They teach us.

他們教導我們。

They let us escape into new worlds.

它們讓我們逃到新的世界。

But some books do much more than this.

但有些書的作用遠不止於此。

These books hit a collective nerve,

這些書擊中了集體的神經。

and have had a profound and lasting effect on society.

並對社會產生了深遠而持久的影響。

What are the titles that had this impact?

產生這種影響的標題是什麼？

There are many, many books that fit this definition,

有很多很多書都符合這個定義。

but we've managed to narrow it down to five books

但我們已經成功地將範圍縮小到五本書

that have truly shaped our world.

真正塑造了我們的世界。

...wrote Robert Burton in his enormous 900 page book,

...羅伯特-伯頓在他900頁的鉅著中寫道。

The Anatomy of Melancholy.

憂鬱的剖析》。

Which was first published way back in 1621.

這本書最早出版於1621年。

So in the 17th Century,

所以在17世紀。

there weren't books about melancholy,

沒有關於憂鬱的書。

or as we would call it today, depression.

或如我們今天所說的，抑鬱症。

It looks as if Robert Burton himself suffered from depression.

看起來好像羅伯特-伯頓本人也患了抑鬱症。

And there's a real sense

而且有一種真正的感覺

as he writes it, that he's writing himself into a position

在他寫的時候，他把自己寫到了一個位置上

of expertise about depression, so he can help himself

關於抑鬱症的專業知識，所以他可以幫助自己

as well as other people.

以及其他的人。

And it's remained such a kind of influential book

而且它仍然是這樣一種有影響力的書

over the centuries since then.

從那時起的幾個世紀裡。

Not simply because of its subject matter,

不僅僅是因為它的主題。

it's the way it's written - it explores inner life

這是它的寫作方式--它探索了內心的生活

in a way that hadn't really been explored before.

以一種以前沒有真正被探索過的方式。

So it's the patient's voice.

所以這是病人的聲音。

And one of the things that we've learnt over the last 20 years

在過去的20年裡，我們學到的一件事是

is the importance of the patient's voice,

是病人的聲音的重要性。

in targeting research and clinical treatment.

在針對研究和臨床治療方面。

To 1960s America now,

現在去1960年代的美國。

where many people still thought that a woman's place was in the home.

在那裡，許多人仍然認為婦女的位置是在家裡。

Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963,

貝蒂-弗裡丹在1963年寫了《女性的神祕感》。

and in the introduction describes it as,

並在導言中描述了它。

"The problem that has no name."

"無名的問題"。

It was a book writing about the experience and aspirations

這是一本關於經驗和願望的書。

of women in suburban America.

美國郊區婦女的。

It stood out as a book at this time because the experience of women

在這個時候，它作為一本書脫穎而出，因為婦女的經歷

wasn't being written about in this way for the general population.

當時沒有人以這種方式為普通人寫文章。

It stood out because she was standing up and saying,

這很突出，因為她站起來說。

"We need to acknowledge that there is more to life for these women

"我們需要承認，對這些婦女來說，生活還有更多的意義

than being the perfect wife, the perfect mother."

比起成為完美的妻子，完美的母親，"。

She developed the idea that women needed to become politicised,

她提出了婦女需要變得政治化的想法。

they needed to think about their experience at home.

他們需要思考他們在家裡的經歷。

However, and there is a big however,

但是，有一個很大的問題。

the biggest criticism came from her exclusion of women of colour.

最大的責備來自於她對有色人種婦女的排斥。

Poor women's experience was excluded, she also excluded lesbians.

貧困婦女的經驗被排除在外，她還排除了女同性戀者。

Despite these shortcomings,

儘管有這些不足之處。

this book had real impact at the time.

這本書在當時產生了真正的影響。

It bought feminism to a very wide audience and that's a huge positive.

它把女權主義買給了非常廣泛的觀眾，這是一個巨大的積極意義。

Bill McKibben's 1989 book, The End of Nature,

Bill McKibben在1989年出版的《自然的終結》一書。

is considered to be the first book to bring global warming

被認為是第一本將全球氣候變暖

to a general audience.

對普通觀眾而言。

The End of Nature is about how humans are changing the planet.

自然的終結》是關於人類如何改變地球。

It's a sad lament on human destruction.

