Welcome to www.engvid.com.

歡迎來到www.engvid.com。

I'm Adam.

我是亞當。

In today's video we're going to look at transitions.

在今天的視頻中，我們要看一下過渡的問題。

Now, you may have seen some other videos on engVid about transitions, especially for writing.

現在，你可能已經在engVid上看到其他一些關於過渡的視頻，特別是關於寫作的視頻。

What we're going to look at today are a few more specific transitions, but this time we're

我們今天要看的是一些更具體的過渡，但這次我們是

not looking at transitions between paragraphs or even transitions between sentences.

不看段落之間的過渡，甚至不看句子之間的過渡。

Okay?

好嗎？

We're looking at transitions that we are generally using in a sentence to shift from one idea

我們正在研究在一個句子中通常使用的過渡詞，以便從一個想法轉向另一個想法。

to another idea in a sentence.

在一個句子中與另一個想法相聯繫。

So they're very similar to, like, adverb...

所以它們非常類似於，比如，副詞...

Adverb clauses, for example, but they're used in different ways.

例如，副詞句，但它們的使用方式不同。

But, again, they do have their specific purposes.

但是，同樣，它們確實有其特定的目的。

Now, you'll also notice that all of them or most of them start with: "there" plus a preposition,

現在，你還會注意到，所有的或大多數的都是以:"那裡 "加上一個介詞。

or "where" plus a preposition, and we have the one special one: "hereby".

或 "哪裡 "加一個介詞，我們有一個特殊的。"特此"。

So: "Thereby", "Thereof", "Thereafter", "Therein", "Therefore", "Wherein", "Whereby", "Hereby",

所以。"Thereby", "Thereof", "Thereafter", "Therein", "Issue", "Wherein", "Hereby",

these are the words we're going to look at and how they're used within sentences.

這些是我們要看的詞，以及它們在句子中的使用方式。

Now, before I explain these to you and show them...

現在，在我向你解釋這些並展示它們之前...

Show you samples of how they're used, I want you to understand that these are generally

向你展示他們如何使用的樣本，我想讓你明白，這些通常是

very formal, very high-end.

非常正式，非常高端。

They're not very commonly used.

它們不是很常用。

There are other ways you can say these things without being too serious, I guess you could say.

我想你可以說，還有其他方式可以說這些事情，而不會太嚴肅。

But if you're going to university, if you're going to take a test, IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, all

但如果你要上大學，如果你要參加考試，雅思、託福、SAT，所有的

these tests - you will see these and you should be able to use them as well.

這些測試 - 你會看到這些，你也應該能夠使用它們。

And if you can actually use them properly in your essays, and like, again, nicely, appropriately,

如果你真的能在你的文章中適當地使用它們，而且像，再次，很好地，適當地使用。

good timing, your score...

好時機，你的分數...

That'll help your score.

這將有助於你的分數。

It should go up quite a bit because these are not very easy to use.

它應該上升不少，因為這些東西不是很容易使用。

So, we're going to start with "thereby".

是以，我們要從 "從而 "開始。

"Thereby" basically means by which, or through which, or like through this action something happened.

"由此 "基本上是指通過它，或通過它，或像通過這個行動發生的事情。

It's a little bit similar to: "due to".

這有點類似於。"由於"。

The only problem is you can't use it in the same structure as "due to".

唯一的問題是你不能在同一結構中使用它，因為 "由於"。

Okay?

好嗎？

So let's look at the first sentence.

是以，讓我們看看第一句話。

"The team lost the final game of the season, thereby missing the playoffs."

"球隊輸掉了本賽季的最後一場比賽，從而錯過了季後賽。"

So, basically by doing this, by losing the last game, the result...

所以，基本上通過這樣做，通過輸掉最後一場比賽，結果...

What happened?

發生了什麼事？

They missed the playoffs.

他們錯過了季後賽。

But notice that we are using an "ing" here: "...thereby missing the playoffs", right?

但請注意，我們在這裡使用了一個 "ing"。"......從而錯過了季後賽"，對嗎？

This is basically a gerund expression, a gerund phrase, but we can't use this with a clause.

