and so many dead people lay down on the road."

和那麼多死人躺在路上"。

[in Ukrainian] I survived the Holodomor,

[烏克蘭語]我從大饑荒中倖存下來。

and will remember it as long as I live.

只要我活著，就會記住它。

This is Rostyslav, reading the words of his grandmother, Lydia, who lived in Ukraine.

這是羅斯季斯拉夫，他在讀他的祖母莉迪亞的話，她住在烏克蘭。

[in Ukrainian] It was scary to watch and remember.

[烏克蘭語]這讓人看了很害怕，也很難忘。

Lydia was a witness and survivor

莉迪亞是一個見證者和生還者

of a horrific man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine.

在烏克蘭，一場可怕的人為饑荒導致數百萬人死亡。

My father has recorded an oral history that his grandmother told him

我父親記錄了他祖母告訴他的一段口述歷史

and he just recorded it in ink pen.

而他只是用墨水筆記錄下來。

[in Ukrainian] Our family consisted of 10 people.

[烏克蘭語]我們的家庭由10個人組成。

[in Ukrainian] On one of those nights, my father said that we would starve to death.

[烏克蘭語]在其中一個晚上，我父親說，我們會餓死的。

[in Ukrainian] We needed to do something.

[烏克蘭語]我們需要做一些事情。

The famine hit several parts of the Soviet Union, from 1932 to 1933.

從1932年到1933年，饑荒襲擊了蘇聯的幾個地區。

But in Ukraine it became known as "the Holodomor"

但在烏克蘭，它被稱為 "大饑荒"。

a term meaning “death by starvation".

一個意味著 "餓死 "的術語。

It was genocide carried out by a dictator who wanted to keep Ukraine under his control.

這是一個想把烏克蘭置於其控制之下的獨裁者所進行的種族滅絕。

And would do everything in his power to cover it up for decades.

並將盡其所能地掩蓋它，持續數十年。

In 1917, after the fall of the Russian empire, Ukraine briefly gained freedom.

1917年，俄羅斯帝國滅亡後，烏克蘭短暫地獲得了自由。

But, by 1922, it was forcefully integrated into the newly formed Soviet Union

但是，到了1922年，它被強行納入新成立的蘇維埃聯盟

and became known as the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.

並被稱為烏克蘭社會主義蘇維埃共和國。

At the time, the country was largely rural

當時，這個國家主要是農村

most of the population were villagers and farmers.

大部分人口是村民和農民。

Self-reliance is a very important thing for every Ukrainian.

自力更生對每個烏克蘭人來說都是一件非常重要的事情。

And so having that piece of land, cultivating that land

是以，擁有那片土地，耕種那片土地

was something that was very important to so many.

是對許多人非常重要的東西。

In fact, Ukraine was known for its farmland.

事實上，烏克蘭以其農田而聞名。

With some of the world's most fertile soil, the country was a huge grain producer

該國擁有世界上最肥沃的土壤，是一個巨大的糧食生產國。

especially in these regions.

特別是在這些地區。

Over time, it became known as the breadbasket of the Soviet Union

隨著時間的推移，它被稱為蘇聯的糧倉。

and Joseph Stalin wanted complete control of it.

而約瑟夫-斯大林想完全控制它。

When Stalin rose to power in the mid-1920s

當斯大林在1920年代中期上臺後

a distinctly Ukrainian culture and national identity were thriving.

一個獨特的烏克蘭文化和民族身份正在蓬勃發展。

But by the late-1920s, he and other Soviet leaders

但到了1920年代末，他和其他蘇聯領導人

feared it could bring on a Ukrainian revolution.

擔心這可能會帶來一場烏克蘭革命。

They decided to crackdown on what they saw as an ideological threat to the Soviet regime

他們決定鎮壓他們認為是對蘇維埃政權的意識形態威脅的東西

and they began a widespread, violent purge of Ukrainian intellectuals

他們開始對烏克蘭知識分子進行廣泛的、暴力的清洗

along with priests, and religious structures.

與祭司和宗教結構一起。

You have to think about it as kind of

你必須把它看成是一種

decapitating the leadership of the country.

斬斷了國家的領導層。

You cut off its head, basically.

你砍掉了它的頭，基本上。

Around the same time, Stalin introduced a “Five Year Plan”

大約在同一時間，斯大林推出了一個 "五年計劃"

that would eventually give him control of Ukrainian agriculture.

