裡，他們對他們進行審訊和折磨。

But within a month, they started searching for a larger, permanent prison

但在一個月內，他們開始尋找一個更大的永久性監獄

to consolidate all these prisoners.  

以鞏固所有這些囚犯。

Eventually settling on this old Navy base in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. 

最終定居在古巴關塔那摩灣的這個舊海軍基地。

In January 2002, the first detainees began arriving.

2002年1月，第一批被拘留者開始抵達。

One of them was Moath al-Alwi who spent the next two decades in this prison

其中一個是莫阿特-阿爾維，他在這個監獄中度過了20年。

because the US government deemed him too dangerous to be set free.

因為美國政府認為他太危險而不能被釋放。

But they never charged him with a crime. 

但他們從未指控他犯罪。

And he's not alone. 

而且他並不孤單。

Hundreds of men were imprisoned in Guantánamo. 

數百名男子被關押在關塔那摩。

Few were charged with a crime. 

很少有人被指控犯罪。

Some were tortured. 

有些人受到了酷刑。

And none received a fair trial. 

而且沒有人得到公平的審判。

It's a prison that's operated outside the bounds of law. 

這是一個在法律範圍之外運作的監獄。

So, how did the US get away with this?

那麼，美國是如何逃過這一劫的？

And why is Guantánamo Bay still open?

還有，為什麼關塔那摩灣仍然開放？

There are two myths about the people who were picked up.

關於被接走的人，有兩個神話故事。

One is that they are all hardened, capable terrorists. 

其一是他們都是頑固的、有能力的恐怖分子。

The other is that they were all innocent shepherds.

另一個是，他們都是無辜的牧羊人。

This is Dan Fried.

我是丹-弗裡德。

He worked in the US foreign service for over 40 years

他在美國外交部門工作了40多年

and was assigned to Guantanamo in 2009.

並於2009年被派往關塔那摩。

The conclusion I had is that there was kind of a bell curve.

我的結論是，有一種鐘形曲線。

At one low end, there were actually hardened terrorists.

在一個低端，實際上有頑固的恐怖分子。

Like this man, Osama bin-Laden's personal secretary.  

比如這個人，奧薩馬-本-拉登的私人祕書。

There were others that were sometimes petty criminals and drug dealers.

還有一些人有時是小混混和毒販子。

Not great people, but not criminal masterminds, not terrorists. 

不是偉大的人，但不是犯罪主謀，不是恐怖分子。

And the top of the bell curve were people just a little more involved

而鐘形曲線頂端的人只是稍微參與了一下

than what I just described.

比我剛才描述的要好。

At the other end were people who were swept up and shouldn't have been there at all.

在另一端是被掃地出門的人，他們根本就不應該在那裡。

Like a group of Uigher men.

像一群維吾爾族人。

Members of a mainly Muslim ethnic group who were fleeing persecution in China.

一個主要是穆斯林民族的成員，他們正在逃離中國的迫害。

And they wound up in al-Qaeda camps and we didn't know what to do with them

他們被關在基地組織的營地裡，我們不知道該如何處理他們。

and so they ended up in Guantánamo. 

是以，他們最終被關進了關塔那摩監獄。

In fact, many detainees were put in Guantánamo based on little evidence. 

事實上，許多被拘留者被關進關塔那摩是基於很少的證據。

Yet Bush officials often described them all as terrorist. 

然而，布什官員經常把他們都說成是恐怖分子。

"I mean these are people who would gnaw through hydraulic lines of the back of a C-17

"我的意思是，這些人可以咬斷C-17飛機後面的液壓線

to bring it down.”

來把它弄下來。"

"Very, very dangerous people."

"非常、非常危險的人"。

By 2003, there were nearly 700 Guantánamo detainees

到2003年，有近700名關塔那摩的被拘留者

and virtually none of them were charged with a crime. 

而他們中幾乎沒有人被指控犯罪。

"The American flag flies again over our embassy in Kabul."

"美國國旗再次飄揚在我們在喀布爾的大使館上空。"

"Terrorists who once occupied Afghanistan

"曾經佔領阿富汗的恐怖分子

now occupy cells at Guantánamo Bay."

現在佔據了關塔那摩灣的牢房。"

The Bush administration chose Guantánamo Bay largely because of its unique location.

布什政府選擇關塔那摩灣主要是因為其獨特的位置。

It was under US control, but it wasn't technically inside the US.

它在美國的控制之下，但在技術上它並不在美國境內。

So, they claimed US law wouldn't apply to the detainees held here.