這基本上是一個動名詞表達式，一個動名詞短語，但我們不能將其用於一個子句。

We're using it with an "ing".

我們在使用時有一個 "ing"。

So that's one thing you have to keep in mind.

所以這是你必須牢記的一件事。

If I wanted to use "due to", I would have to change the whole structure.

如果我想使用 "由於"，我就必須改變整個結構。

"Due to their loss in the final game of the season, the team missed the playoffs."

"由於他們在本賽季最後一場比賽中的失利，球隊錯過了季後賽。"

A completely different structure.

一個完全不同的結構。

I'm using the independent clause, here, the "due to" with the cause, etc.

我使用的是獨立分句，在這裡，"由於 "與原因，等等。

This one gives you another option, basically, on how to link the ideas.

這個給了你另一個選擇，基本上是關於如何把想法聯繫起來。

Cause, effect.

原因，結果。

But we don't have to use the "ing", we can use another way.

但我們不一定要用 "ing"，我們可以用另一種方式。

"Lisa studied for three straight weeks and was thereby able to pass her test."

"麗莎連續學習了三個星期，從而能夠通過考試。"

So she studied, studied, studied, and through this action she was able to pass her test.

於是她學習、學習、學習，通過這一行動，她得以通過考試。

And: "...and was thereby", "...and she was thereby able".

還有。"......並是以"，"......她是以能夠"。

Notice that I'm not using this to start the clause; I'm using it within the clause, between

請注意，我不是用這個來啟動子句；我是在子句內使用，在

the verbs to show through this action, this was the result that she was looking for.

通過這個動作來顯示，這是她所尋找的結果。

Okay?

好嗎？

So: "by which", "through which action".

所以。"通過它"，"通過它的行動"。

Let's look at "therein".

讓我們來看看 "其中"。

"The new contract does not allow for extended maternity leave;" here I'm using the semi-colon,

"新合同不允許延長產假；"這裡我用的是分號。

I'm going to give you the next idea, so this is like a conjunction.

我將給你下一個想法，所以這就像一個連詞。

"...therein lies the problem for the union, 60% of whose membership is young women".

"......這就是工會的問題所在，其會員中有60%是年輕女性。

So, "therein" basically means in that, or into that situation, problem, position, state, etc.

所以，"其中 "基本上是指在那個，或進入那個情況、問題、位置、狀態等。

So, "therein".

是以，"其中"。

"Therein" means: In what?

"其中 "是指。在什麼地方？

In this situation, in this new contract there's a problem.

在這種情況下，在這個新合同中，有一個問題。

So: "...therein in this new contract lies a problem", and this is a very common follow-up

所以。"......在這個新合同中存在著一個問題"，這是一個非常常見的後續問題。

to the transition "therein".

到 "其中 "的過渡。

"...therein lies the problem".

"......這就是問題所在"。

A very famous expression: "...therein lies the rub" from Shakespeare.

一個非常著名的說法。"......這就是問題所在"，來自莎士比亞。

"Aye, there's the rub."

"是啊，這就是問題所在。"

I'm not sure if you know that expression, I think from Hamlet, dream to...

我不知道你是否知道這個說法，我想是來自《哈姆雷特》，夢到...

If you dream and you can die, it's all good, but then: Oh, there's a problem - you don't

如果你做夢，你可以死，這一切都很好，但後來。哦，有一個問題--你不

wake up.

醒來。

So: "...therein lies the rub".

所以。"......這就是問題所在"。

A very common expression to use with "lies".

與 "謊言 "一起使用的一個非常常見的表達方式。

But: "The tomb and all the contents therein"-means all the contents in the tomb-"were photographed

但是。"墳墓和裡面所有的東西"--指墳墓裡所有的東西--"被拍了下來

before analysis could begin".

在分析開始之前"。

Again, much...

再次，多...

There are much easier ways to say this.

有更多簡單的方法來表達這一點。

"The tomb and all its contents were photographed", so why should I use "therein"?

"墳墓和裡面所有的東西都被拍了下來"，那麼我為什麼要用 "其中"？

To sound pretty, to sound sophisticated, to sound academic.

