but do you have a right to water?

但你有權利喝水嗎？

This episode will show how the law protects something we all need.

本集將展示法律如何保護我們都需要的東西。

Two billion people worldwide don't have access to safe water...

全世界有20億人無法獲得安全用水...

How the UN wants to change that by 2030...

聯合國希望在2030年之前改變這種狀況...

And... can you use the law to make sure your community

還有......你能否利用法律來確保你的社區

is kept supplied with water?

是否一直有水供應？

We all need water.

我們都需要水。

So, you'd expect it to be on any list of our basic rights.

是以，你會期待它出現在我們的基本權利清單上。

So, this might surprise you:

所以，這可能會讓你吃驚。

1948 – and one of the most important documents

1948年--也是最重要的文件之一

in human history is unveiled.

揭開了人類歷史上的神祕面紗。

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

世界人權宣言

outlines what we are all entitled to –

概述了我們都有權獲得的東西--

things like life, freedom from slavery,

諸如生命，擺脫奴役的自由。

freedom to marry. But, oddly, not free access to water.

結婚的自由。但是，奇怪的是，沒有自由獲得水。

It's thought access to water wasn't included

人們認為水的獲取並不包括在內。

because the authors thought it was too obvious.

因為作者認為這太明顯了。

However, that was dealt with in 2010,

然而，這在2010年得到了處理。

on 28th July of that year, the United Nations General Assembly

同年7月28日，聯合國大會

declared safe and clean drinking water and sanitation a human right.

宣佈安全和清潔的飲用水和衛生設施是一項人權。

They saw that a right to water is essential.

他們看到，水的權利是至關重要的。

Without it, you can't actually use all your other basic rights.

沒有它，你就不能真正使用你所有的其他基本權利。

But, in 2019, the United Nations reported

但是，在2019年，聯合國報告說

that two billion people still don't have access to water.

有20億人仍然無法獲得水。

And it's an unfair picture.

而這是一幅不公平的畫面。

The UN says half of the people who drink water from unsafe sources

聯合國表示，在飲用不安全水源的人中，有一半的人

live in Africa.

生活在非洲。

In Sub-Saharan Africa, only 24% of the population

在撒哈拉以南非洲，只有24%的人口

have access to safe drinking water.

有機會獲得安全的飲用水。

So, what can the law do to help? Let's hear from Amanda Loeffen,

那麼，法律能做些什麼來幫助呢？讓我們聽聽Amanda Loeffen的意見。

from the campaigning organisation Human Right to Water.

來自運動組織 "水的權利"。

She explains why water has only recently been recognised as a right.

她解釋了為什麼水在最近才被確認為一種權利。

It was never really a problem until, I suppose, in the last century:

我想，直到上個世紀，這才是一個真正的問題。

there's been more population, more pollution.

有更多的人口，更多的汙染。

Water's no longer automatically available.

水不再是自動提供的。

It sometimes has to be sold to you with a cost

它有時必須以成本價出售給你

and instead of it being a free resource,

而不是作為一種免費資源。

that people could access in their local river or lake,

人們可以在他們當地的河流或湖泊中獲得。

it's no longer available.

它已不再可用。

So, there became a problem that needed to be dealt with.

於是，就出現了一個需要處理的問題。

A right to water wasn't an official right

水權並不是一項官方權利

because it wasn't seen as necessary until recently.

因為直到最近，人們才認為這是必要的。

But because of problems caused by rising pollution

但由於汙染加劇所造成的問題

and a growing population, it was officially recognised.

和不斷增長的人口，它被正式承認。

Why do we need laws to define and protect our rights at all?

為什麼我們需要法律來定義和保護我們的權利？

Well, without a law, there isn't a structure to our society.

好吧，沒有法律，我們的社會就沒有一個結構。

You need something to define the...

你需要一些東西來定義...

the fundamental values that we want to protect.

我們想要保護的基本價值。

And laws are there to protect our safety

而法律的存在是為了保護我們的安全

and guarantee that our rights as citizens

並保證我們作為公民的權利

are not violated by other people,

不受其他人的侵犯。

or organisations, or governments.

或組織，或政府。

Laws not only protect us from harm,

法律不僅保護我們免受傷害。

but also define what values we have as a society.

但也定義了我們作為一個社會的價值觀。

They keep us safe and make us who we are.

他們保護我們的安全，使我們成為我們自己。

What about our right to water specifically?

我們的水權具體是什麼？

Having the right to water means that the government has to protect,

擁有水權意味著政府必須保護。

respect and fulfil your rights.

尊重和實現你的權利。

And it guarantees that your basic needs are...

而且它保證你的基本需求是...

are met and if not, there'll be some compensation.

