Can you commit a crime in outer space?

你能在外太空犯罪嗎？

We'll show you how the law is truly international when you're in orbit.

我們將告訴你，當你在軌道上時，法律是如何真正的國際化。

How were the first space laws set up?

第一批空間法是如何設立的？

And as space travel becomes more and more accessible,

而隨著太空旅行變得越來越容易獲得。

can the law keep space safe?

法律能否保證空間安全？

You might be surprised to learn that they are actually laws in space.

你可能會驚訝地發現，它們實際上是太空中的法律。

It got started in the 1960s.

它開始於20世紀60年代。

America and Soviet Russia were rivals on Earth.

美國和蘇維埃俄國是地球上的對手。

They were also competing in space.

他們也在太空中競爭。

To keep things peaceful, they – and the United Kingdom –

為了保持和平，他們--以及英國--都是如此。

signed the Outer Space Treaty in 1967,

1967年簽署了《外層空間條約》。

the foundation of all international space law.

是所有國際空間法的基礎。

It says, amongst other things, that space belongs to everyone,

它說，除其他事項外，空間屬於每個人。

that space exploration should be for the good of all.

空間探索應該是為了所有人的利益。

It was an attempt to stop war breaking out.

這是一個阻止戰爭爆發的嘗試。

It also bans nuclear weapons in space.

它還禁止太空中的核武器。

After that, more agreements followed,

此後，更多的協議接踵而來。

saying how to protect the environment here on Earth and in space,

說如何保護地球上和太空中的環境。

how to deal with damage in space and even how to rescue astronauts.

如何處理太空中的損壞，甚至如何救援太空人。

But as more countries, and even companies,

但隨著越來越多的國家，甚至是公司。

are trying to get into space,

正試圖進入太空。

can space law change quickly enough?

空間法的變化是否足夠快？

To tell us how this treaty was formed,

要告訴我們這個條約是如何形成的。

here's space lawyer Jessica Noble:

這裡是太空律師傑西卡-諾貝爾。

We were beginning to... to see the effects that...

我們開始......看到......的影響。

that things like colonialism and exploitation

殖民主義和剝削等事情

had on the rest of the world,

對世界其他地區的影響。

and so I believe that countries took a look at

所以我相信，各國都看了一下

the Outer Space Treaty and what they wanted

外層空間條約》和他們想要的東西

for this exploration into a new realm,

為這種對新領域的探索。

and wanted this to be an area for peaceful purposes

並希望這是一個用於和平目的的地區

and that would be accessible to all countries,

而這將是所有國家都能獲得的。

regardless of their level of sophistication,

無論其複雜程度如何。

regardless of their...

不管他們的...

their economic levels.

他們的經濟水準。

This really was to be a free space for everyone.

這真的是為每個人提供了一個自由的空間。

The Outer Space Treaty reflected

外層空間條約》反映了

the colonial past of some of the countries.

一些國家的殖民歷史。

It was meant to make space available for all.

它的目的是為所有人提供空間。

The Outer Space Treaty came about

外層空間條約》的產生

at a time period in history

在歷史上的一個時期

when countries were trying to avoid

當各國都在努力避免

any escalation in nuclear activity.

任何核活動的升級。

The countries of the world wanted to stop short

世界各國都希望能止步不前

of nuclear testing

核試驗

or placing nuclear weapons in space,

或在太空中放置核武器。

and so it was a bit of a miracle

是以，這是一個有點兒的奇蹟

that you had these countries come together in 1967

你讓這些國家在1967年走到一起

to... to collectively say,

以......來集體說。

'No, we will not continue with nuclear testing in space

不，我們不會繼續在太空中進行核試驗

or placing nuclear weapons in space.'

或在太空中放置核武器'。

They understood the gravity of... of the situation

他們瞭解......情況的嚴重性

and came together to say, as... as humanity –

並一起說，作為......作為人類 --

we don't want this for space exploration.

我們不希望這個用於太空探索。

And they carved space out as a...

他們把空間劃出來作為...

a special place for all countries to explore

所有國家都可以探索的一個特殊地方

and to... to use outer space.

並且要......利用外太空。

The Outer Space Treaty was partly designed

外層空間條約》的部分目的是

to stop nuclear weapons in space,

來阻止太空中的核武器。

because of conflicts when it was written.

因為寫的時候有衝突。

What happens if someone breaks the treaty?

如果有人違反條約會怎樣？

If someone broke the treaty, there are provisions within it to...

如果有人違反條約，條約內有規定，可以...

to be able to allow a country

以便能夠讓一個國家

to bring a claim against another country

對另一個國家提出索賠

in the International Court of Justice.

在國際法院。

And in terms of individuals, has anyone broken the law in space?

而就個人而言，有沒有人在太空中犯法？

To date, no one has had a criminal case

到目前為止，還沒有人有過刑事案件

brought against them for having...

