used by the herd of inferior human  beings to hold back the few superior men?

被一群劣等人用來阻擋少數優等人？

In this Sprouts special with  Stephen Hicks, we examine  

在與斯蒂芬-希克斯（Stephen Hicks）的這期《萌芽》特別節目中，我們將探討

Nietzsche's explanation for how ethics develop  

尼采對倫理學如何發展的解釋

and the consequences for master types living in a  world that's dominated by the morality of a slave.

以及生活在一個由奴隸的道德觀主導的世界中的主人類型的後果。

PART 3 “MASTER-SLAVE MORALITY and  the origin of the bad conscience

第三部分 "主人-奴隸的道德和壞良心的起源

Nietzsche argued that there are two  explanations for how morality develops.

尼采認為，對於道德如何發展有兩種解釋。

Part of the story is bio-psychological —  in terms of what morality resonates with  

部分故事是生物心理學的--在什麼道德的共鳴方面

what psychological type of person one is. The  other part of the story is cultural, because  

一個人是什麼心理類型的人。故事的另一部分是文化，因為

different moral codes develop under different  survival circumstances, and so Nietzsche searches  

不同的道德準則在不同的生存環境下發展，所以尼采尋找

history for the survival circumstances that  necessitated the development of slave morality

歷史上的生存環境，使奴隸道德的發展成為必然

In the West, Nietzsche finds the slave  morality's roots in the Judeo-Christian  

在西方，尼采發現奴隸道德的根源在於猶太教和基督教。

tradition–In a decisive set of events  that occurred early in Jewish history–the  

傳統--在猶太曆史上早期發生的一系列決定性事件--"我是誰？

enslavement of the jews in Egypt. The  significant result of the Jews' being enslaved 

猶太人在埃及的奴役。猶太人被奴役的重要結果是

for a long time was the development  and internalization of a moral code  

長久以來，我們一直在發展和內化一種道德準則。

suitable for surviving slavery.

適合在奴隸制下生存。

Suppose that you are a slave: how do you  survive? And if you have children who are  

假設你是一個奴隸：你如何生存？如果你有孩子，他們是

born into slavery, what survival strategies will  you teach them? In order to survive, a slave must  

生為奴隸的人，你會教他們什麼生存策略？為了生存，奴隸必須

obey the master. This does not come naturally. So  the first lesson is: you must stifle your nature.

服從主人。這並不自然。所以第一課是：你必須扼殺你的本性。

Suppose the master strikes you — the desire  

假設主人打擊了你--慾望

for revenge comes naturally  — but you have to stifle it.

因為復仇是自然而然的 - 但你必須扼殺它。

Suppose the master tells you  to wait — being inactive does  

假設主人告訴你要等待--不活動的情況下會

not come naturally — but you must  suppress your desire for activity.

不是自然而然的 - 但你必須壓制你的活動慾望。

Suppose the master tells you  to do something you do not  

假設主人讓你做一件你不願意做的事

want to do — you must override your  desire to do what you want and obey.

想做的事--你必須推翻你的慾望，做你想做的事，並服從。

Generalizing, you must train yourself to restrain  your natural impulses and to internalize a humble,  

概括地說，你必須訓練自己剋制自己的自然衝動，並內化為一種謙卑。

patient, obedient self. You know you must do  this because slaves who do not end up dead.

耐心、順從的自己。你知道你必須這樣做，因為不這樣做的奴隸最終會死。

Consequently, Nietzsche asserts, slave virtues  have survival value: obedience, humility,  

是以，尼采斷言，奴隸的美德具有生存價值：順從、謙遜。

forgiveness, and patience are good for slaves.  And those are the traits slaves will drill into  

寬容和忍耐對奴隸來說是好事。 而這些都是奴隸們要鑽研的特質

Their children if they want them to survive. Over  time, the slave virtues become cultural values.

他們的孩子，如果他們想讓他們生存下去。隨著時間的推移，奴隸的美德成為文化價值。

In every generation many people are sheep-like  and do not especially mind being slaves.  

在每一代人中，許多人都像羊一樣，並不特別介意做奴隸。

But others resent it, and here the  story Nietzsche tells becomes darker.

