so we're 30 times more likely to laugh

所以我們笑起來的可能性是原來的30倍。

if there is somebody else with us than if we're on our own.

如果有別人和我們在一起比如果我們在我們自己的。

And we'll laugh more if we know those people,

如果我們認識這些人，我們會笑得更開心。

and we'll laugh more if we like those people.

如果我們喜歡這些人，我們會笑得更開心。

Why do humans laugh?

人類為什麼會笑？

We laugh to show that we agree with what someone said.

我們笑是為了表示我們同意某人所說的話。

That we remember the same thing that they're alluding to.

我們記得他們所暗示的同樣的事情。

People will also use laughter to try and mask other emotions.

人們也會用笑聲來試圖掩蓋其他情緒。

People will laugh to try and pretend they're not upset

人們會笑著裝作不生氣的樣子。

or to cover up being angry or embarrassed or in pain.

或掩飾生氣、尷尬或痛苦。

People will use laughter to get other people to do things.

人們會用笑聲來讓別人做事。

If you get someone laughing,

如果你讓別人笑了。

they will tell you more intimate details about themselves.

他們會告訴你更多關於自己的親密細節。

There are two main kinds of laughter, according to Sophie.

蘇菲認為，笑聲主要有兩種。

The first is sort of spontaneous laughter,

第一個是那種自發的笑聲。

if you think about laughter that happens

如果你想到發生的笑聲

and you cannot stop laughing, it can sound like this:

而你不能停止笑，它可以聽起來像這樣。

The laughter just overwhelms you

歡聲笑語讓你無法自拔

and then you're just going to have to ride it out.

然後你就只能硬著頭皮上了。

That's quite a different kind of laughter

這是相當不同的笑聲。

from the sort of laughter you find in conversations,

從談話中發現的那種笑聲。

which is of course most of the laughter you encounter,

當然這也是你遇到的大部分笑聲。

and that sounds more like this.

而這聽起來更像是這樣。

There laughter is really brief and it's shared,

有笑聲真的很短暫，而且是分享。

people tend to laugh together,

人們往往會一起笑。

and they laugh together in a very coordinated way.

他們一起笑得很協調。

People laugh at the ends of sentences.

人們在句子的結尾處笑了。

And that's actually quite interesting,

而這其實很有意思。

because it's even the case

因為就算是

if somebody's having a sign language conversation

如果有人在說手語

where they could laugh all the way through,

在那裡他們可以笑到最後。

they don't, they still laugh together at the ends of sentences.

他們沒有，他們還在句子的最後一起笑。

So why can laughter sometimes feel contagious?

那麼，為什麼笑聲有時會讓人覺得有傳染性呢？

You can probably think of occasions

你可能會想到一些場合

when you've been watching television or listening to the radio,

當你一直在看電視或聽收音機的時候。

maybe it's been broadcast live,

也許已經直播了。

and the presenter or presenters start to get the giggles.

而主持人或主持人開始發笑。

The award-winning screenwriter, Abby Mann, has died at the age of 80.

獲獎編劇艾比曼去世，享年80歲。

He won an Academy Award in 1961 for Judgement at Nuremberg.

1961年，他憑藉《紐倫堡審判》獲得奧斯卡獎。

Ab-- Excuse me, sorry.

Ab -- 對不起，對不起。

Abby Mann also won several Emmys, including--

艾比曼還獲得了多項艾美獎，包括----。

Including one in 1973 for--

包括1973年的一個...

For a film which featured a-- (giggling)

對於一部電影，其中有一個 - （傻笑）。

A police detective called-- (laughter)

一個警察偵探叫--（笑）。

If you chuckled while listening to that clip, here's why.

如果你在聽這段話的時候笑了，這就是原因。

It's called behaviourally contagious phenomena,

這就是所謂的行為傳染現象。

which are things you can catch from somebody else

隔行如隔山

just because they're doing them.

只是因為他們在做這些事情。

You might have noticed this happens with yawning,

你可能已經注意到，打哈欠也會出現這種情況。

it happens a lot with laughter.

這種情況在笑聲中經常發生。

Babies don't show any behaviourally contagious phenomena,

嬰兒沒有任何行為上的傳染現象。

and effectively we teach them to.

並有效地我們教他們去。

So if you look at babies and parents,

所以如果你看寶寶和父母。

parents will try and make babies laugh,

家長會想方設法逗寶寶笑。

and babies do laugh and it's lovely.