得到滿足，如果沒有，會有一些補償。

Having a right to water means big organisations,

擁有水權意味著大的組織。

like governments or companies, aren't allowed to stop you having it.

像政府或公司，不允許阻止你擁有它。

If they do, you would be compensated in some way.

如果他們這樣做，你會以某種方式得到補償。

What kinds of laws make sure we get water?

什麼樣的法律能確保我們得到水？

Both hard law and soft law are applicable.

硬法律和軟法律都適用。

Hard law is a term used for a legal document that is binding.

硬法是指具有約束力的法律文件的術語。

For example, international law treaties are binding,

例如，國際法條約具有約束力。

if they've signed them.

如果他們已經簽署了這些文件。

Soft law means that the legal document is not binding

軟法律是指法律文件沒有約束力

and this includes, for example, UN resolutions and declarations.

而這包括，例如，聯合國的決議和宣言。

But soft law is still important as it can help us to interpret a hard law.

但軟法律仍然很重要，因為它可以幫助我們解釋硬法律。

Both hard and soft laws are used.

硬性法律和軟性法律都在使用。

Hard laws are things like treaties.

硬法律是像條約一樣的東西。

If a country breaks one, it could go to an international court.

如果一個國家違反了一個，它可以向國際法院起訴。

Soft laws are used to help us understand and use the hard laws.

軟法律是用來幫助我們理解和使用硬法律的。

But as lots of people don't have water,

但由於很多人沒有水。

does having a right to water really make a difference?

擁有水權真的有意義嗎？

Yeah, it makes a massive difference.

是的，這有很大的區別。

The right makes the state accountable and brings awareness to the issues

權利使國家承擔責任，並使人們認識到這些問題。

and encourages progressive realisation of the right to water.

並鼓勵逐步實現水權。

And for many people, once they realise that it is their right,

而對許多人來說，一旦他們意識到這是他們的權利。

they then have the option to do something about it

然後他們可以選擇做一些事情

and seek the advice of their local authority,

並徵求當地政府的意見。

their ombudsman, or water service provider.

他們的監察員，或水服務提供者。

Having a right to water makes a big difference.

有了水權就有了很大的不同。

It makes people aware that they should have water

它使人們意識到，他們應該有水

and that they can get help.

並且他們可以得到幫助。

And it encourages them to go and get that help.

而且它鼓勵他們去獲得這種幫助。

Amanda showed us how the fact we now have a right to water

阿曼達向我們展示了我們現在如何擁有水權的事實

means the international community thinks it's vital for everyone.

意味著國際社會認為這對每個人都至關重要。

She also explained how having a right can encourage you

她還解釋了擁有權利如何能鼓勵你

to fight for what you need to survive.

來爭取你所需要的生存。

As water is so important,

由於水是如此重要。

how can we help those who are struggling to get it?

我們如何幫助那些正在掙扎的人獲得？

Seventeen-year-old Joyce is on a mission

十七歲的喬伊斯正在執行一項任務

to make clean water accessible for people in Rwanda.

以使盧旺達人民能夠獲得清潔水。

We never had taps because we have water nearby our home,

我們從來沒有水龍頭，因為我們的家附近有水。

so it's not hard work.

所以，這並不是什麼難事。

We use small jerry cans to collect as much water as possible

我們使用小號的豆腐桶來收集儘可能多的水

and put them in the big ones.

並把它們放在大的地方。

She is president of her school's WASH club,

她是她學校的WASH俱樂部的主席。

which tries to increase awareness of water and sanitation issues.

試圖提高對水和衛生問題的認識。

She wants to find out what the barriers to clean water are

她想知道清潔水的障礙是什麼

and whether they can be resolved.

以及它們是否能夠得到解決。

Water from ponds and marshes can be dirty

來自池塘和沼澤地的水可能是骯髒的

and dangerous to collect.

和危險的收集。

A young boy drowned at this pond while collecting water.

一個小男孩在這個池塘取水時溺水身亡。

Without safe access to clean water,

沒有安全地獲得清潔的水。

lives are put at risk.

生命被置於危險之中。

Joyce meets Gisele Umuhumuza,

喬伊斯會見吉賽爾-烏姆胡姆扎。

from the government-owned Water and Sanitation Corporation.

來自政府擁有的供水和衛生公司。

We try to target those that are very far,

我們試圖針對那些非常遠的人。

those that are in the most need,

那些最需要的人。

those areas where we have settlements that don't have water.

那些我們有定居點的地區沒有水。

We aim that by 2024, people residing in urban areas

我們的目標是，到2024年，居住在城市地區的人

get clean water within 200 metres,

在200米內獲得清潔的水。

whereas in the rural areas they get water in 500 metres.

而在農村地區，他們在500米內就能得到水。

That's our aim by 2024.

