is often deeply unfair...

往往是深深的不公平...

...and how campaigners are using the law to fight this.

...以及運動者如何利用法律來對抗這種情況。

We look at the relationships between race, gender and water...

我們研究了種族、性別和水之間的關係。

and how the law can help overcome everyday discrimination.

以及法律如何能夠幫助克服日常的歧視。

Why fetching water usually falls to women,

為什麼打水的工作通常由婦女承擔。

and how that furthers inequality...

以及這如何加劇了不平等...

And the US state that had to pay $600 million

而不得不支付6億美元的美國國家

after a town's water supply was poisoned...

在一個城鎮的供水被毒害後，...

Everyone needs water, but is the way we get it causing problems unfairly?

每個人都需要水，但我們獲取水的方式是否造成了不公平的問題？

In Sub-Saharan Africa, many houses don't have a water supply.

在撒哈拉以南非洲，許多房屋沒有供水。

The organisation UNICEF says in 71% of those houses,

兒童基金會組織說，在這些房屋中，有71%的房屋。

women or girls are mainly responsible for getting water.

婦女或女孩主要負責取水。

That means long walks, carrying heavy loads.

這意味著長途跋涉，攜帶重物。

UNICEF estimates that women in Sub-Saharan Africa

兒童基金會估計，撒哈拉以南非洲的婦女

spend 16 million hours collecting water each day.

每天花1600萬小時收集水。

And this has implications for women's safety and health,

而這對婦女的安全和健康有影響。

a pattern repeated around the world.

一個在世界各地重複的模式。

Often they're vulnerable to attack.

通常他們很容易受到攻擊。

And the weight they have to carry can be very damaging for their bodies.

而他們必須攜帶的重量可能對他們的身體造成很大的損害。

As well as having to fetch water for their families,

以及不得不為他們的家人打水。

when children or relatives get sick from consuming poor-quality water,

當孩子或親屬因飲用劣質水而生病時。

it's the women who normally have to care for them.

通常是婦女要照顧他們。

And all of this takes time away from opportunities

而所有這些都需要花時間去尋找機會

for education, leisure, or even sleep.

用於教育、休閒，甚至是睡眠。

Amanda Loeffen from the campaign group Human Right to Water

來自運動團體 "水的權利 "的阿曼達-羅芬（Amanda Loeffen）。

explains which laws deal with this problem.

解釋了哪些法律是處理這個問題的。

There is an international treaty that protects women specifically.

有一項國際條約專門保護婦女。

It's from the Committee on the Elimination

這是由消除對婦女歧視委員會提供的。

of all forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW –

消除對婦女一切形式歧視委員會--《消除對婦女歧視公約》--《公約》。

and it determines that impairing the enjoyment, by women,

並決定損害享受，由婦女。

of human rights and fundamental freedoms is a form of discrimination.

對人權和基本自由的侵犯是一種歧視形式。

An international treaty and work by

一項國際條約以及由

the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,

消除對婦女歧視委員會。

known as CEDAW, protects the rights of women.

被稱為《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》，保護婦女的權利。

How can anti-discrimination laws be used?

如何使用反歧視法？

There's the formal route, which is when international organisations

有一個正式的途徑，那就是國際組織

can exert pressure on states through official complaints systems,

可以通過官方投訴系統對國家施加壓力。

and in that you have that the different UN treaty committees

而在這一點上，你有不同的聯合國條約委員會

and advocacy forums like the Human Rights Council.

和人權理事會等宣傳論壇。

But then, on a more informal basis, they can work to empower people

但隨後，在更非正式的基礎上，他們可以努力賦予人們權力

with education, capacity building,

與教育、能力建設。

and helping people to be aware of their rights and how to claim them.

並幫助人們瞭解他們的權利和如何主張這些權利。

International organisations can either put pressure

國際組織既可以對其施加壓力

on states directly, by complaining to governments,

通過向政府投訴，直接對國家進行投訴。

or help people through education, so they understand their rights.

或通過教育幫助人們，使他們瞭解自己的權利。

What does this education actually look like?