是以，他們聲稱美國法律不適用於關押在這裡的被拘留者。

If they put them in a US prison, they'd have to either charge them with a crime

如果他們把他們關進美國監獄，他們就必須指控他們犯罪

and put them on trial or release them.

並對他們進行審判或釋放他們。

In other words, under US law, prisoners would have ways to get out.

換句話說，根據美國法律，囚犯會有辦法逃出去。

For bad reasons, they didn't trust the criminal justice system.

由於不好的原因，他們不相信刑事司法系統。

It gives too many rights to the prisoners.

它給了犯人太多的權利。

There was a sense that the old rules had to be thrown out.

有一種感覺，舊的規則必須被扔掉。

The US also claimed that international law didn't apply to these detainees either.

美國還聲稱，國際法也不適用於這些被拘留者。

Even though 196 countries, including the US, signed the Geneva Conventions:

儘管包括美國在內的196個國家簽署了《日內瓦公約》。

a set of laws protecting prisoners of war.

一套保護戰俘的法律。

But for those laws to apply, the US would have to define the detainees

但要適用這些法律，美國就必須對被拘留者進行定義

as prisoners of war.

作為戰俘。

Then they couldn't interrogate them.

那麼他們就無法審訊他們。

And would have to release them as soon as the conflict ends.

而且一旦衝突結束，將不得不釋放他們。

We didn't want to give them those rights because we were so fearful of a new terrorist attack.

我們不想給他們這些權利，因為我們非常害怕發生新的恐怖襲擊。

We wanted to interrogate and frankly

我們想審問並坦率地說

some parts of the US government interrogated through torture.

美國政府的一些部門通過酷刑進行審訊。

I mean, that's—fact.

我的意思是，那是--事實。

So instead of charging them as criminals or calling them prisoners of war

是以，與其將他們作為罪犯起訴，或稱他們為戰俘

the US made up a new term.

美國編造了一個新的術語。

Unlawful enemy combatants.

非法的敵方戰鬥人員。

The US claimed it could hold “unlawful, enemy combatants” without charges in Guantánamo,

美國聲稱它可以不經指控在關塔那摩關押 "非法的敵方戰鬥人員"。

indefinitely.

無限的。

And the detainees couldn't challenge it in court.

而被拘留者無法在法庭上提出質疑。

But the US could prosecute them, in a new court system, run entirely by the military.

但美國可以起訴他們，在一個完全由軍隊管理的新法庭系統中。

These courts were designed to be complex, with rules that heavily favored the US government.

這些法院被設計得很複雜，其規則嚴重偏向美國政府。

For example, the government could introduce evidence

例如，政府可以提出證據

without showing it to the detainee first.

不先給被拘留者看。

This made Guantánamo Bay prison a “legal blackhole”.

這使關塔那摩灣監獄成為 "法律黑洞"。

The original sin is that we created an institution outside

原罪在於，我們創造了一種體制之外的東西。

and designed to be outside the rule of law.

並被設計在法治之外。

"No more torture in our name."

"不要再以我們的名義進行酷刑"。

"And shut it down and release everybody."

"並關閉它，釋放所有人。"

"Justice for Guantánamo detainees, now a core celebra among human rights activists."

"為關塔那摩的被拘留者伸張正義，現在是人權活動家的一個核心議題。"

World leaders, allied governments, and US politicians began calling for the closure

世界各國領導人、盟國政府和美國政治家開始呼籲關閉

of Guantánamo.

的關塔那摩。

Plus, Bush officials recognized that it was actually hurting the war on terror.

另外，布什官員認識到，這實際上損害了反恐戰爭。

Gitmo was also a great recruiting tool.

關塔那摩也是一個很好的招募工具。

There were all these terrorist videos about how evil the Americans were

有所有這些恐怖分子的視頻，關於美國人是如何邪惡的

and we have to fight back because they imprison people without any legal basis.

而我們必須進行反擊，因為他們在沒有任何法律依據的情況下監禁人們。

They torture people.

他們折磨人。

Eventually, the Supreme Court stepped in.

最終，最高法院介入了。

In a series of decisions, the Court ruled that Guantánamo detainees were entitled to

在一系列的決定中，法院裁定關塔那摩的被拘留者有權獲得

challenge their imprisonment in court.

在法庭上質疑他們的監禁。

It was clear the US would soon have to let many of these detainees out.

很明顯，美國很快就不得不把這些被拘留者中的許多人放出來。

So, the Bush administration reviewed every case and set up a transfer process.

是以，布什政府審查了每一個案件，並設立了一個轉移程序。

Pretty simple process. Yeah.

相當簡單的過程。是的。

Move them back.

