Name: 【TED-Ed】不斷在運動的地球 (The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina)
Uploaded: 2018-01-12T23:00:00.000Z
Duration: 4 min 26 s

South America lived harmoniously alongside Africa

This breakup began about 200 million years ago

during the separation of the supercontinent

explains why the same plant fossils and reptile fossils,

可以解釋為何某些相同植物化石和

諸如中龍類的爬行類動物的化石

can be found on the South American east coast

However, this evidence does not account forhow the continents moved apart.

For that, we'll need to take a close look

the ground below you is traveling across the Earth

你腳底下的陸地正在地球表面移動

or the speed at which your fingernails grow.

or the large-scale movement of Earth's continents.

The motion occurs within the top two layers of the Earth's mantle,

或是地球各大洲劇烈的移動所造成的

這些移動發生於地幔的最上兩層：

The lithosphere, which includes the crust and uppermost mantle,

the highly viscous but solid rock portion of the upper mantle.

It's between 80 and 200 km below the Earth's surface.

While the asthenosphere wraps around the Earth's core as one connected region,

軟流圈具有高度的黏性，亦是上部地幔的固體石頭部分

the lithosphere is separated on top into tectonic plates.

他的深度介於地球表面下方 80 至 200 公里之間

軟流圈以一個完整的形式包覆地核的外圍

that compose the shape of the planet we know today.

然而，岩石圈卻在上方分開成一塊塊的板塊

the primary plates are about 100 km thick

這些主要板塊的厚度和其他較小的板塊一樣

而這些板塊是以單層或雙層的形式組成的

and areas of shallow water close to their shores,

whereas oceanic crust forms the ocean basins.

The transition from the granitic continental crust

and a large region of the Atlantic Ocean around it.

其中一個是我們所知道的南美洲

另一個，則是周圍一部份的大西洋

than the heated, malleable layer of the asthenosphere below.

且相較於下方可塑性強的軟流圈

the tectonic plates float on top of this layer,

The speed and direction in which these tectonic plates move

Scientists are still trying to nail downthe driving forces behind this movement,

根據下方軟流圈的不同壓力和溫度

with some theories pointing towards mantle convection,

而有不同的移動方向和移動速率

Though the mechanics have not been sorted out,

that our tectonic plates are moving and have been for billions of years.

雖然當中的原理尚未被分析出來

我們所身處的板塊已經流動了幾十億年了

in which two plates move away from one another.

The next interaction is when two plates collide,

In this instance, the land is pushed upward

下一個交互作用力發生於兩板塊碰撞時

In fact, the Indian Plate is still colliding

其實印度板塊現仍正與歐亞板塊

Finally, there's the transform boundaries,

where two plates scrape past one another.

and, while a shift of 10 cm/year may not seem like a lot,

over millions of years our planet will continue

雖然每年10公分的些微變化看似不是很多

the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco