we'll show you how the law aims to protect people's human rights

我們將向你展示法律如何旨在保護人們的人權

and set up new frameworks for a new world.

併為一個新的世界建立新的框架。

What could the increasing demand for water do to society?

對水的需求不斷增加會給社會帶來什麼？

And how can the law help?

法律又能提供什麼幫助呢？

Plus – building for the future...

另外--為未來建設...

how the law will provide support to vital technology.

法律將如何為重要技術提供支持。

The need for water globally is expected to increase

全球對水的需求預計將增加

by 55% between 2000 and 2050.

在2000年和2050年之間增加55%。

Much of the demand is driven by farming,

大部分的需求是由農業驅動的。

which takes 70% of global freshwater use.

它佔全球淡水用量的70%。

Food production will need to grow by 69% by 2035

到2035年，糧食生產將需要增長69%。

to feed the growing population.

以養活不斷增長的人口。

And the quality of our water is getting worse.

而我們的水的品質卻越來越差。

Pollution from industry and the plastic we throw away

來自工業和我們扔掉的塑膠的汙染

are poisoning the limited amount we have.

正在毒害我們擁有的有限數量。

All that could mean disagreements over water could get worse.

所有這些都可能意味著關於水的分歧可能會變得更糟。

The Grand Renaissance Dam on the River Nile:

尼羅河上的大文藝復興壩。

Ethiopia built it to create electricity.

衣索匹亞建造它是為了創造電力。

But downstream, Egyptians are worried

但在下游，埃及人很擔心

it will cut their water supply

它將切斷他們的水供應

and threaten the existence of their country.

並威脅到他們國家的生存。

This is the Mekong River:

這就是湄公河。

eleven dams sit on top of it as it passes through China.

當它通過中國時，有11座大壩坐落在它的上面。

But some countries further down the river

但一些更遠的國家

have said they're worried China could use those dams

他們說，他們擔心中國會利用這些水壩

to cut their water supply.

以切斷他們的水供應。

And this is just the start.

而這僅僅是個開始。

What can the law do to help with the future of water?

法律能做些什麼來幫助解決水的未來？

We spoke with Francesco Sindico, from the University of Strathclyde,

我們採訪了斯特拉斯克萊德大學的弗朗西斯科-辛迪科。

who explained why having a right to water

他解釋了為什麼擁有水的權利

doesn't mean free water in the future.

並不意味著將來會有免費的水。

Everybody has a human right to water,

每個人都有獲得水的人權。

so countries do have to do something.

是以，各國確實必須做些什麼。

But, let's be careful – human right to water

但是，我們要小心--水的人權

doesn't mean 'water free for everybody'.

並不意味著'人人都能免費用水'。

What it means is that the countries have to do everything they can

這意味著，各國必須盡其所能

to give affordable water – access to water –

提供負擔得起的水--獲得水--的機會

to all their people.

給他們所有的人。

The human right to water only means

享有水的人權只意味著

countries have to give affordable access to water,

國家必須提供負擔得起的水。

not free water for everyone.

而不是為每個人提供免費水。

He explained one part of international law

他解釋了國際法的一個部分

which helps look after the world's future.

這有助於照看世界的未來。

International law has a rule called the No Harm Rule,

國際法有一條規則，叫做無傷害規則。

which says that you cannot do an activity

其中說，你不能做一個活動

that will cause significant damage to your neighbouring country,

這將對你的鄰國造成重大損害。

and that applies also water.

而這也適用於水。

But one thing is very important: you don't only have surface water,

但有一點非常重要：你不僅有地表水。

you also have groundwater

你還擁有地下水

and it's much more difficult to see when that is being polluted

而且更難看出它何時被汙染了

or when it's being overexploited.

或者當它被過度開發時。

States are meant to follow the 'No Harm Rule',

各國應遵循 "無傷害規則"。

which is a principle of international law

這是國際法的一項原則

which stops countries harming others –

阻止國家傷害其他國家 -

and that includes water supplies.

這包括水的供應。

Does he think that – and other current laws – are enough?

他是否認為這一點--以及其他現行法律--已經足夠？

International law has to harden their approach

國際法必須加強他們的方法

to our human right to water

對我們的水的人權的影響

and especially the relationship between water and climate change,

特別是水和氣候變化之間的關係。

because that's really where the future generations have more to lose –

因為這確實是後代損失更大的地方------。

but also to gain if international law goes in the right direction.

但是，如果國際法朝著正確的方向發展，也會有收穫。

Francesco wants water and climate change laws

弗朗西斯科希望制定水和氣候變化法

to be more connected and to be tougher in the future.

在未來更多的聯繫和更強硬。

But won't small countries always come off worse

但是，小國的情況不總是更糟嗎？

when it comes to these disputes?

當涉及到這些爭端時？

This is where we slip from international law

這就是我們從國際法上滑落的地方

to international politics,

對國際政治。

so clearly a smaller state will have less power

所以很明顯，一個小的國家會有更少的權力

to enforce a decision of an international court.

執行一個國際法院的裁決。

However, no country, however big,

然而，任何國家，無論多麼大。

likes to see its name tarnished

喜歡看到自己的名字被玷汙

by having violated the law.