把它們移到後面。

Mainly to Afghanistan.

主要是到阿富汗。

Nobody asked a lot of questions.

沒有人問很多問題。

Over a 5 year period, the Bush administration transferred 532 detainees

在5年的時間裡，布什政府轉移了532名被拘留者

and only convicted 3 through the military courts.

並只通過軍事法庭將3人定罪。

5 detainees died in the prison.

5名被拘留者在監獄中死亡。

Four of them were reportedly suicides.

據報道，其中4人是自殺。

That left 242 in Guantánamo when he left office

在他離任時，關塔那摩監獄還剩下242人。

with some hope that the prison would close.

帶著一些希望，監獄將關閉。

"Guantánamo will be closed, no later than one year from now."

"關塔那摩將被關閉，不遲於一年後。"

On his second day in office, Barack Obama signed an executive order to close Guantanamo

奧巴馬在上任的第二天就簽署了關閉關塔那摩的行政命令。

within a year.

在一年之內。

His administration split the detainees into three groups

他的政府將被拘留者分為三組

and laid out a plan with more paths out.

並制定了一個有更多出路的計劃。

The first group included about half the detainees

第一組包括約一半的被拘留者

who would be transferred either to their home countries.

這些人將被轉移到他們的祖國。

Or, for those whose home countries were too dangerous or unstable

或者，對於那些母國過於危險或不穩定的人來說

the US would negotiate deals with other countries to take them.

美國將與其他國家談判達成協議，以接收他們。

Or they would be released to the US.

否則他們就會被釋放到美國。

This was the plan for the Uigher men.

這就是維格人的計劃。

A second group would be tried as criminals in a US federal court.

第二組將作為罪犯在美國聯邦法院受審。

Including five men who helped plan the 9/11 attacks.

包括五個幫助策劃9/11襲擊事件的人。

But that still left a third group.

但這仍然留下了第三組。

There was a category of people we didn't feel comfortable transferring

有一類人我們覺得不適合轉移

but without sufficient evidentiary basis to put them on trial.

但沒有足夠的證據基礎對他們進行審判。

This final group of several dozen would be moved to a super-maximum security prison

這最後一批幾十人將被轉移到一個超級最高安全級別的監獄。

in Illinois.

在伊利諾伊州。

Then Guantánamo could be closed.

那麼關塔那摩就可以關閉了。

It was a good enough plan.

這是個足夠好的計劃。

It had risk.

它有風險。

But keeping Guantánamo open has risks too.

但繼續開放關塔那摩也有風險。

"Now I believe that any plan to close Guantánamo that includes bringing these terrorists into

"現在我相信，任何關閉關塔那摩的計劃如果包括將這些恐怖分子帶入

the United States, Mr. President, is a mistake."

總統先生，美國是一個錯誤"。

"To do so would be nothing short of an invitation for Al-Qaeda to operate inside our homeland."

"這樣做無異於邀請基地組織在我們的國土內活動。"

"In my view, these men are exactly where they belong."

"在我看來，這些人正是屬於他們的地方。"

In Congress, Republican politicians fiercely opposed every aspect of the plan.

在國會，共和黨的政治家們激烈地反對該計劃的每一個方面。

They pushed back against transfers and putting any detainees on trial in the US.

他們反對移交和在美國對任何被拘留者進行審判。

"It will make America a more dangerous place."

"這將使美國成為一個更危險的地方。"

"And it will allow them the platform to spew their hateful ideology."

"而且這將使他們有平臺來噴發他們的仇恨意識形態。"

They even attacked the plan to move some into the supermax prison.

他們甚至攻擊了將一些人轉移到超級大監獄的計劃。

"You're also putting people who would then start plotting for their escape from the outside

"你也在把那些隨後會開始謀劃從外面逃跑的人

in America's neighborhoods."

在美國的街區。"

All of a sudden when Obama comes in, "Oh no, you can't let people go

突然間，當奧巴馬進來時，"哦，不，你不能讓人們去

because you're letting terrorists out."

因為你在放走恐怖分子。"

By the spring of '09, this narrative was already set:

到了09年春天，這種說法已經確定。

"The Obama administration: soft on terrorism”.

"奧巴馬政府：對恐怖主義態度軟弱"。

It's fair to ask tough questions.

提出棘手的問題是公平的。

What's not reasonable is making it impossible for Obama

不合理的是讓奧巴馬無法

when you didn't ask any hard questions about Bush.

當你沒有問任何關於布什的棘手問題時。

Ultimately both Republicans and Democrats passed bills that blocked any Guantánamo

最終，共和黨人和民主黨人都通過了法案，阻止了任何關塔那摩的發展。

detainee from coming to the US for any reason.

