字幕列表 影片播放
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Linguistics isn't just the study of words or sounds: it's the study of all the parts of conversation.
語言學不僅僅是對單詞或聲音的研究,這是種針對對話的所有部分所進行的研究。
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That includes gesture analysis, which looks at "co-speech gestures". Not posture or gaze, but winking, or sticking out your tongue, or how arms and hands move alongside speech.
其中包括了手勢動作分析,也就是著眼於「說話時的手勢動作」。不是說話時的姿態或目光接觸,而是眨眼、伸出舌頭, 或手臂和手掌是如何在說話時一起動作的。
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Just to be clear, this isn't about sign languages. Those are systematic and rule-governed with elaborate syntax and vocabulary.
澄清一下,這與手語不同。手語具有系統,且被複雜的語法與辭彙所約束。
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Signed languages are language, but gestures are "paralinguistic"; they accompany language.
手語是一種語言,而手勢動作則是「副語言」。它們隨扮在語言旁邊。
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Gesture analysts make their job easier by talking about different categories of gestures, which explain how they relate to meaning.
手勢動作分析師將不同的手勢動作以它們各自的涵義來進行分類,讓他們能更好理解。
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And those are:
這些分類分別為:
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Number one: Iconic. These gestures represent a literal object, like a flat surface, or a car weaving through traffic.
第一種:符號型。這些手勢動作代表的是一個實體的物品,例如一個扁平的平面,或是一台蛇行穿過擁擠交通的車。
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Number two: Metaphoric. Gestures that symbolize an abstract concept, like "before" and "after", or "working together".
第二種:隱喻型。這是象徵抽象概念的手勢動作,例如「之前」和「之後」,或是「一起合作」等。
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I do that a lot, and on this greenscreen those metaphoric gestures become a bit more literal with the help of graphics.
我經常做這些動作,而站在合成綠幕前面,這些隱喻性的手勢在圖形的幫助下能讓我想說的話變得更加清楚。
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Apologies to my animator.
我的動畫師,不好意思啦。
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Three: Deictic. That's pointing to things, positioning yourself to people, or places or things like pointing behind the camera or "over there".
第三種:指示型。比如指向某個東西、將自己定位到人或地方或事物旁邊,像是指向鏡頭後方,或單純指向「那裡」。
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Number four: Pragmatic. Like offering the floor to someone, or "don't bother me right now".
第四種:實用型。像是把講台讓給另一個人,或是「現在不要來煩我」。
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And finally, Beat. The rhythm of gestures alongside the natural stress patterns of speech.
最後一種則是節奏型。跟著講話時自然產生的重點而跟著做出的韻律性動作。
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All these categories — I'm, I'm really self-conscious about every move I'm making now.
所有的類型——害得我現在一直注意到自己的動作。
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These categories can coexist as well. Often gestures that are performed "on beat" also fit into another category.
這些類型也都能同時存在:通常「打在節拍上」的手勢動作同時也會屬於另一個類型。
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There's one more type of gesture that serves a slightly different purpose: emblems.
還有一種手勢動作的作用略有不同:象徵型。
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Emblems are named gestures that don't have to occur alongside speech to have meaning, like "thumbs up".
象徵型是不一定非要與語言同時出現才有意義的手勢動作,例如「豎起大拇指」。
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It has a meaning outside of the context of speech. In a lot of the world, you can flash someone the thumbs up,
它在說話的語境之外仍有意義:在世界上的很多地方,若是你向另一個人豎起大拇指,
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and they'll almost certainly understand that you're signalling approval, or that everything's okay.
它們幾乎肯定能了解你展現出的是許可,或是一切都好的意思。
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But if you swap the fingers, it doesn't have the same meaning.
但如果你換成豎起其他的手指就沒有同樣的意義了。
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And even If I stick with the thumb, if I change angle and arm position, I'm trying to hitch-hike.
甚至就算我還是豎著拇指,只要我改變一下角度和手臂的位置,就會變成想搭便車的動作。
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The form of the gesture is tied to the established meaning. It Is an emblem.
手勢動作的形式與一個已經定型的意義綁訂在一起,成為了一個象徵。
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Which means it's not universal. The meaning is learned, and context can change it.
這意味著它不具有普遍性。手勢動作背後的意義是後天學習的,會隨著情境而有所改變。
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That thumbs up? In some countries, it used to be rude, but because of globalization, that's no longer the common reading there.