這將使他最終控制烏克蘭的農業。

The goal was to industrialize all of the Soviet Union at a rapid pace

目標是以快速的速度實現整個蘇聯的工業化

which meant building up industries like electricity, coal, and steel.

這意味著要建立電力、煤炭和鋼鐵等工業。

To fund this project, Stalin turned to the “collectivization” of agriculture.

為了資助這個項目，斯大林轉向了農業的 "集體化"。

Which meant consolidating individual farms

這意味著要合併各個農場

across all of the Soviet Union into large, state run farms.

在整個蘇聯境內的大型國營農場。

If you combine, you know, 60, 70, 80 small farms into one big farm

如果你把60、70、80個小農場合併成一個大農場，你知道的

it's easier to control it.

它更容易控制。

It's easier to extract surplus grain or surplus sugar or whatever that farm produces.

提取多餘的糧食或多餘的糖或該農場生產的任何東西都比較容易。

In Ukraine, the plan gave Stalin direct control over grain production

在烏克蘭，該計劃讓斯大林直接控制了糧食生產

which meant he could extract all of the crop to sell to the West

這意味著他可以提取所有的農作物賣給西方國家。

as a way to fund Soviet industrialization.

作為資助蘇聯工業化的一種方式。

By this policy of industrialization, by taking away everything that grew on the land

通過這種工業化政策，通過奪走土地上生長的一切東西

Stalin aimed to really destroy that connection between the land and life itself.

斯大林的目的是真正摧毀土地和生活本身之間的這種聯繫。

That was one of the key ideological things in industrialization

這是工業化的關鍵意識形態之一

saying that it's not about the land, it's about the state

說這不是土地的問題，是國家的問題。

the Soviet state that will then provide for your livelihood.

蘇聯國家，然後為你提供生活保障。

Many Ukrainian farmers who had worked independently for their entire lives

許多獨立工作了一輩子的烏克蘭農民

resisted Stalin's plan.

抵制斯大林的計劃。

So, Stalin found another way to attack them.

是以，斯大林找到了另一種方法來攻擊他們。

He launched a propaganda campaign to smear farmers.

他發起了一場宣傳運動，抹黑農民。

He labeled anyone resistant to collectivization, a “kulak”

他給任何抗拒集體化的人貼上了 "庫拉克 "的標籤。

a Russian term for a wealthy peasant and depicted them as greedy, exploiters,

這是一個俄國人對富裕農民的稱呼，並把他們描繪成貪婪的剝削者。

and enemies of the state.

和國家的敵人。

And sometimes, as literal parasites.

有時，作為字面上的寄生蟲。

This is a way to drive a wedge within a community.

這是一種在社區內打入楔子的方式。

And it's a way to also justify, I think, what the Soviet state

我認為，這也是為蘇聯國家的做法進行辯護的一種方式。

and what the Communist Party is trying to do on the ideological side.

以及共產黨在意識形態方面所做的努力。

No matter how rich or poor, Stalin seized the belongings of the so-called “kulaks".

無論貧富，斯大林都沒收了所謂 "庫拉克 "的財物。

He then exiled, imprisoned, or executed hundreds of thousands of them.

然後他流放、監禁或處決了數十萬人。

And for the farmers who remained, he engineered a famine to starve them.

而對於留下來的農民，他設計了一場饑荒，讓他們捱餓。

In 1931, Stalin deliberately set quotas for grain production

1931年，斯大林特意規定了糧食生產的定額

that were far beyond the capacity of farmers across the Soviet Union.

這遠遠超出了整個蘇聯農民的能力。

When farmers failed to meet those quotas

當農民未能達到這些配額時

Stalin's men swept their farms to confiscate all the grain they could find.

斯大林的人掃蕩了他們的農場，沒收了他們能找到的所有糧食。

Records show the Soviets took over 4 million tons of grain from Ukraine alone in 1932.

記錄顯示，1932年，蘇聯人僅從烏克蘭就拿走了400多萬噸糧食。

That same year, a new law punished anyone who took even a handful of grain

同年，一項新的法律規定，凡是拿走哪怕一把糧食的人都要受到懲罰。

or was caught hiding grain or bread — with 10 years in prison, or the death penalty.

或被抓到藏匿糧食或麵包--被判處10年監禁，或死刑。

Stalin's oppressive collection policy created a famine that started spreading

斯大林的壓迫性徵收政策造成饑荒開始蔓延

in grain-producing regions across the Soviet Union.