這種教育究竟是什麼樣子的？

At the community level, we can focus on empowering local people,

在社區層面，我們可以專注於賦予當地人權力。

helping them to be aware of their rights,

幫助他們瞭解自己的權利。

how to promote human rights in their own communities

如何在他們自己的社區促進人權

and how to claim them in a court of law if necessary.

以及在必要時如何在法庭上索賠。

And much of the real change is happening at the very local level,

而許多真正的變化是發生在地方一級。

as communities take water service provision into their own hands

隨著社區將供水服務納入自己的手中

and find local solutions.

並找到當地的解決方案。

This education means making things happen at a small scale:

這種教育意味著在小範圍內使事情發生。

making people understand they have a legal right to water,

使人們瞭解他們有合法的用水權。

and how they can actually go to court to get the water they need.

以及他們如何能夠真正到法院去獲得他們需要的水。

So, does the law need to change to help vulnerable people get water?

那麼，法律是否需要改變以幫助弱勢人群獲得水？

To reach these people, the majority of the 2.2 billion

為了接觸這些人，22億人中的大多數

that are without safe water, there needs to be a constructive effort

在沒有安全飲用水的情況下，需要做出建設性的努力。

to target vulnerable groups as a priority

將弱勢群體作為優先目標

and give them more attention.

並給予他們更多關注。

Otherwise they'll continue to be left out of the equation.

否則，他們將繼續被排除在方程式之外。

Amanda says more work needs to be done to target the vulnerable people

阿曼達說，需要做更多的工作來針對弱勢人群

who don't have access to water,

沒有獲得水的人。

so they aren't forgotten by the law.

所以他們不會被法律遺忘。

Laws are there to help stop women being discriminated against,

法律的存在是為了幫助阻止婦女受到歧視。

when it comes to water.

當涉及到水時。

And water problems don't just happen in poorer countries.

而且水的問題不只是發生在較貧窮的國家。

Let's look at the American town of Flint, in Michigan.

讓我們來看看美國密歇根州的弗林特鎮。

Flint is a majority African-American city,

弗林特是一個大多數非裔美國人的城市。

where over 40% of the residents live in poverty.

那裡有超過40%的居民生活在貧困中。

And at least twelve people died there

而且至少有12人死在那裡

after the water supply was poisoned with lead.

在水源被鉛毒害之後。

In 2014, to save money, the town switched its water supply

2014年，為了節省開支，該鎮將其供水改為

and began taking it from the Flint River.

並開始從弗林特河取水。

Tap water sometimes came out blue or yellow,

自來水有時會出現藍色或黃色。

and many residents lost hair or developed rashes.

許多居民脫髮或出現皮疹。

The water from the river was not treated properly

河裡的水沒有經過適當處理

and reacted with the city's pipes.

並與城市的管道發生反應。

That reaction put lead, a powerful poison, into the water supply.

這種反應將鉛這種強大的毒藥投入到供水中。

Local officials and leaders denied anything was wrong

當地官員和領導人否認有任何問題

for over a year.

一年多來。

Thousands of residents filed lawsuits against the state of Michigan.

數以千計的居民對密歇根州提起了訴訟。

The state agreed to pay a settlement of $600 million to the victims,

該州同意向受害者支付6億美元的和解金。

mainly children, who were exposed to the toxic water.

主要是兒童，他們被暴露在有毒的水中。

The city has since switched back to using Detroit's water system.

此後，該市已改回使用底特律的水系統。

Water campaigner Meera Karunananthan

水資源運動者Meera Karunananthan

explained why some see what happened in Flint as discrimination.

解釋了為什麼有些人認為在弗林特發生的事情是歧視。

You see this level of criminal negligence and state abandon

你看到這種程度的犯罪過失和國家放棄

in the United States only in cities like Flint,

在美國只有弗林特這樣的城市。

which are predominantly poor and predominantly black –

其中主要是窮人和主要是黑人------。

that you wouldn't see this in wealthier, white neighbourhoods.

你不會在較富裕的白人社區看到這種情況。

And the residents of Flint,

還有弗林特的居民。

who are now taking the state of Michigan

他們現在正在密歇根州採取

and the city of Flint to court,

和弗林特市告上法庭。

are fighting for the human right to water.

