This was humanity's first introduction

這是人類第一次引入

to nuclear power, the atomic bomb.

到核電，原子彈。

- And this is a nuclear power plant,

- 而這是一個核電站。

which you may know from all the times

歷歷在目

that they've broken down in history

罄竹難書

and scared the crap out of people.

並把人嚇得屁滾尿流。

Hello, HBO's Chernobyl.

你好，HBO的切爾諾貝利。

- But you've actually been lied to about nuclear energy.

- 但其實你在核能方面被騙了。

And in order to understand those lies,

而為了瞭解這些謊言。

we first have to talk about where the energy comes from.

我們首先要談談能量從哪裡來。

- In 1938, scientists discovered nuclear fission.

- 1938年，科學家發現了核裂變。

They did this by slamming an atom of uranium with a neutron.

他們是通過用中子撞擊鈾原子來實現的。

It would divide into two

它將分為兩個

and release a large amount of energy.

並釋放出大量的能量。

Not only this, but during the nuclear fission reaction

不僅如此，在核裂變反應過程中。

up to three neutrons are ejected,

最多有三個中子被射出。

which can trigger further fission reactions of more atoms,

可以引發更多原子的進一步裂變反應。

meaning more energy is released.

意味著更多的能量被釋放出來。

This is known as a chain reaction.

這就是所謂的連鎖反應。

- During World War II,

- 二戰期間。

America would use the same technology

美國也會使用同樣的技術

to create the first atomic bomb.

來製造第一顆原子彈。

But it wasn't until 1955 that the same scientific principles

但是，直到1955年，同樣的科學原理

were used to create the first nuclear power plant

用來建造第一座核電站

that generated electricity.

發電的。

- In the 1970s, psychologists started to map

- 在20世紀70年代，心理學家開始繪製

people's anxieties about nuclear destruction

人們對核毀滅的憂慮。

and the past cold war, onto nuclear power plants,

和過去的冷戰，到核電站。

which were now cropping up around the world.

現在在世界各地出現的。

Then came the 1979 thriller, The China Syndrome,

然後是1979年的驚悚片《中國綜合症》。

a movie about a fictional nuclear reactor meltdown.

一部關於虛構的核反應堆熔燬的電影。

Which was released on March 6th, 1979.

這是在1979年3月6日發佈的。

And just 22 days later,

而就在22天后。

a real partial nuclear reactor meltdown

真正的部分核反應堆熔燬

happened at Three Mile Island.

發生在三裡島。

Talk about free advertisement for your movie.

談談你的電影的免費廣告。

The coincidence of a Hollywood film

好萊塢電影的巧合

and this cultural nuclear reactor breakdown

和這個文化核反應堆的故障

coming together really shot into the mainstream

一拍即合

this negative connotation with nuclear energy.

核能的這種負面內涵。

From the release of this movie to 1988,

從這部電影上映到1988年。

67 planned nuclear power plants were canceled.

67座計劃中的核電站被取消。

In 1986 Chernobyl happened, which was caused by human error.

1986年發生了切爾諾貝利事件，這是人為錯誤造成的。

As the temperature of the reactor core became too high

由於反應堆堆芯的溫度過高。

and an explosion created a nuclear cloud across Europe.

和爆炸造成了整個歐洲的核雲。

I scream cried while watching Chernobyl.

看切爾諾貝利時，我尖叫著哭了。

I remember thinking to myself, okay,

我記得我在想，好吧。

is nuclear energy a truly invisible horror?

核能是一種真正看不見的恐怖嗎？

Right after that, in 1989, we got The Simpsons

在那之後，1989年，我們有了《辛普森一家》。

where we see people diving into nuclear waste.

在那裡我們看到人們潛入核廢料。

And our favorite idiot, Homer,

還有我們最喜歡的白痴，荷馬。

who we all picture as a safety inspector

大家想象中的安檢員

at a nuclear reactor.

在核反應堆。

As recent as 2011, we have the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

最近的2011年，我們有福島核災難。

And all of this combined made it really hard

而這一切加起來，讓它真的很難

to not be afraid of nuclear energy.

不懼怕核能。

- But when you look more into it, you find that

- 但當你深入瞭解後，你會發現

no one died at Three Mile Island.

三裡島沒有人死亡。

And most epidemiological studies found

而大多數流行病學研究發現

that it had no detectable health consequences.

沒有發現對健康的影響；

After 30 years, only 51 people died from

30年後，只有51人死於

the incident at Chernobyl.

