At Twycross Zoo, primatologist Dr. Katja Liebal is investigating the methods of communication chimps choose amongst themselves.

在特威克斯動物園中，靈長類學家 Katja Liebal 博士正在調查猩猩們自行選擇並發展出來的溝通方式。

Although chimps can't speak, they use a range of gestures and facial expressions as a way of communicating.

雖然猩猩們不會說話，但他們使用了多種示意動作與臉部表情作為溝通方式。

Chimps don't need language in their environment because they have a very complex communicative system based on nonverbal communication.

猩猩們在自然環境中並不需要語言，因為牠們有著以非口語交流方式為基礎，非常複雜的溝通系統。

By observing many different groups of chimpanzees, Katja hopes to compile the world's first chimp dictionary.

藉由觀察許多不同群體的猩猩們，Katja 希望能夠編纂出世界史上第一部猩猩字典。

The Twycross chimps are a useful group to study.

特威克斯的猩猩們是個適合研究的群體。

There's an ongoing power struggle between the dominant male Kip and a young teenage challenger named Peter.

目前牠們正處於佔據領導地位的雄性領袖 Kip，以及年輕的青少年挑戰爭 Peter 之間的權力鬥爭當中。

Fights between the pair are commonplace.

兩者之間的打鬥相當常見。

The tension is producing a rich and varied array of chimp communication across the whole group.

鬥爭所帶來的緊張感，使得整個群組表現出了豐富且多樣的猩猩交流方式。

The first gesture noticed by Katja comes as a direct result of the fight.

Katja 注意到的第一個示意動作是一場打鬥之後的直接結果。

Peter is spotted making a facial expression that signifies fear.

Peter 展現出了代表恐懼的面部表情。

The corners of the mouth are really withdrawn, and you can see the teeth.

他的嘴角退縮到了相當後面，讓你能看到他的牙齒。

They also do this when they scream, so it can be slightly open.

牠們在尖叫時也會這麼做，讓嘴巴能稍微張開。

Chimps also have a facial expression for playfulness.

猩猩也有在玩樂時展現出的面部表情。

The mouth is open and the teeth are still covered with the lips.

他們的嘴巴會張大，但是牙齒仍被嘴唇所覆蓋。

It would be like this, so this would be a play face.

看起來像是這樣。這就是牠們在玩耍時的表情。

In this interaction, we can see Kip and William are chasing around, and you can see that it's a playful interaction because William actually has a play face.

在 Kip 與 William 的互動中，兩者正在互相追逐著，而你可以看出來牠們其實正在玩耍，因為 William 的臉上有著玩耍時的表情。

But chimps gestures can be far more subtle than mere facial expressions.

但猩猩的示意動作有時比起單純的臉部表情還要更加隱諱一些。

Immediately after their fight, Peter taps Kip lightly on the shoulder.

在打鬥之後，Peter 輕輕拍了拍 Kip 的肩膀。

It's "Chimp" for saying, "Sorry!"

這是「猩猩語」中說「抱歉啦！」的方式。

The individual that lost the fight will approach the more dominant one, and will extend its arm to ask for reconciliation, so this is an expression of submissive behavior.

在打鬥中落敗的那方會接近更強勢的那方，並伸長手臂要求和解。這就是種表現服從的行為。

The chimps also show such communications as displaying, which means, "I'm the boss,"

猩猩們也會用耀武揚威的方式行走，表示「這裡我做主」、

pouting, which means, "give me some food please,"

噘起嘴巴，表示「拜託給我點食物吧」、

grooming, which means, "I am your friend and supporter."

梳毛，表示「我站在你這邊，我支持你」。

Pretending to bite means, "I'm enjoying this play fight."

作勢要咬對方，表示「我很享受這個鬧著玩的打鬥」。

All of these behaviors reinforce social bonds, communicate feelings, and establish who is in charge of the group.

這些行為會加強社會聯繫、交流感受，並確立誰才是群體裡作主的猩猩。

They even perform actions that seem... all too human.

牠們有些行為甚至看起來有點... 太像人了。

But while chimps across the world only have a limited repertoire of vocalizations, they constantly invent and share new gestures with each other.

雖然全世界的猩猩們只能發出少少的幾個音，但牠們彼此之間會持續發明並分享新的示意動作。

One theory basically is that they imitate gestures from each other.

有一個理論基本上在說牠們會模仿彼此的示意動作。

They learned their gestures by interacting with others.

牠們會藉由與其他猩猩互動來學習示意動作。

The theory that chimps imitate each other's gestures has led some primatologist to believe that this behavior may have also been present in the ancient ancestors of humans,

猩猩會彼此模仿動作的理論讓部分靈長類學家相信，遠古人類的祖先可能也具有這樣的行為，

and may have led to the languages that we all use today.

並可能在最後促成了我們今日仍在使用的語言的出現。