剛才的大拇指動作?在一些國家中,這樣的動作在過去有著不禮貌的意涵,但由於國際化的緣故,使得這樣的認知不再是普遍的解讀。
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Although there will be people who remember its rude history, and could still interpret it that way.
儘管會有一些人仍會記得它過去代表不禮貌意涵的歷史,並仍會如此解讀。
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Emblems can change definition over time, they can be created, they can be forgotten.
象徵型動作可以隨著時間的推移改變定義,它們既能被創造,便能被遺忘。
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I would demonstrate that by dabbing, but I don't want a GIF of that to haunt me for the rest of my life.
我本來想透過做一個嘻哈超人動作來證明這點,但我可不想就此產生一張會困擾我到老的 GIF。
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So why do we do it? What does gesturing actually accomplish?
那麼,我們為什麼會做手勢動作呢?手勢動作究竟能達成什麼效果?
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Well, first: redundancy for decoding and encoding errors.
這個嘛,第一點:為了能解碼與分析理解錯誤而存在的多餘表達。
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Languages have agreement all over the place. There's redundancy baked into everything.
語言中到處都有約定俗成的事情,代表每一句話都有多餘的冗字。
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Spoken language is ephemeral. Once something is said, it's gone.
口頭語言是相當短暫的。一旦說了出口,便會消失在空氣中。
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Those sound waves have moved on and they are not coming back.
那些聲波在傳遞出去後已經遠離此地,不會再回來了。
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Gesture is another form of redundancy. It doesn't matter if a loud [engine noise] drove by at just the wrong time — you may have figured out a vague idea of what was being said.
手勢動作則是另一種形式的多餘表達。就算講話時剛好有個大聲的 [引擎聲] 在錯誤的時間點騎了過去,你仍能對我剛才說了什麼有個模糊的概念。
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Next, you can show emphasis and importance.
另一點則是可以展現出同理心或重要性。
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Or if you're explaining an abstract concept, using metaphoric gestures to visibly explain things can help make it clear — either to your conversation partner, or just in your own head.
或者當你在解釋一個抽象的概念時,能使用隱喻型手勢動作來在視覺上解釋得更清楚,不論是對交談的對象來說,或是在你自己的腦袋裡釐清都行。
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And sometimes, it is so much easier and clearer just to point.
而有的時候,直接用指的比用嘴巴說還要更簡單且清楚得多。
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Gestures are important to communication, and so important that if our hands and arms are unavailable, we will use our head, our eyes, our other limbs to compensate.
手勢動作對交流來說相當重要,重要到當我們說話時如果手掌和手臂沒空的話,我們則用上頭部、眼睛,還有其他肢體來替代。
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Gestures can also show understanding of social norms.
手勢動作也可以展現出對社會規範的理解。
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If you're embarrassed to say something, you can make that clear by covering your face or your eyes,
如果你在說某件事時感到不好意思,你可以藉由遮住臉部或是眼睛來明確表現出這點,
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or by doing the move that looks like "There are no paper towels or hand dryers in this bathroom so I guess I'll just shake it off".
或你也能做出像是在說「因為這間廁所沒有擦手紙或烘手機,所以我想我就直接把水甩掉吧」的動作。
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Or if you want to distance yourself from what you're saying you can use scare quotes, or you can put a boundary around yourself.
或者如果你想要與你說的話保持距離,你也能用手勢比出引號,或是在自己周圍畫出一個範圍。
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Gestures also seem to help us get the words out in the first place.
手勢動作似乎也能幫助我們說出話來。
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That's why people gesture even when they're on the phone, and why people who have been blind since birth gesture.
這就是為什麼人們在打電話時也會做出手勢動作,以及為什麼天生便看不見的人也會做手勢動作。
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Gesture is intrinsic to language.
手勢動作是語言的內在屬性。
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It helps us communicate more effectively and more elaborately, and to pass on information and feelings that are difficult to put into words.
它能幫助我們更有效且更精確地進行溝通,傳遞出難以單純用語言表達出的資訊和感受。
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Gestures are basically emoji for the real world.
手勢動作基本上就是現實世界的表情符號。
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One of my co-authors, Gretchen McCulloch, has a book called Because Internet, all about internet language.
我的一位合著者 Gretchen McCulloch 寫了一本關於網路語言,名叫《因為網路》的書。
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You can find out more at the links in the description.
你可以通過影片資訊欄中的連接瞭解到更多資訊。