切爾諾貝利事件。

And scientific studies found few health risks

而科學研究發現，幾乎沒有健康風險

connected to radiation exposure after Fukushima.

與福島之後的輻射照射有關。

- Take this recent In a Nutshell video

- 就拿最近的這個 "簡明扼要 "的視頻來說

linked in the description.

在描述中鏈接。

It shows how using coal, oil, natural gas,

它顯示瞭如何使用煤炭、石油、天然氣。

and biomass has killed 100 million people

和生物質能使1億人死亡

in the past 50 years.

在過去50年裡，。

This was due to pollution created by

這是由以下原因造成的汙染

the byproducts of burning fossil fuels.

燃燒化石燃料的副產品；

- The World Health Organization explains

- 世界衛生組織解釋說

that it's safer to work in a nuclear power plant

在核電站工作更安全。

than in a big city office,

比在大城市的辦公室。

as the urban air pollution of ozone, sulfur dioxide,

作為城市空氣汙染的臭氧、二氧化硫。

carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide

一氧化碳和二氧化氮

causes 7 million deaths annually

每年造成700萬人死亡

- Only 0.005% of the average American's

- 僅佔普通美國人的0.005%。

yearly radiation dose comes from nuclear power.

每年的輻射劑量來自於核電。

This is 200 times less than a cross country flight,

這比越野飛行少了200倍。

a hundred times less than what we get from coal,

比我們從煤中得到的東西少一百倍。

and about the same as eating one banana per year?

和每年吃一根香蕉差不多？

Wait, so if I'm scared of nuclear energy

等等，如果我害怕核能的話

I also have to be scared of a banana?

我也要怕一根香蕉？

But like peanut butter and bananas on toast is my culture.

但像花生醬和香蕉吐司是我的文化。

Also being gay, I hate holding bananas like this

我也是同志，我最討厭這樣拿著香蕉了

'cause it just reminds me of getting bullied.

因為它只是讓我想起了被欺負。

- [Host] There's also this study, showing that a CT scan

- [主持人]還有這項研究表明，CT掃描顯示

of the abdomen involves about 10 times

腹腔鏡涉及到約10倍

the radiation exposure that the average

一般人所受的輻射量

nuclear worker gets in a year

核工一年

- Or that living in a big polluted city

- 或者說，生活在一個汙染嚴重的大城市裡

increases your mortality risk by 2.8 times

使您的死亡風險增加2.8倍。

that of a Chernobyl cleanup worker.

切爾諾貝利的清理人員。

So what is happening?

那麼，到底發生了什麼？

Is nuclear energy dangerous or safe?

核能是危險還是安全？

- But just before we get to that,

- 但就在我們說到這之前。

we wanna thank today's sponsor Skillshare.

我們要感謝今天的贊助商技能共享。

The first 1,000 people to use the link in our description

前1,000名使用我們描述中的鏈接的人。

get a free trial of Skillshare premium membership.

獲得技能共享高級會員的免費試用。

So go check it out because it goes fast.

所以去看看吧，因為它走得很快。

Skillshare's actually how I improved

技能共享其實是我進步的方式

my own animation skills to animate this channel

我自己的動畫技能，以動畫這個管道

with Greg's drawings.

與格雷格的圖紙。

I also taught myself Photoshop using Skillshare.

我還用Skillshare自學了Photoshop。

And it's just an amazing way to continue

而這只是一個驚人的方式來繼續。

to learn and grow your brain.

來學習和增長自己的大腦。

- Skillshare is an online learning community

- 技能共享是一個在線學習社區

with thousands of classes for curious and creative people.

擁有上千門課程，適合好奇心強、有創造力的人。

You can explore new skills or deepen current passions.

你可以探索新的技能或加深現有的激情。

Like this course that I took for beginner birders,

就像我參加的這門課程，是為初級鳥友準備的。

where it actually taught me

在那裡，它實際上教會了我

to correctly identify mourning doves.

以正確識別哀鴿。

It was so exciting.

太刺激了

It turns out that their wings make a specific type of noise.

原來，它們的翅膀會發出一種特殊的噪音。

Eek!

Eek!

I'm obsessed with birding.

我痴迷於觀鳥。

Or this class about electricity generation,

還是這堂關於發電的課。

where you can take a deep dive

在那裡你可以深入瞭解

into solar, wind, and nuclear energy.