要聽起來漂亮，要聽起來複雜，要聽起來學術。

Okay?

好嗎？

This is the thing about academic writing when you get to universities, it's all about how

這就是進入大學後學術寫作的問題，這都是關於如何

many words and how nice the words are.

許多字，而且這些字有多好。

Of course there's...

當然也有...

Content is very important and what you had to say, but they also want you to write very

內容是非常重要的，你不得不說什麼，但他們也希望你寫得非常

academically.

在學術上。

And this is a very academic word.

而這是一個非常學術性的詞。

You're not going to see this in newspapers, you're not going to see this in everyday writing.

你不會在報紙上看到這個，你不會在日常寫作中看到這個。

You will see it a lot when you get to university or college, and start reading academic textbooks,

當你進入大學或學院，開始閱讀學術教科書時，你會經常看到這種情況。

and papers, etc.

和文件等。

So, the same basically applies to most of these.

是以，這些基本上也適用於大多數情況。

The preposition definitely gives you a hint of how the word is used, but we're going to

介詞肯定會給你一個提示，說明這個詞是如何使用的，但我們要

look at some more examples and go through each one, and make sure we understand it.

再看一些例子，並逐一檢查，確保我們理解它。

Okay, so we're going to look at four more now: "thereof", "therefore", "thereafter",

好的，那麼我們現在再看四個。"其"、"是以"、"此後"。

"wherein".

"其中"。

Now, the first thing you're going to start noticing is that basically use the preposition

現在，你要開始注意的第一件事是，基本上使用介詞

in the word and just think about replacing the word "there" with "that".

在這個詞中，只需考慮用 "那個 "替換 "那裡 "這個詞。

So: "thereof" means "of that".

所以。"其 "是指 "那"。

Let's look at an example.

我們來看看一個例子。

"Both parties had their sights focused on the northern regions, especially the demographics

"兩黨的目光都集中在北部地區，特別是人口統計學方面

thereof", so the demographics...

其中"，所以人口統計學...

Oh, sorry.

哦，對不起。

"...and were preparing for an ad war".

"......並且正在準備一場廣告戰"。

The demographics, this means the statistics, the information about what type of people

人口統計學，這意味著統計數據，關於什麼類型的人的資訊

live there, like their ages, their ethnicity.

住在那裡的人，比如他們的年齡，他們的種族。

Are they...?

他們是......？

Which party do they lean to?

他們傾向於哪個黨？

So all the information about the people.

是以，所有關於人民的資訊。

So we're talking about the demographics of the people in the northern regions.

是以，我們正在談論北部地區人民的人口統計學。

Okay?

好嗎？

"They had their sights focused on the northern regions, especially the demographics of the

"他們的目光集中在北部地區，特別是人口統計學上的問題。

northern regions".

北部地區"。

So we have the "that", "of that", now the key is to realize what "that" is.

所以我們有 "那個"，"那個"，現在的關鍵是要意識到 "那個 "是什麼。

Remember that when we use "that" as a demonstrative pronoun, we're always pointing to something

請記住，當我們使用 "那 "作為示範代詞時，我們總是指向某個東西。

that has already been mentioned, and it's very important that it should be very clear

這一點已經提到了，而且非常重要的是，它應該是非常清楚的。

what has been mentioned.

已經提到的。

The demographics of the northern regions, as I already mentioned, and were preparing

正如我已經提到的，北部地區的人口統計學，並正在準備

for an ad war.

為一場廣告戰。

Okay?

好嗎？

"Fine wines, and a knowledge thereof, are a luxury few can afford."

"高品質的葡萄酒，以及這方面的知識，是少數人能夠負擔得起的奢侈品"。

So: "fine wines" and "a knowledge thereof", knowledge of fine wines.

所以。"優質葡萄酒 "和 "其中的知識"，對優質葡萄酒的瞭解。

Okay?

好嗎？

So this is what we're doing, we're just linking things together using more formal language.

所以這就是我們要做的，我們只是用更正式的語言把事情聯繫起來。

Do you need to practice this a lot?

你需要經常練習這個嗎？

No.