這是對人類毀滅的悲鳴。

In the 1980s, people had been talking about global warming,

在20世紀80年代，人們一直在談論全球變暖的問題。

but it hadn't entered the public consciousness as something

但它還沒有作為一種東西進入公眾的意識。

that we should be really concerned about,

我們應該真正關注的問題。

and we should be already acting on.

而我們應該已經開始行動了。

What he did with this book is really wake people up

他在這本書中所做的是真正喚醒人們

to this dramatic change that we are having globally on the natural world.

對我們在全球範圍內對自然界產生的這種巨大變化。

And which now is taken for granted by everybody,

而這一點現在被大家認為是理所當然的。

we all are very aware of the impact we're having.

我們都非常清楚我們所產生的影響。

And it's largely due to books like this.

而這主要是由於像這樣的書。

Things Fall Apart by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe,

尼日利亞作家奇努阿-阿切貝的《分崩離析》。

was one of the first African novels in English

是最早的英文非洲小說之一。

to gain global recognition and acclaim,

以獲得全球認可和讚譽。

and it is still read and studied all over the world to this day.

直到今天，全世界都還在閱讀和研究這本書。

Africa was always seen through the eyes of the white colonials.

人們總是通過白人殖民者的眼睛來看待非洲。

It was like a door opening

這就像一扇門打開了

into a world that white Europeans never understood

進入一個歐洲白人從未理解的世界

and even as it was published

甚至在它出版時

people were astonished by the beauty of the book.

人們對這本書的美麗感到驚訝。

Here comes a man who's talking about Igbo villages in Nigeria

來了一個人，他正在談論尼日利亞的伊格博村莊

and their lives and their inner thoughts

和他們的生活以及他們的內心想法

and their hopes and desires and we'd never seen that.

和他們的希望和願望，而我們從來沒有見過。

And for Africans - and that's the more important point -

there were emerging writers,

有新興的作家。

they knew their time was now,

他們知道他們的時間是現在。

they knew that the world was ready

他們知道，世界已經準備好了

and it was that book that convinced them that it was.

而正是這本書讓他們相信，它是。

And finally, to post-war Britain,

最後，對戰後的英國。

a time when many items were still rationed,

當時許多物品仍處於配給狀態。

and to Elizabeth David's A Book of Mediterranean Food.

並向伊麗莎白-戴維的《地中海食品之書》。

Britain already had a reputation for poor food,

英國已經有了食物不佳的聲譽。

plain food, grey food.

普通食品，灰色食品。

She wrote it as a memoir almost, of her time spent in southern Europe

她幾乎把它當作一本回憶錄來寫，講述她在南歐度過的時光

before and during World War Two.

在第二次世界大戰之前和期間。

She wrote it really as a yearning for these wonderful places

她寫這本書時，確實是對這些美好地方的嚮往。

and the colours and the scents and the flavours.

和顏色、氣味和味道。

These days we completely take for granted ingredients like chickpeas,

這些天，我們完全認為像鷹嘴豆這樣的成分是理所當然的。

lemon, garlic, olive oil, tomatoes, basil.

檸檬，大蒜，橄欖油，西紅柿，羅勒。

But then, when this book was published,

但後來，當這本書出版後。

none of those ingredients were really available.

這些成分都無法真正獲得。

I mean, if you wanted to buy olive oil,

我的意思是，如果你想買橄欖油。

you had to go to a chemist's shop

你必須去藥店買藥

because it was sold for treating earache.

因為它是為治療耳痛而出售的。

She triggered a movement which we still feel today

她引發了一場我們今天仍能感受到的運動

which is one where food becomes something important

這是一個食物成為重要的東西的地方

not just to our daily routine of nourishing ourselves

不僅僅是對我們的日常滋養工作而言

but saying a little bit more about who we are.

但要多說一點關於我們是誰。

So there's now multiple generations

所以現在有多代人

of food writers and cookery presenters

飲食作家和烹飪節目主持人的

whose existence now would not have been possible without that book.

如果沒有那本書，他們現在的存在是不可能的。

Words on a page can do so much more than entertain.

頁面上的文字可以做得比娛樂多得多。

Some books have imagined, explored and introduced ideas

一些書籍想象、探索和介紹了一些想法

which have had a lasting impact on our society

這對我們的社會產生了持久的影響

which we experience to this day, even if we haven't read them.

即使我們沒有讀過這些書，但我們至今仍在經歷這些書。