成太陽能、風能和核能。

And actually understand the physics

而實際上理解物理學

and mechanics of generating this electricity.

以及產生這種電力的力學原理。

This was integral for me making this video

這是我製作這個視頻不可或缺的

- It's curated specifically for learning,

- 這是專門為學習而策劃的。

meaning that there are no ads.

意思是說，沒有廣告。

And they're always launching new premium classes.

而且他們一直在推出新的高級課程。

At the cost of $10 a month with an annual subscription,

以每月10元的費用，年費。

which is amazing.

這是驚人的。

- So you can help our show

- 所以你可以幫助我們的節目

by clicking the link in the description.

通過點擊描述中的鏈接。

And the first 1,000 people will get

而前1000人將獲得

a free trial of premium membership.

免費試用高級會員資格。

This genuinely is how you guys can support us

這真的是你們可以支持我們的方式。

here at ASAP Science.

在ASAP科學中心

Now let's get back to the core of this video,

現在讓我們回到這個視頻的核心。

about the nuclear reactor's core.

關於核反應堆的核心。

These reactors use low enriched uranium

這些反應堆使用低濃鈾。

and controlled chain reactions to heat pressurized water,

並控制鏈式反應加熱加壓水。

which in turn heats other water in a secondary circuit

然後在二次迴路中加熱其他的水

that causes steam to rotate a turbine,

導致汽輪機旋轉的蒸汽。

which is linked to a generator that creates electricity.

它與發電機相連，可以產生電力。

Cool water from a river or ocean can be pumped in

從河流或海洋中抽出的冷卻水可用於以下用途

to cool the water in the secondary circuit.

以冷卻二次迴路中的水。

Or, sometimes cooling towers are built.

或者，有時也會建冷卻塔。

Like these iconic bad boys

就像這些標誌性的壞男孩

that we all know and love from The Simpsons.

我們都知道和愛從辛普森一家。

- Current research has found that American opinions

- 目前研究發現，美國人對

haven't changed much on nuclear energy since the cold war,

自冷戰以來，在核能上並沒有什麼變化。

which is weird because it feels like culture has shifted.

這是奇怪的，因為它感覺像文化已經轉移。

Kids no longer learn to hide under their desks

孩子們不再學會躲在課桌下了。

in preparation for nuclear war.

為核戰爭做準備。

Now they learned to hide under their desks

現在他們學會了躲在課桌下

for preparation of a mass shooter.

為準備大規模射手。

In fact, 54% of Americans still oppose nuclear energy today.

事實上，今天仍有54%的美國人反對核能。

So let's talk nuclear power plant safety.

所以我們來談談核電站的安全問題。

A Harvard study found that newer generations

哈佛大學的一項研究發現，新生代

of nuclear reactors, particularly what is called

核反應堆，特別是所謂的

pebble-bed reactors, are designed so that

卵石床反應堆，其設計是為了保證

the nuclear chain reaction cannot run away

核連鎖反應是跑不掉的

and cause a meltdown.

並導致崩潰。

Even in the event of a complete failure

即使在完全失敗的情況下

of the reactor's machinery.

反應堆機械的。

And that with the advent of modern reactors,

而隨著現代反應堆的出現。

such as the pebble-bed reactor,

如卵石床反應堆。

and careful selection of plant sites,

並精心選擇廠址。

nuclear accidents like the one in Fukushima

類似福島核事故

are actually not possible.

其實是不可能的。

But some people think that emphasizing safety

但有人認為，強調安全

actually just emphasizes fear.

其實只是強調了恐懼。

Airlines don't advertise how safe they are

航空公司不會宣傳他們有多安全。

because then you would just be thinking about

因為那樣你就會只想著

crashing the whole time you were on the plane.

你在飛機上的整個過程中都在崩潰。

And the fact that you need to look

而事實上，你需要看

next to the stranger beside you and be like,

旁邊的陌生人，並像。

I love you, I'm sorry, goodbye.

我愛你，對不起，再見。

While you're screaming, and the plane's shaking,

當你尖叫的時候，飛機也在搖晃。

and you have to cover your head,

你必須捂住你的頭。

and apparently your legs break on impact.

很明顯，你的腿在撞擊時就會折斷。

- So maybe nuclear energy should use the airline's approach

- 所以，也許核能應該採用航空的方式

and stop explaining why they're safe,

不要再解釋為什麼他們是安全的。

and start unapologetically explaining how great they are.