這就是我們在2024年之前的目標。

So, how can the international community help them hit that target?

那麼，國際社會如何幫助他們實現這一目標？

The UN wants access to clean water for all by 2030.

聯合國希望到2030年所有人都能獲得清潔水。

How can the law help us get there?

法律如何幫助我們達到這個目標？

Here's Dr Paul Orengoh, from the African Ministers Council on Water.

這裡是非洲水務部長理事會的保羅-奧倫戈博士。

A new policy regime is needed in many countries –

actually both developed... developed countries

實際上都是發達的......發達的國家

and non-developed countries – at all levels,

和非發達國家--在各個層面。

to accelerate access to clean water.

以加快獲得清潔水的速度。

But of course, even beyond national level,

但當然，甚至超越國家層面。

there are some level of interventions at the global level

在全球範圍內有一定程度的干預措施

and at the regional level,

以及在區域一級。

which may include increasing sector financing and support,

其中可能包括增加部門融資和支持。

both in terms of money – aid for development –

在資金方面--發展援助--都是如此。

but also in terms of technology.

但在技術方面也是如此。

Paul thinks new policies from governments are needed

保羅認為政府需要新的政策

to support international law,

以支持國際法。

and more money is needed at a global level,

並且在全球範圍內需要更多的資金。

but also at a national level.

但也是在國家層面上。

What's preventing laws and agreements on water from being followed?

是什麼阻礙了關於水的法律和協議得到遵守？

Political commitments and arguments are just but that:

政治承諾和爭論也不過如此。

they're just political arguments and commitments.

它們只是政治爭論和承諾。

In most instances, they do not come with a legal force,

在大多數情況下，它們不具備法律效力。

so they all depend on political goodwill;

所以它們都取決於政治上的善意。

while on the other hand, laws,

而在另一方面，法律。

especially those dealing with access to water,

特別是那些涉及獲得水的問題。

requires firm political will to... to enforce.

需要有堅定的政治意願來......來執行。

So, without sufficient political will,

是以，如果沒有足夠的政治意願。

the instruments created to enforce laws related to access to water

為執行與獲得水有關的法律而制定的文書

simply goes dormant, as they lack the teeth to bite.

簡單地進入休眠狀態，因為它們缺乏牙齒來咬人。

For water laws to actually have an impact on people's lives,

為了使水法真正對人們的生活產生影響。

local politicians need to act to make sure they're followed;

地方政治家需要採取行動，確保它們得到遵守。

otherwise the law is meaningless.

否則，法律就毫無意義。

Could international law help you get access to water?

國際法可以幫助你獲得水嗎？

The international law only provides for trans-boundary –

or water of transnational nature:

或跨國性質的水。

water that is shared by more than two or more countries.

由兩個以上的國家共享的水。

So, in the case of water access within a given country,

是以，在一個特定國家內獲得水的情況下。

then one would have to just consult the national laws that exist,

那麼我們就必須參考現有的國家法律。

and institutions that are created by law

和法律所規定的機構

to safeguard the human interest to water.

以保障人類對水的利益。

Most international laws cover transnational disputes:

大多數國際法涵蓋了跨國爭端。

water disputes between two countries.

兩個國家之間的水爭端。

To get water in your own country,

為了在自己的國家獲得水。

you mostly have to rely on your own country's national laws.

你主要得依靠你自己國家的國家法律。

What can you do to help people without water

你能做什麼來幫助沒有水的人

if you're far away from where they are?

如果你離他們所在的地方很遠？

One of those opportunities I'll point very easily –

其中一個機會我將非常容易地指出--

is using the available platforms,

正在使用可用的平臺。

like social media platforms,

如社交媒體平臺。

around specific dialogue issues,

圍繞具體的對話問題。

either during the World Water Day or during specific, you know...

無論是在世界水日期間還是在特定的，你知道的...

International Groundwater Day, or something like that.

國際地下水日，或類似的東西。

You can create pressure to help people in need by using social media.

你可以通過使用社交媒體來創造壓力，幫助有需要的人。

You could talk about specific initiatives

你可以談一談具體的舉措

like Groundwater Day or World Water Day.

如地下水日或世界水日。

We've seen how water is now viewed as one of your basic rights,

我們已經看到水現在是如何被視為你的基本權利之一。

but that politicians need to work to make sure you get the water you need.

但是，政治家需要努力確保你得到你需要的水。

We've also seen that campaigners, like Amanda and Joyce,

我們也看到，像阿曼達和喬伊斯這樣的運動者。

are doing everything they can to make that happen.

他們正在盡一切努力來實現這一目標。

The law isn't just written on paper;

法律不只是寫在紙上。

it needs people to make it real.

它需要人們來使之成為現實。