但其他人卻很反感，在這裡，尼采講述的故事變得更加黑暗。

In order to survive they must direct  their natural strength and assertiveness  

為了生存，他們必須引導他們的自然力量和自信

against the expression of their  own strength and assertiveness.  

反對錶達他們自己的力量和自信。

This naturally leads them to resent the  master strongly—but they also start to hate  

這自然導致他們對主人的強烈不滿--但他們也開始討厭

themselves for doing what the master says and  for their own role in suppressing themselves.

他們為自己按主人說的做，為自己在壓制自己方面的作用。

Psychologically, hating oneself causes unbearable  pressure inside: because the outward discharge of  

在心理學上，憎恨自己會給內心帶來難以忍受的壓力：因為向外釋放的

the instinct gets inhibited and turns backward  against man himself. Hostility, cruelty,  

本能受到抑制，向後轉而反對人本身。敵意，殘忍。

joy in destruction — all this turned  against the possessors of such instincts:  

破壞中的快樂--所有這些都是對擁有這種本能的人的反擊。

that is the origin of the 'bad conscience'

這就是 "壞良心 "的起源

Hatred of the strong, self-hatred,  and revenge fantasies to ease the pain  

憎恨強者，自我憎恨，並幻想報復以減輕痛苦

become the lived psychological reality  of such slaves. Make this psychological  

成為這種奴隸的生活心理現實。使這種心理

reality a matter of months and years, and  the results will be ugly and poisonous.

現實是幾個月和幾年的問題，結果將是醜陋和有毒的。

More provocatively, Nietzsche argues that such  slave individuals who feel the internal war most  

更具挑釁性的是，尼采認為，這樣的奴隸個體，他們最能感受到內部的戰爭

strongly become the social leaders of the slaves  — that is to say, they become their priests.  

強烈地成為奴隸們的社會領袖--也就是說，他們成為奴隸們的牧師。

“It is because of their impotence that in  them hatred grows to monstrous proportions.

"正是因為他們的無能為力，在他們身上，仇恨才會增長到可怕的程度。

In their leadership role, it is the priests  who most strongly advocate meekness, humility,  

在他們的上司角色中，最強烈主張溫順、謙遜的是牧師。

and obedience —and who condemn the  aggressive strength and pride of the masters.  

和順從--並譴責主人的侵略性力量和驕傲。

The priests are not in a position to  use physical power against the masters.  

祭司們沒有資格使用身體的力量來對付主人。

Instead the priests develop and use  morality as their weapon of confrontation.

相反，牧師們發展並使用道德作為他們對抗的武器。

In the Judeo-Christian tradition, slave  morality becomes part of a revenge strategy. Its 

在猶太教-基督教傳統中，奴隸道德成為復仇策略的一部分。其

point is to enable the weaker  to survive in a harsh world—but  

重點是使弱者能夠在一個嚴酷的世界中生存，但

also to undermine the master type's  confidence in themselves and eventually 

也破壞了主控型的人對自己的信心，最終

bring down the masters so as  to exact a spiritual revenge.

扳倒大師們，以便進行精神上的報復。

So: Strength, aggression, weakness,  

所以。力量、攻擊性、弱點。

resentment. Is morality really about  us getting along together in the world? 

怨恨。道德真的是關於我們在這個世界上相處的嗎？

Or is it really a tool of power, a survival  strategy, and a way for the losers to strike  

還是真的是權力的工具，生存的策略，以及失敗者罷工的方式？

back against the successful? Those are the  hard questions Nietzsche makes us live with.

背對成功者？這些都是尼采讓我們面對的艱難問題。

THE END

結束

What are your thoughts on morality?  Do you agree with Nietzsche? 

你對道德有什麼看法？ 你同意尼采的觀點嗎？

For more information, to reach Stephen  Hicks's full account of the German philosopher  

欲瞭解更多資訊，請訪問斯蒂芬-希克斯對德國哲學家的完整描述

or to download this video without background  music, check the descriptions below.

或下載這個沒有背景音樂的視頻，請查看下面的描述。