寶寶們都在笑，很可愛。

If the parent laughs, the baby doesn't join in.

如果家長笑了，寶寶就不會加入。

But if the baby laughs, the parent does join in,

但如果寶寶笑了，家長也會加入進來。

because the contagion is working.

因為傳染在起作用。

And effectively that seems to be the root

而實際上，這似乎是根

whereby we start to teach babies

我們開始教嬰兒

that this is something that we do together.

這是我們一起做的事情。

Laughter isn't exclusive to humans.

笑聲並不是人類的專屬。

We know that laughter is extremely easily observed in other apes.

我們知道，在其他猿類身上極易觀察到笑聲。

So gorillas laugh, chimpanzees laugh, orangutans laugh,

所以大猩猩笑了，黑猩猩笑了，猩猩笑了。

and they laugh in a very, very similar way to humans.

它們的笑聲和人類非常非常相似。

The main difference is that chimpanzees, for example,

主要區別是，比如黑猩猩。

laugh on an exhalation and an inhalation,

一呼一吸都在笑。

so we just laugh ha-ha-ha, breathing out,

所以我們就哈哈大笑，呼氣。

chimpanzees do more like a ha-ah-ha-ah,

黑猩猩做的更像一個哈哈哈。

sounds a bit like he-eh-he-eh.

聽起來有點像he -eh -heh。

So chimpanzees use laughter in a pretty complex way

所以黑猩猩使用笑聲的方式非常複雜。

much as we do, and it happens in the same situations.

和我們一樣，在同樣的情況下也會發生。

It's associated with tickling, with play,

它與癢癢有關，與遊戲有關。

with trying to make play last longer.

與試圖讓遊戲持續更長時間。

And it's not just primates.

不僅僅是靈長類動物。

Laughter-like behaviour has also been described in rats and parrots.

大鼠和鸚鵡也有類似笑聲的行為。

Unfortunately laughter can also have a darker side.

不幸的是，笑聲也會有黑暗的一面。

These big squeezes that you do with your ribcage when you laugh,

當你笑的時候，你用你的肋骨做的這些大擠壓。

particularly if you're laughing really hard,

尤其是當你笑得很開心的時候。

it's quite stressful for your heart and your lungs

對你的心臟和肺部都是相當大的壓力。

and that can mean if you have some sort of problem

這可能意味著，如果你有某種問題。

maybe with your heart or your lungs or your blood vessels,

也許是你的心臟或肺部或血管。

you can put them under more strain.

你可以讓他們承受更大的壓力。

And throughout history there are examples of people

而在歷史上，也有一些人的例子

who have died laughing.

笑著死去的人。

And I think, if you're going to have to go somehow,

我想，如果你要去，不知何故。

probably going while you're laughing, there could be worse ways.

可能會在你笑的時候，還有更糟糕的方式。

Luckily there are lots of health benefits to laughing too.

幸運的是，笑對健康也有很多好處。

You are more relaxed when you laugh.

你笑的時候會更放鬆。

So as soon as you start laughing, you get a reduction in adrenaline.

所以只要你開始笑，你的腎上腺素就會減少。

You also get an increased uptake

你也會得到一個增加的吸收

of the body's naturally circulating endorphins.

身體自然循環的內啡肽的。

Now that is because you do quite a lot of exercise at your ribcage

那是因為你在肋骨處做了大量的運動。

when you laugh.

當你笑的時候

It's exactly the same as a runner's high

這和跑者的高點是完全一樣的

or the good feeling you get after exercising.

或運動後的良好感覺。

And interestingly that's true of laughter

有趣的是，笑聲也是如此

even if you've completely faked the laughter,

即使你已經完全偽造了笑聲。

so it does suggest that it's something to do

所以，它確實表明，它的東西做的

with the ha-ha-ha movements.

與哈哈哈的動作。

So if you want to get your endorphins going,

所以，如果你想讓你的內啡肽去。

you can start by laughing out loud.

你可以從大笑開始。

And if you're by yourself and have no one to laugh with,

如果你一個人，沒有人陪你笑。

here's something that might help.

這裡的東西，可能會有所幫助。

Oh my god.

哦，我的上帝。

Oh!

哦！

Where did you find that?

你在哪裡找到的？

What is that?

那是什麼？

(laughing)

（笑）