Name: 斯大林是如何餓死烏克蘭的 (How Stalin starved Ukraine)
Uploaded: 2022-05-17T23:59:10.000Z
Duration: 15 min 10 s

[in Ukrainian] People were lying in the fields, swollen

[烏克蘭語]人們躺在田野裡，全身浮腫。

程度副詞

and so many dead people lay down on the road."

[烏克蘭語]我從大饑荒中倖存下來。

This is Rostyslav, reading the words of his grandmother, Lydia, who lived in Ukraine.

這是羅斯季斯拉夫，他在讀他的祖母莉迪亞的話，她住在烏克蘭。

[in Ukrainian] It was scary to watch and remember.

[烏克蘭語]這讓人看了很害怕，也很難忘。

of a horrific man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine.

在烏克蘭，一場可怕的人為饑荒導致數百萬人死亡。

My father has recorded an oral history that his grandmother told him

我父親記錄了他祖母告訴他的一段口述歷史

[in Ukrainian] Our family consisted of 10 people.

[烏克蘭語]我們的家庭由10個人組成。

[in Ukrainian] On one of those nights, my father said that we would starve to death.

[烏克蘭語]在其中一個晚上，我父親說，我們會餓死的。

[in Ukrainian] We needed to do something.

[烏克蘭語]我們需要做一些事情。

The famine hit several parts of the  Soviet Union, from 1932 to 1933.

從1932年到1933年，饑荒襲擊了蘇聯的幾個地區。

But in Ukraine it became known as "the Holodomor"

但在烏克蘭，它被稱為 "大饑荒"。

It was genocide carried out by a dictator who wanted to keep Ukraine under his control.

這是一個想把烏克蘭置於其控制之下的獨裁者所進行的種族滅絕。

And would do everything in his power  to cover it up for decades.

並將盡其所能地掩蓋它，持續數十年。

In 1917, after the fall of the Russian empire, Ukraine briefly gained freedom.

1917年，俄羅斯帝國滅亡後，烏克蘭短暫地獲得了自由。

But, by 1922, it was forcefully integrated into the newly formed Soviet Union

但是，到了1922年，它被強行納入新成立的蘇維埃聯盟

and became known as the  Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.

並被稱為烏克蘭社會主義蘇維埃共和國。

At the time, the country was largely rural

most of the population were  villagers and farmers.

Self-reliance is a very important thing  for every Ukrainian.

自力更生對每個烏克蘭人來說都是一件非常重要的事情。

And so having that piece of land,  cultivating that land

是以，擁有那片土地，耕種那片土地

was something that was very important  to so many.

In fact, Ukraine was known for its farmland.

事實上，烏克蘭以其農田而聞名。

With some of the world's most fertile soil, the country was a huge grain producer

該國擁有世界上最肥沃的土壤，是一個巨大的糧食生產國。

Over time, it became known as  the breadbasket of the Soviet Union

隨著時間的推移，它被稱為蘇聯的糧倉。

and Joseph Stalin wanted  complete control of it.

而約瑟夫-斯大林想完全控制它。

When Stalin rose to power in the mid-1920s

a distinctly Ukrainian culture and  national identity were thriving.

一個獨特的烏克蘭文化和民族身份正在蓬勃發展。

But by the late-1920s, he and other Soviet leaders

但到了1920年代末，他和其他蘇聯領導人

feared it could bring on a Ukrainian revolution.

擔心這可能會帶來一場烏克蘭革命。

They decided to crackdown on what they saw as an ideological threat to the Soviet regime

他們決定鎮壓他們認為是對蘇維埃政權的意識形態威脅的東西

and they began a widespread, violent purge of Ukrainian intellectuals

他們開始對烏克蘭知識分子進行廣泛的、暴力的清洗

along with priests, and religious structures.

decapitating the leadership of the country.

Around the same time, Stalin introduced a “Five Year Plan”

大約在同一時間，斯大林推出了一個 "五年計劃"

that would eventually give him control of Ukrainian agriculture.

這將使他最終控制烏克蘭的農業。

The goal was to industrialize all of  the Soviet Union at a rapid pace

目標是以快速的速度實現整個蘇聯的工業化

which meant building up industries like  electricity, coal, and steel.

這意味著要建立電力、煤炭和鋼鐵等工業。

To fund this project, Stalin turned to the “collectivization” of agriculture.

為了資助這個項目，斯大林轉向了農業的 "集體化"。

Which meant consolidating  individual farms

across all of the Soviet Union  into large, state run farms.

在整個蘇聯境內的大型國營農場。

If you combine, you know, 60, 70, 80  small farms into one big farm

如果你把60、70、80個小農場合併成一個大農場，你知道的

It's easier to extract surplus grain or surplus sugar or whatever that farm produces.