在整個蘇聯的糧食生產地區。

Some party members sent Stalin letters about the growing crisis

一些黨員向斯大林發出了關於日益嚴重的危機的信件

pleading for a change in policy.

懇求改變政策。

And that's what makes it so diabolical because

而這正是它的邪惡之處，因為

if a government is really concerned about its population, its people

如果一個政府真的關心其人口，其人民

then at the end of the first famine year, it can reverse its policies.

然後在第一個饑荒年結束時，它可以扭轉其政策。

But instead, the government and the party actually doubled down.

但相反，政府和黨實際上加倍努力。

Their commitment to collectivization

他們對集體化的承諾

made the famine deadly in many parts of the Soviet Union.

使得蘇聯許多地區的饑荒成為致命的。

But when it came to Ukraine, Stalin's need for the complete submission of its people

但是，當涉及到烏克蘭時，斯大林需要烏克蘭人民的完全服從

compounded the effects of the famine.

加重了饑荒的影響。

In the fall and winter of 1932, Soviet police began seizing not just grain

1932年秋冬，蘇維埃警察不僅開始沒收糧食

but anything edible.

但任何可食用的東西。

Even livestock.

甚至是牲畜。

Farms in Ukraine and sometimes entire villages, were “blacklisted”

烏克蘭的農場，有時是整個村莊，都被列入 "黑名單"

for missing grain quotas, torn apart for food, and prohibited from receiving any supplies.

因為錯過了糧食配額，被撕碎了食物，並被禁止接受任何物資。

In January 1933, knowing Ukrainians were leaving in search of food

1933年1月，瞭解情況的烏克蘭人紛紛離開以尋找食物

Stalin closed the borders of Ukraine and policed migration from Ukrainian villages to cities, too.

斯大林也關閉了烏克蘭的邊界，並對從烏克蘭村莊到城市的移民進行監控。

In the coming months, tens of thousands of Ukrainian villagers

在未來幾個月裡，成千上萬的烏克蘭村民

were caught trying to flee

在試圖逃跑時被抓獲

and were sent back to their homes to starve.

並被送回他們的家捱餓。

This was a targeted extermination of peasantry.

這是一次有針對性的對農民的滅絕。

People try to find food, you know, wherever they could in rivers and streams.

人們試圖尋找食物，你知道，只要他們能在河流和溪流中找到食物。

They began to eat their animals, their pets.

他們開始吃他們的動物，他們的寵物。

They began to catch birds and mice, whatever they could find on trees

他們開始捕捉鳥類和老鼠，以及他們在樹上能找到的任何東西。

that would give them some sort of sustenance.

這將使他們有某種寄託。

People were so desperate that they ate flesh from animals

人們是如此的絕望，以至於他們吃了動物的肉

that they found on the road

他們在路上發現的

and some even resorted to cannibalism.

有些人甚至訴諸於吃人。

But even in this unimaginable suffering, Ukrainians fought for their lives

但即使在這種難以想象的痛苦中，烏克蘭人也在為自己的生命而戰

and each other.

以及相互之間的關係。

She was my great grandmother.

她是我的曾祖母。

I have fond memories of her.

我對她有著美好的回憶。

My dad took me to her village, I was really young.

我爸爸把我帶到她的村莊，當時我真的很年輕。

So Lydia's house is actually my first memories.

所以莉迪亞的房子實際上是我的第一個記憶。

The way Holodomor happened, it was mostly happening in the rural areas.

大饑荒發生的方式，主要發生在農村地區。

Lydia was a student at the time.

麗迪雅當時是一名學生。

And she actually told me about how they survived.

而她實際上告訴了我他們是如何生存下來的。

[in Ukrainian] At night, we dug a hole under a tree.

[烏克蘭語] 晚上，我們在樹下挖了一個洞。

[in Ukrainian] We put a barrel in the hole and poured grain in there

[烏克蘭語]我們在洞裡放了一個桶，把糧食倒在裡面。

and covered the barrel with soil.

並用土壤覆蓋桶。

At night they would make flour out of that wheat and make some makeshift bread.

晚上，他們會用這些小麥製作麵粉，做一些臨時的麵包。

And the reason why they would do it at night is that nobody could see

他們之所以要在晚上做，是因為沒有人能夠看到

the smoke coming out of the windows.