被拘留者因任何原因不能來美國。

Including for trial, imprisonment, or release.

包括用於審判、監禁或釋放。

Then the Obama administration folded.

然後，奧巴馬政府折戟沉沙。

They gave up at the first sign that it would take a lot of political capital to close Gitmo.

他們一看到關閉關塔那摩需要大量的政治資本就放棄了。

But y'all made a big deal of it.

但你們都把它當成了大事。

You better mean it.

你最好是認真的。

The Obama administration didn't mean it enough.

奧巴馬政府的意思還不夠。

The only two options detainees had stayed in place but got much harder.

被拘留者僅有的兩個選擇留在了原地，但變得更加艱難。

The military courts were extremely slow and ineffective.

軍事法庭的工作極其緩慢，而且效率不高。

3 convictions had been overturned by 2016.

到2016年，有3項定罪被推翻了。

And transfers became more complicated.

轉移也變得更加複雜。

Many of the detainees were from Yemen but couldn't be transferred back after conflict

許多被拘留者來自葉門，但在衝突後無法被轉移回去

broke out there in 2011.

2011年在那裡爆發了。

So, the US would have to convince other countries to take them.

是以，美國將不得不說服其他國家接受他們。

That was Dan's job.

那是丹的工作。

For years and years, the American government has said these are the worst of the worst.

多年來，美國政府一直說這些是最糟糕的人。

These are terrorist masterminds.

這些人是恐怖主義的主謀。

And now I'm saying, no, no, they're actually not.

而現在我說，不，不，他們實際上不是。

We shouldn't have asked other countries to take them if we weren't willing to take them.

如果我們不願意接受他們，我們就不應該要求其他國家接受他們。

Dan negotiated transfers for 17 Uigher men

丹為17名維吾爾族男子進行了調職談判

who were not allowed to be released to the US.

他們不被允許被釋放到美國。

They'd been held in Guantánamo for more than a decade.

他們在關塔那摩被關押了十多年。

Over 8 years, the Obama administration moved 197 detainees out of Guantánamo

8年來，歐巴馬政府從關塔那摩轉移了197名被拘留者。

and convicted 5 through the military courts.

並通過軍事法庭將5人定罪。

Four more died inside, three reportedly from suicide.

還有四人死在裡面，據說有三人是自殺。

That left 41 detainees with a new president who wanted to keep the prison open.

這就給41名被拘留者留下了一個希望繼續開放監獄的新總統。

"We're going to keep, as you know, Gitmo, we're keeping that open."

"我們將保持，如你所知，關塔那摩，我們將保持開放。"

"And we're gonna load it up with bad dudes."

"我們要把它裝上壞的帥哥。"

In 2017, Donald Trump took office as a fervent supporter of keeping Guantánamo open.

2017年，唐納德-特朗普作為保持關塔那摩監獄開放的狂熱支持者上臺。

In four years, his administration only transferred one detainee.

在四年中，他的政府只轉移了一名被拘留者。

In 2021, when President Biden took office

2021年，拜登總統上任時

Moath al-Alwi had been in Guantánamo for 19 years.

莫阿特-阿爾維（Moath al-Alwi）在關塔那摩已經被關押了19年。

According to his testimony, he went on a series of hunger strikes to protest his detention.

根據他的證詞，他進行了一系列絕食以抗議對他的拘留。

And described his life as an “endless horror movie”.

並將他的生活描述為一部 "無盡的恐怖電影"。

But January 11, 2022, Biden approved Alwi and four other detainees for transfer.

但2022年1月11日，拜登準許將阿爾維和其他四名被拘留者轉移。

For Guantánamo to close, the Biden administration needs to transfer the last remaining detainees.

為了關閉關塔那摩，拜登政府需要轉移最後一批剩餘的被拘留者。

And the military courts need to conclude trials for the 10

而軍事法庭需要完成對10名被告的審判。

who are currently stuck in the system.

目前被困在該系統中的人。

Including the 5 alleged 9/11 plotters, who have now been on trial for a decade.

包括5名被指控的9/11策劃者，他們現在已經被審判了十年。

Once you start them outside the rule of law

一旦你在法治之外開始他們

bringing them in the rule of law is a lot trickier than you think.

將他們納入法治的範圍，比你想象的要棘手得多。

Don't throw out the rulebook in a fit of passion.

不要因為一腔熱血而扔掉規則手冊。

You'll regret it.

你會後悔的。

And we did.

而我們做到了。