對他們提起訴訟，因為他們有...

for breaking the law in space – not to my knowledge.

因為在太空中犯法--據我所知不是。

If a country breaks the law in space,

如果一個國家在太空中違反了法律。

  the International Court of Justice would handle some cases.

國際法院將處理一些案件。

No one has broken the law in space so far.

到目前為止，沒有人在太空中犯法。

So, space law was designed to stop nuclear war

所以，空間法是為了阻止核戰爭而設計的

and make sure that space is truly for all nations.

並確保該空間真正為所有國家服務。

But what about the future?

但未來呢？

Much of space law only talks about countries.

許多空間法只談及國家。

But, as companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic

但是，隨著SpaceX、Blue Origin和Virgin Galactic等公司

start to grow, what about the future of space travel?

開始增長，那麼太空旅行的未來呢？

Does the law needs to change?

法律是否需要改變？

The asteroid belt is potentially full of valuable metals,

小行星帶有可能充滿了有價值的金屬。

worth trillions and trillions of dollars.

價值萬億和萬億的美元。

What's to stop a company doing what it wants to get that wealth?

有什麼能阻止一個公司為獲得這些財富而做它想做的事呢？

And what about traffic? The more things that are in orbit,

那麼交通方面呢？在軌道上的東西越多。

the more likely they'll hit each other.

他們就越有可能打到對方。

So, how can laws designed for countries affect companies?

那麼，為國家設計的法律如何影響公司？

Here's commercial space lawyer Deepika Jayakodi.

這裡是商業空間律師迪皮卡-賈亞科迪。

The countries where they come from,

他們所來自的國家。

or the countries where the companies are registered,

或公司註冊地的國家。

have a responsibility under international space law

有責任根據國際空間法

to supervise and authorise the activities of their nationals.

對其國民的活動進行監督和授權。

So, in this way international law is flown down through the country

是以，以這種方式，國際法在全國範圍內飛速發展。

to individuals and private companies.

對個人和私營公司。

Countries must supervise and authorise

各國必須監督和授權

the activities of their nationals in space,

他們的國民在空間的活動。

so they apply international laws to their companies.

所以他們對其公司適用國際法。

Would these laws ever just apply to companies directly?

這些法律會不會只直接適用於公司？

The responsibility will always be on a country to...

一個國家的責任將永遠在於...

to regulate how their private companies work.

監管其私人公司的工作方式。

Just to give you an example,

只是為了給你一個例子。

when you are talking about space tourism –

當你在談論太空旅遊時 -

sending private people to space –

把私人送上太空 -

the responsibility is on the countries to determine

各國有責任確定

how they will authorise passenger protection,

他們將如何授權對乘客進行保護。

damages and so on.

損害賠償等等。

A country is always responsible for making private companies

一個國家總是有責任讓私營公司

follow the laws of that country,

遵循該國的法律。

even if that company is in space.

即使該公司是在太空中。

Law normally develops from things that have happened before;

法律通常是從以前發生的事情發展而來的。

this is hard in space.

這在太空中是很難的。

How do lawmakers make space laws?

立法者如何制定空間法？

So, space lawyers look at the technology –

what the technology is meant to do,

該技術的目的是什麼。

how people benefit from it –

人們如何從中受益 -

and they go on to set up the boundaries.

並且他們繼續設定邊界。

So, they don't go into the specifics; they set up the boundaries,

是以，他們不深入瞭解具體情況；他們設定了界限。

within which we can enable this technology,

在此範圍內，我們可以啟用這項技術。

carry on the space activity

開展太空活動

and get some use from it.

並從中獲得一些用途。

Space law is constantly evolving in that manner.

空間法正以這種方式不斷髮展。

Lawmakers look at how technology is developing

立法者審視技術的發展方式

and what laws are required.

以及需要什麼法律。

There is an increasing amount of space traffic:

空間流量越來越大。

does that need an increasing number of laws?

這需要越來越多的法律嗎？

There is an increasing amount of discussions on the laws,

關於法律的討論越來越多。

in order to accommodate these...

為了適應這些...

these new activities in space.

這些新的空間活動。

Lawyers and regulators are thinking about:

律師和監管機構正在思考。

how should the law change?

法律應該如何改變？

How do we make sure different interests are balanced?

我們如何確保不同的利益得到平衡？

And how do we make sure that these activities can continue

而我們如何確保這些活動能夠繼續下去？

over a long period of time?

在很長一段時間內？

The law is always changing

法律總是在變化

to make sure new activities in space are done fairly,

以確保太空中的新活動公平進行。

and can go on into the future.

並能持續到未來。

We have seen how space law came from a desire

我們已經看到空間法是如何來自於一個願望

to ensure access to space for all.

以確保所有人都能獲得空間。

And, as more and more people go into space,

而且，隨著越來越多的人進入太空。

international law will always be working

國際法將永遠在發揮作用

to keep those ideals alive.

以保持這些理想的活力。