窗戶裡冒出的煙。

Lydia describes horrific village scenes

莉迪亞描述了可怕的村莊場景

seeing “a mother die of starvation” and “police taking away children.”

看到 "一位母親死於飢餓 "和 "警察帶走了孩子"。

Once, when Lydia saw her neighbors who had “bloated bodies and couldn't get up”

有一次，當莉迪亞看到她的鄰居們 "身體臃腫，無法起身 "的時候

she started to sneak them “bread and milk".

她開始偷偷地給他們 "麵包和牛奶"。

It's likely due to her efforts, that seven people, out of that family of nine, survived.

很可能是由於她的努力，那個九口之家有七個人活了下來。

After its peak in May and June of 1933, the famine slowly started subsiding.

在1933年5月和6月的高峰之後，饑荒慢慢開始消退。

Likely because of a weakened labor force, the Soviet regime

可能是由於勞動力被削弱，蘇維埃政權

finally took measures to decrease grain confiscations and arrests.

最後採取了減少糧食沒收和逮捕的措施。

By 1934, most regions collectivized.

到1934年，大多數地區實現了集體化。

Almost all farmers were working for the state.

幾乎所有的農民都在為國家工作。

Though we will never know the total number of deaths from the Holodomor

雖然我們永遠不會知道大饑荒的總死亡人數

a recent study estimated nearly 4 million Ukrainians killed.

最近的一項研究估計有近400萬烏克蘭人被殺。

Places like the North Caucasus, with a large Ukrainian population, suffered greatly, too.

像北高加索這樣擁有大量烏克蘭人口的地方，也遭受了巨大的損失。

And further east, Kazakhstan lost at least a third of its population.

而在更東邊，哈薩克斯坦至少損失了三分之一的人口。

So many people perished during the Holodomor

如此多的人在大饑荒中喪生

that the Soviet Union had to send people over to Ukraine to rebuild the labor force.

蘇聯不得不派人到烏克蘭去重建勞動力。

The main goal was to resettle those areas in order to work the land.

主要目標是重新安置這些地區，以便耕種土地。

There were settlers brought in from various parts of the Soviet Union

有從蘇聯各地帶來的定居者

but mainly from Russia.

但主要來自俄羅斯。

This resettlement program set off a wave of future campaigns over the years.

這一重新安置計劃掀起了未來多年來的運動浪潮。

Many Russians moved here in the east and south

許多俄羅斯人從東部和南部移居到這裡

which are, to this day, places with large Russian populations.

這些地方至今仍是俄羅斯人口眾多的地方。

In Russia, Stalin carried out a massive disinformation campaign

在俄羅斯，斯大林開展了一場大規模的造謠運動

to cover up the famine he'd created.

以掩蓋他所造成的饑荒。

Throughout the crisis, he outright denied that a famine ever took place.

在整個危機期間，他直截了當地否認曾經發生過饑荒。

He banned the Soviet press from reporting on the famine

他禁止蘇聯媒體對饑荒進行報道

and banned foreign correspondents from even going to Ukraine.

並禁止外國記者甚至去烏克蘭。

But, he strategically allowed language that would effectively downplay the Holodomor

但是，他戰略性地允許使用能夠有效淡化大饑荒的語言

words like “food shortages” or “food supply problems”.

像 "糧食短缺 "或 "糧食供應問題 "這樣的詞彙。

For example, Walter Duranty — a Moscow correspondent for the New York Times

例如，沃爾特-杜蘭蒂--《紐約時報》的莫斯科記者

who won a Pulitzer for his reporting on Stalin's success with the Five Year Plan

他因報道斯大林的五年計劃的成功而獲得普利策獎。

denied the famine in his reporting

在他的報告中否認了饑荒的存在

calling it a “food shortage".

稱其為 "食物短缺"。

Duranty was challenged by others, including journalist Gareth Jones

杜蘭蒂受到了其他人的質疑，包括記者加雷思-瓊斯

who snuck into Ukraine and wrote a series of articles on how “famine ruled Russia".

他潛入烏克蘭，寫了一系列關於 "饑荒如何統治俄羅斯 "的文章。

At the time, Russia was a term many journalists used

在當時，俄羅斯是許多記者使用的一個術語

to describe the Soviet Union as a whole

來形容整個蘇聯的情況

including Ukraine.

包括烏克蘭。

Jones wrote: “Everywhere was the cry, 'there is no bread.