提取多餘的糧食或多餘的糖或該農場生產的任何東西都比較容易。

In Ukraine, the plan gave Stalin direct control over grain production

在烏克蘭，該計劃讓斯大林直接控制了糧食生產

which meant he could extract all of the crop to sell to the West

這意味著他可以提取所有的農作物賣給西方國家。

as a way to fund Soviet industrialization.

作為資助蘇聯工業化的一種方式。

By this policy of industrialization, by taking away everything that grew on the land

通過這種工業化政策，通過奪走土地上生長的一切東西

Stalin aimed to really destroy that connection between the land and life itself.

斯大林的目的是真正摧毀土地和生活本身之間的這種聯繫。

That was one of the key ideological things in industrialization

這是工業化的關鍵意識形態之一

saying that it's not about the land,  it's about the state

說這不是土地的問題，是國家的問題。

the Soviet state that will then  provide for your livelihood.

蘇聯國家，然後為你提供生活保障。

Many Ukrainian farmers who had worked  independently for their entire lives

許多獨立工作了一輩子的烏克蘭農民

So, Stalin found another way to attack them.

是以，斯大林找到了另一種方法來攻擊他們。

He launched a propaganda campaign  to smear farmers.

他發起了一場宣傳運動，抹黑農民。

He labeled anyone resistant  to collectivization, a “kulak”

他給任何抗拒集體化的人貼上了 "庫拉克 "的標籤。

a Russian term for a wealthy peasant and depicted them as greedy, exploiters,

這是一個俄國人對富裕農民的稱呼，並把他們描繪成貪婪的剝削者。

This is a way to drive a wedge within a community.

這是一種在社區內打入楔子的方式。

And it's a way to also justify, I think,  what the Soviet state

我認為，這也是為蘇聯國家的做法進行辯護的一種方式。

and what the Communist Party is trying to do  on the ideological side.

以及共產黨在意識形態方面所做的努力。

No matter how rich or poor, Stalin seized the belongings of the so-called “kulaks".

無論貧富，斯大林都沒收了所謂 "庫拉克 "的財物。

He then exiled, imprisoned, or executed  hundreds of thousands of them.

然後他流放、監禁或處決了數十萬人。

And for the farmers who remained,  he engineered a famine to starve them.

而對於留下來的農民，他設計了一場饑荒，讓他們捱餓。

In 1931, Stalin deliberately set quotas  for grain production

1931年，斯大林特意規定了糧食生產的定額

that were far beyond the capacity of farmers across the Soviet Union.

這遠遠超出了整個蘇聯農民的能力。

Stalin's men swept their farms to confiscate all the grain they could find.

斯大林的人掃蕩了他們的農場，沒收了他們能找到的所有糧食。

Records show the Soviets took over 4 million tons of grain from Ukraine alone in 1932.

記錄顯示，1932年，蘇聯人僅從烏克蘭就拿走了400多萬噸糧食。

That same year, a new law punished anyone who took even a handful of grain

同年，一項新的法律規定，凡是拿走哪怕一把糧食的人都要受到懲罰。

or was caught hiding grain or bread — with 10 years in prison, or the death penalty.

或被抓到藏匿糧食或麵包--被判處10年監禁，或死刑。

Stalin's oppressive collection policy created a famine that started spreading

斯大林的壓迫性徵收政策造成饑荒開始蔓延

in grain-producing regions across  the Soviet Union.

Some party members sent Stalin letters  about the growing crisis

一些黨員向斯大林發出了關於日益嚴重的危機的信件

And that's what makes it so diabolical because

if a government is really concerned about its population, its people

如果一個政府真的關心其人口，其人民

then at the end of the first famine year, it can reverse its policies.

然後在第一個饑荒年結束時，它可以扭轉其政策。

But instead, the government and the party actually doubled down.

但相反，政府和黨實際上加倍努力。

made the famine deadly in many parts  of the Soviet Union.

使得蘇聯許多地區的饑荒成為致命的。

But when it came to Ukraine, Stalin's need for the complete submission of its people

但是，當涉及到烏克蘭時，斯大林需要烏克蘭人民的完全服從

In the fall and winter of 1932, Soviet police began seizing not just grain

1932年秋冬，蘇維埃警察不僅開始沒收糧食

Farms in Ukraine and sometimes entire villages, were “blacklisted”

烏克蘭的農場，有時是整個村莊，都被列入 "黑名單"

for missing grain quotas, torn apart for food, and prohibited from receiving any supplies.

因為錯過了糧食配額，被撕碎了食物，並被禁止接受任何物資。

In January 1933, knowing Ukrainians were leaving in search of food

1933年1月，瞭解情況的烏克蘭人紛紛離開以尋找食物

Stalin closed the borders of Ukraine and policed migration from Ukrainian villages to cities, too.

斯大林也關閉了烏克蘭的邊界，並對從烏克蘭村莊到城市的移民進行監控。

In the coming months, tens of thousands  of Ukrainian villagers

在未來幾個月裡，成千上萬的烏克蘭村民

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斯大林是如何餓死烏克蘭的 (How Stalin starved Ukraine)

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