由於違反了法律。

When it comes to court cases,

當涉及到法庭案件時。

big countries might have more power

大國可能有更多的權力

but they don't want to get a reputation for breaking international laws.

但他們不希望得到違反國際法的聲譽。

The 'No Harm' principle protects our future access to water,

不傷害 "原則保護了我們未來的用水權。

but Francesco said the law might need to be made stronger in the future.

但弗朗西斯科說，今後可能需要使法律更加強大。

So, in the future how can the law help people

那麼，在未來，法律如何能夠幫助人們

on the hunt for ever more water?

在尋找更多的水？

A city that's sinking:

一個正在沉沒的城市。

this is Jakarta, capital of Indonesia.

這裡是雅加達，印度尼西亞的首都。

It's hard to imagine, but parts of Jakarta

很難想象，但雅加達的部分地區

are dropping by 25cm a year.

正在以每年25釐米的速度下降。

So much water has been taken from the ground under the city,

這麼多的水已經從城市下面的地下取走。

that the surface is collapsing into the space it leaves behind.

表面正在塌陷到它留下的空間。

Can the law stop this happening in other growing cities?

法律能否阻止這種情況在其他發展中的城市發生？

Here's another solution:

這裡有另一個解決方案。

there's something like a billion trillion litres of water on Earth.

地球上有大約十萬億升的水。

Most of that is salty sea water, which you can't drink.

其中大部分是鹹的海水，你不能喝。

But this is a desalinisation plant,

但這是一個脫鹽廠。

which makes seawater drinkable.

這使得海水可以飲用。

This technology is still expensive,

這項技術仍然很昂貴。

but technology improves all the time.

但技術一直在改進。

The challenge for the law might be

對法律的挑戰可能是

making sure that countries with water

確保有水的國家

share it fairly with those who need it most.

與最需要的人公平分享。

To find out how the law could be used to share this,

要了解如何利用法律來分享這一點。

and any other new technology,

和任何其他新技術。

we spoke to Mark Zeitoun,

我們採訪了Mark Zeitoun。

Professor of Water Security and Policy

水安全與政策教授

at the University of East Anglia in the UK.

在英國的東安格利亞大學。

He wasn't sure countries could be forced to share.

他不確定是否可以強迫各國分享。

I don't think international water law could ever be enforced to that degree,

我認為國際水法不可能被執行到這種程度。

but I would certainly like to see more fair water sharing.

但我當然希望看到更公平的水共享。

I think that comes about through soft law:

我想這是通過軟法律來實現的。

through persuasion and through diplomacy, rather than enforcement.

通過勸說和外交手段，而不是強制執行。

I think that's where we should lay our hopes.

我認為這就是我們應該寄予希望的地方。

He thinks diplomacy and talks will be used to share water;

他認為將利用外交和會談來分享水資源。

it would be too hard to legally force countries to do so.

在法律上強迫各國這樣做太難了。

What about stopping countries

阻止國家呢？

drying out their own ground, like in Jakarta?

晒出自己的地面，就像在雅加達？

If the boreholes are tapping into water

如果鑽井中的水被開採出來，那麼

that's only within that country, then international water law has no bearing.

如果只是在該國境內，那麼國際水法就沒有影響。

A country has the right to do what it wants to

一個國家有權利做它想做的事

with the water resources that are strictly within its territorial limits.

嚴格意義上說是在其領土範圍內的水資源。

But if those boreholes take water from an aquifer,

但如果這些鑽井從含水層中取水。

or the groundwater from across the border,

或來自邊境對面的地下水。

then international water law certainly could... can be of help.

那麼國際水法當然可以......可以有所幫助。

If water is taken across national borders,

如果水被帶過國界。

international law could help,

國際法可以提供幫助。

but if a country is only using water from within its territory,

但如果一個國家只使用其境內的水。

other countries can't stop them.

其他國家無法阻止他們。

Looking to the future, what laws could help us

展望未來，哪些法律可以幫助我們

  share the water we do have?

分享我們所擁有的水？

So, international water law is not perfect,

所以，國際水法並不完美。

but I think it's the least worst measure of fairness that's out there.

但我認為這是目前最差的公平衡量標準。

I don't think that any new institution has to be set up

我不認為必須建立任何新的機構

to try to govern international water conflicts,

試圖治理國際水衝突。

you know, in Latin America, or in Asia or in the Middle East.

你知道，在拉丁美洲，或在亞洲或在中東。

He doesn't think any new institution or group needs to be set up:

他認為不需要設立任何新的機構或團體。

international law is good enough to handle conflicts.

國際法足以處理衝突。

We've seen that there aren't many international laws that

我們已經看到，並沒有多少國際法律可以

directly make sure the future of our water supplies are safe.

直接確保我們未來的水供應是安全的。

However, the international laws that we do have,

然而，我們所擁有的國際法。

such as the right to water and the No Harm principle,

如水權和無傷害原則。

should be strong enough, with work,

應該是足夠強大的，加上工作。

to protect us all.

以保護我們所有人。