沒有。

You need to recognize it, and if you can, throw in one or two every once in a while.

你需要認識到這一點，如果可以的話，每隔一段時間就扔進一兩個。

I personally like "whereby" and "thereby", I use those pretty often in my writing, but

我個人喜歡 "由此 "和 "從而"，我在寫作中經常使用這些詞，但

I don't need to.

我不需要。

I just like to have a little bit of variety when I write, so you can keep that in mind

我只是喜歡在寫作時有一點變化，所以你可以牢記這一點。

as well.

也是如此。

"Therefore", again, this is the most commonly used one.

"是以"，同樣，這是最常用的一個。

Everybody has been taught this as a transition to reach a conclusion, or basically it means

每個人都被教導說這是得出結論的一個過渡，或者說基本上意味著

"because of that", and again, "that", something that's already mentioned.

"因為那個"，又是 "那個"，已經提到的東西。

So: "I think, therefore I am."

所以。"我想，所以我是"。

So, because I think, because of that, I am.

所以，因為我認為，因為這一點，我是。

Notice we're using...

請注意，我們正在使用...

This is followed by a clause, subject, verb.

這後面是一個分句，主語，動詞。

Here we don't have to follow it by a clause.

在這裡，我們不需要在它後面加上一個句子。

We can just use it by itself as an adverb.

我們可以只把它本身作為副詞來使用。

Here it could be used as a conjunction, introducing an idea in a clause, subject, verb, about

在這裡，它可以作為連詞使用，在分句、主語、動詞中引入一個概念，關於

the independent clause.

獨立條款。

"I am well-prepared", now, here, again I'm using this, I'm starting a new idea, but I'm

"我準備充分"，現在，在這裡，我再次使用這個，我開始一個新的想法，但我

still linking.

仍在連接。

"...there is no reason, therefore, that I should stumble".

"......是以，我沒有理由跌倒"。

So, because of that, because I am well-prepared, there is no reason I should stumble.

所以，正因為如此，因為我有充分的準備，我沒有理由跌倒。

Okay?

好嗎？

Reaching a conclusion, saying because, and again, this is the one that you're going to

得出一個結論，說因為，再一次，這是你要的一個

use the most in your writing and even in your spoken English.

在你的寫作中，甚至在你的英語口語中，使用最多的就是這個。

Okay?

好嗎？

"Thereafter", this is very straightforward, it means "after that", a very specific situation

"此後"，這是非常直接的，它意味著 "此後"，一個非常具體的情況

or event.

或事件。

"He worked at the university until he retired;" and again I'm starting a new sentence, but

"他在大學工作，直到退休；"我又一次開始了一個新的句子，但是

I'm using it like a conjunction, a semi-colon.

我把它當作一個連詞，一個分號來使用。

"...thereafter" means after he retired, "he took on sporadic work as a consultant".

"......此後 "是指在他退休後，"他作為顧問承擔了零星的工作"。

It means sometimes here and there he worked.

這意味著有時他在這裡和那裡工作。

So, after that, after he retired.

所以，在那之後，在他退休之後。

Now, one thing I also want to mention: "therefore" and "thereafter", and before we had "therein",

現在，我還想提到一件事。"是以 "和 "此後"，而之前我們有 "其中"。

these are...

這些是...

These can be commonly used to begin a sentence.

這些可以常用來作為句子的開頭。

All the rest of them are always within a sentence; they're not commonly used to begin a sentence,

其餘的都是在一個句子中，它們不常用來開始一個句子。

they're always part of the structure.

他們始終是結構的一部分。

Now we're getting to the "wheres", okay?

現在我們開始討論 "哪裡 "了，好嗎？

Where...

在哪裡...

"Wherein" basically also means "in that" or: In what way?

"其中 "基本上也意味著 "在那 "或：以何種方式？

Or: In which way?

或者：以何種方式？

That's another use.

這是另一個用途。

Another, basically meaning...

另一個，基本上是指...

Sorry, another use basically is: How?

對不起，另一個用途基本上是：如何？

Okay?

好嗎？

"The affidavit did not implicitly outline", oh, this is a "t".