瓊斯寫道："到處都是呼聲，'沒有面包'。

We are dying.'”

我們正在死去"。

In response — Duranty, who had more influence than Jones, put out another article

作為迴應--比瓊斯更有影響力的杜蘭蒂，又發表了一篇文章

this time insisting that “Russians were hungry, but not starving".

這一次，他堅持認為 "俄羅斯人是餓了，但不是在捱餓"。

Several photographers who also tried to expose the humanitarian crisis

幾位攝影師也試圖揭露人道主義危機

were arrested for their photos.

因為他們的照片而被逮捕。

Some managed to get their images to leaders in the West

一些人設法將他們的形象傳遞給西方的領導人

but the images didn't mobilize support for Ukraine.

但這些影像並沒有調動起對烏克蘭的支持。

The West didn't want to get involved in Soviet politics.

西方國家不想介入蘇聯的政治。

The most cautionary tale is remembering that the world didn't come to Ukraine's rescue.

最值得警惕的是要記住，世界並沒有來拯救烏克蘭。

It seemed like an internal issue.

這似乎是一個內部問題。

There was a lot of misinformation, disinformation.

有很多錯誤的資訊，虛假的資訊。

Outside of controlling the media narrative Stalin destroyed archives

在控制媒體敘事之外，斯大林還銷燬了檔案資料

and made sure death certificates didn't use the word “starvation”

並確保死亡證明不使用 "餓死 "一詞

as a cause of death.

作為死因。

And then there was the case of the 1937 census

然後是1937年的人口普查案例

whose findings showed a drop in the population of Ukraine.

其研究結果顯示，烏克蘭的人口有所下降。

So, Stalin decided that he couldn't allow this to be made public.

是以，斯大林決定，他不能允許這一點被公開。

The people who compiled the census

編制人口普查的人

most of them were arrested and some were even executed

他們中的大多數被逮捕，有些甚至被處決

and the census never became public.

而人口普查從未公開。

Over the course of the next several decades

在接下來的幾十年裡

the Soviet Union continued to suppress the Holodomor.

蘇聯繼續鎮壓大饑荒。

But in Ukraine, the truth was quietly passed down through generations.

但在烏克蘭，真相被悄悄地世代相傳。

In more recent years, the Holodomor has been recognized by more than a dozen countries

近年來，大饑荒已被十幾個國家承認。

as a genocide.

作為一種種族滅絕。

In fact Raphael Lemkin, the researcher who coined the term genocide

事實上，拉斐爾-萊姆金（Raphael Lemkin），這位創造了種族滅絕一詞的研究人員

applied it to Ukraine on the basis of four reasons:

根據四個理由，將其適用於烏克蘭。

The extermination of intellectuals.

知識分子的滅絕。

The destruction of churches and priests

教堂和牧師的毀滅

The starvation of farmers.

農民的飢餓。

And the fragmentation of Ukrainian people through resettlement.

以及通過重新安置使烏克蘭人民四分五裂。

But the government of Russia has yet to acknowledge any historical responsibility for the famine.

但俄羅斯政府尚未承認對饑荒的任何歷史責任。

They've maintained — falsely — that the famine hit Russia just as hard.

他們一直認為--錯誤地認為--饑荒對俄羅斯的打擊同樣嚴重。

And today, similar tactics of disinformation are being used to perpetrate

而今天，類似的造謠策略正在被用來實施

another violent attack against Ukrainians.

又一次針對烏克蘭人的暴力襲擊。

If one looks at the coverage provided by Russian state media.

如果看一下俄羅斯國家媒體提供的報道。

It seems like the Ukrainians keep shelling themselves.

似乎烏克蘭人一直在炮擊自己。

It seems like it's somehow the Ukrainians' fault that there is this war in their own land.

似乎在自己的土地上發生這場戰爭是烏克蘭人的錯。

It's war against our people.

這是對我們人民的戰爭。

I can't imagine, the second time we step in the same river.

我無法想象，我們第二次踏入同一條河流的時候。

Whole cities right now in Ukraine are being obliterated.

現在烏克蘭的整個城市正在被抹去。

It is really my fear that if Russia were to be successful in this current invasion of

我真的擔心，如果俄羅斯在目前的這次入侵中獲得成功，那麼

Ukraine they will make sure that this page of history is rewritten and is forgotten.

烏克蘭他們將確保這一頁歷史被改寫，被遺忘。