正在為人類的水權而戰。

Campaigners say that this kind of thing

運動家們說，這種事情

only happens in cities where mostly black people live

只發生在黑人居多的城市

and it wouldn't happen in mostly white cities in America.

而且這不會發生在美國大多數白人城市。

Meera explained the importance of an agreement,

米拉解釋了協議的重要性。

or resolution, signed in 2015 at the United Nations.

或決議，於2015年在聯合國簽署。

First time we had global consensus

我們第一次有了全球共識

that water and sanitation were indeed human rights –

水和衛生設施確實是人權----。

or access to water and sanitation were human rights.

或獲得水和衛生設施的權利是人權。

Since then, there's also been the Sustainable Development Goals,

從那時起，還有了可持續發展目標。

launched in 2015, that affirmed

在2015年推出的 "中國的未來"，肯定了

that all governments must provide universal access

所有政府都必須提供普及服務

  to water and sanitation by 2030.

到2030年實現水和衛生設施的普及。

Although it was officially recognised as a right in 2010,

儘管它在2010年被正式承認為一項權利。

access to water was more widely agreed

獲得水的問題得到了更廣泛的認同

as a human right at the UN in 2015.

2015年，在聯合國將其作為一項人權。

The Sustainable Development Goals say that

可持續發展目標》指出

all governments must provide access by 2030.

所有政府都必須在2030年前提供接入服務。

But do countries listen to international laws about this?

但各國是否聽從這方面的國際法？

There's been a huge push to have national governments codify,

一直在大力推動國家政府的編纂工作。

or recognise, the human right to water and sanitation in national law.

或在國家法律中承認享有水和衛生設施的人權。

That's always very important because that's, you know,

這始終是非常重要的，因為那是，你知道。

the most powerful outcome

最有力的成果

in terms of ensuring that local courts,

在確保地方法院。

that national courts recognise the human right to water and sanitation.

國家法院承認享有水和衛生設施的人權。

The international law does carry weight;

國際法確實有分量。

it depends on the country and depends on the court.

這取決於國家，取決於法院。

Getting national courts to follow international law

讓國家法院遵循國際法

is the most important step.

是最重要的一步。

And there's been a big effort to make this happen.

而且已經有很大的努力來實現這一目標。

How are people actually getting help with this issue?

人們在這個問題上究竟是如何得到幫助的？

There are multiple strategies that are being pursued –

many... often simultaneously,

許多......經常同時進行。

so you can go to court and you can, at the same time,

所以你可以去法院，你可以，同時。

file a complaint with the Special Rapporteur.

向特別報告員提出申訴。

You can also push for local policies: you can push for cities

你也可以推動地方政策：你可以推動城市

to recognise the human right to water and sanitation.

認識到享有水和衛生設施的人權。

This is something we are pushing for in...

這是我們正在推動的事情，在...

increasingly through a project that we call the Blue Communities Project:

越來越多地通過一個項目，我們稱之為藍色社區項目。

we're calling for cities around the world to recognise

我們呼籲全世界的城市認識到

the human right to water and sanitation.

享有水和衛生設施的人權。

People try many different things: they go to court,

人們嘗試許多不同的事情：他們去法院。

they complain to the United Nations Special Rapporteur

他們向聯合國特別報告員投訴

and they campaign locally in their cities.

他們在自己的城市裡開展當地的運動。

Meera argues that the fact cases like Flint

梅拉認為，像弗林特這樣的事實案件

only happen in largely black towns

只發生在黑人為主的城鎮

shows water access is linked to racism.

顯示水的獲取與種族主義有關。

But she also talked about important bits of law that can help.

但她也談到了可以提供幫助的重要法律內容。

This includes the UN resolution from 2015.

這包括2015年的聯合國決議。

And we've also seen that the first step

而且我們也看到，第一步

in overcoming discrimination is the law,

在克服歧視方面，法律是最重要的。

which makes it clear that everyone should have the water they need.

其中明確指出，每個人都應該有他們需要的水。