"宣誓書沒有暗中概述"，哦，這是一個 "T"。

"...did not implicitly outline wherein Mr. Smith had broken any laws".

"......沒有含蓄地概述史密斯先生在哪裡違反了任何法律"。

So, the affidavit, this is like a paper that you take...

所以，宣誓書，這就像一張紙，你採取...

That is given in the court that lists all the problems, all the charges the person is

這是在法庭上給出的，列出了所有的問題，該人的所有指控

going to face, and what brings a person to court.

將要面對的問題，以及是什麼讓一個人來到法庭。

And this, it did not show in this how he had broken any laws.

而這一點，在這裡面並沒有顯示出他是如何違反法律的。

So we have no reason to think he's guilty, we have no reason to even arrest him.

所以我們沒有理由認為他有罪，我們甚至沒有理由逮捕他。

Okay?

好嗎？

"Wherein".

"其中"。

Now, the thing about "wherein", this is the least commonly used one of all of the ones

現在，關於 "其中 "的事情，這是最不常使用的一個。

I wrote on before.

我以前寫過。

Okay?

好嗎？

Recognize it, don't try to use it.

認清它，不要試圖使用它。

It's very...

這是非常...

It's a little bit old-fashioned, a little bit too formal, not very commonly used.

它有點老套，有點太正式，不是很常用。

Okay?

好嗎？

Just a few more and we're done, and you can start writing your thesis.

只要再來幾次，我們就完成了，你就可以開始寫你的論文了。

Okay, here's our last two.

好了，這是我們的最後兩個。

And like I said, this is my favourite one; I use it regularly.

正如我所說，這是我最喜歡的一款；我經常使用它。

"Whereby" means by which or through which, or in accordance with which.

"據此 "是指通過它，或通過它，或按照它。

"The company introduced a new incentive program whereby all employees were given an equal

"公司推出了一個新的激勵計劃，所有員工都獲得了平等的

shot at the bonuses."

射中了獎金。"

So, basically, this is referring to the program.

所以，基本上，這是指的程序。

So, the new incentive program...

是以，新的激勵計劃...

So, according to this program, all employees were given an equal shot at the bonuses.

是以，根據這個計劃，所有員工都有平等的機會獲得獎金。

Again: "whereby" followed by a full clause, subject, and verb clause.

再一次。"據此 "後面是一個完整的分句、主語和動詞句。

But again it's related back to the last situation: A new program by which, or through which,

但這又與上次的情況有關。一個新的方案，通過它，或通過它。

or in accordance with which, this is what will happen from now on or from that time

或根據它，這就是從現在開始或從那個時候開始將發生的事情

on.

上。

Okay?

好嗎？

And "hereby".

還有 "特此"。

Now, "hereby" you will hear more than you will read.

現在，"在此 "你會聽到比你讀到的更多。

It has very specific situations where you will read it, but you will hear it actually

它有非常具體的情況，你會讀它，但你會聽到它實際上

quite often, and I'll give you some examples.

很常見，我給你舉幾個例子。

The most common place you'll read it is when somebody resigns or gives up a position.

你最常讀到的地方是當某人辭職或放棄一個職位時。

"Given the present circumstances, I hereby resign my post as CEO."

"鑑於目前的情況，我在此辭去首席執行官的職務。"

Okay?

好嗎？

There's a company, there was a scandal, and because of this scandal, the CEO says: "Okay,

有一家公司，有一個醜聞，因為這個醜聞，首席執行官說："好吧。

I need to retire.

我需要退休。

I need to be accountable, take responsibility."

我需要負責任，承擔起責任"。

So: "With this letter I resign", so by means of this declaration, by means of this statement,

所以。"通過這封信，我辭職了"，所以通過這個聲明，通過這個陳述。

that's what "hereby" means.

這就是 "特此 "的意思。

It means with this letter, with this declaration, with this speech, this is what I am doing.

這意味著通過這封信，通過這個聲明，通過這個演講，這是我正在做的事情。

"I hereby resign" within the clause.

"我特此辭職 "的條款內。

Now, if you watch the Olympics, you go to the opening ceremonies, there's like a...