並開始毫不避諱地解釋自己有多偉大。

Nuclear reactors, such as Diablo Canyon,

核反應堆，如暗黑峽谷。

which will be closed in 2024 due to cost upkeep,

由於成本維持，將於2024年關閉。

accounts for roughly 9% of California's energy

約佔加州能源的9%。

but occupies fewer than 600 acres.

但佔地不到600畝。

Honestly, that's wowsers to think of that much energy

老實說，那是wowsers想到這麼多的能量。

coming out of that little Diablo Canyon.

從那個小暗黑峽谷出來。

There are currently 56 nuclear power plants

目前有56座核電站

operating in the US that provide the country

在美國經營的公司，為美國提供

with roughly 20% of the electrical supply.

與大約20%的電力供應。

That's more than half of the US's low carbon electricity.

這就是美國一半以上的低碳電力。

The NASA Goddard Institute predicts that

美國宇航局戈達德研究所預測，。

nuclear power has prevented 1.84 million deaths

核能已防止184萬人死亡。

that would have occurred if the energy

如果能量

was produced by fossil fuels.

是由化石燃料生產的。

This is 370 times more lives saved

這比拯救生命多370倍

than have been lost to any nuclear power plant issues

比任何核電站問題造成的損失還要大。

in the last 40 years.

在過去40年裡，。

At this point, I feel very lied to.

在這一點上，我覺得很被騙。

But, what about the nuclear waste?

但是，核廢料怎麼辦？

- 97% of the waste created by nuclear plants

- 97%的核電站產生的廢物

is classified as low or intermediate level waste.

屬於低度或中度廢物；

All the nuclear waste in the US is often compared to

美國的所有核廢料經常被比作

the size of a football field piled 50 feet high.

足球場大小，堆積50英尺高。

The world nuclear association describes that

世界核協會指出：

the waste is encapsulated in highly engineered casks,

廢物被封裝在高度工程化的木桶中。

in stable vitrified form, and is placed at depths

以穩定的玻璃化形式存在，並放置在深

well below the biosphere.

遠低於生物圈。

Such long-term geological storage solutions

這種長期的地質儲存解決方案

are designed to prevent any movement

是為了防止任何移動而設計的

of radioactivity for thousands of years.

幾千年來的放射性。

So even in the event of an earthquake or a natural disaster

所以，即使發生地震或天災的情況下

these repositories will keep the waste

這些儲存庫將保持廢物

from reaching the surface and releasing radiation.

以免到達地面並釋放輻射。

In addition, 96% of this waste can be recycled

此外，其中96%的垃圾可以回收利用。

to make new fuel and byproducts.

以製造新的燃料和副產品。

- So the nuclear power industry

- 所以核電行業

puts their waste in monitored concrete casks,

把他們的廢物放在受監控的水泥桶裡。

deep into the ground, but the coal, oil,

深入地下，但煤炭、石油。

and natural gas industries release their waste

天然氣工業的廢物排放

into the atmosphere.

到大氣中。

Where it causes pollution

造成汙染的地方

and kills thousands of people a year,

並每年造成數千人死亡。

and like all the birds.

並像所有的鳥兒一樣。

And these greenhouse gases contribute to

而這些溫室氣體會導致

the sixth largest mass extinction that we are currently in,

我們目前所處的第六次大滅絕。

and to the climate crisis that we are currently in.

以及我們目前所處的氣候危機。

So is it safe?

那麼它安全嗎？

Well, nuclear energy is definitely safer

嗯，核能絕對是更安全的

than the fossil fuels that we are addicted to right now.

而不是我們現在沉迷的化石燃料。

- The fear of nuclear energy is getting in the way

- 對核能的恐懼讓人望而卻步。

of us having an honest discussion of how it can work

我們有一個誠實的討論，它是如何工作的。

with renewable energy to get us to a zero carbon future.

用可再生能源讓我們走向零碳的未來。

As stated, the US gets 20% of its electricity

如前所述，美國20%的電力來自於

from nuclear power plants.

來自核電站的。

France gets 70% from nuclear.

法國從核電中獲得70%。

Impressive research at MIT analyzed 1,000 scenarios

麻省理工學院的研究令人印象深刻，分析了1000種情況。

of getting to our zero carbon future.

的零碳未來。

And all the cheapest paths involved nuclear

而所有最便宜的途徑都涉及核電

helping renewable energy, get to where it needs to be.

幫助可再生能源，達到它需要的地方。

- Focusing in on America,

- 集中在美國。

there is a scenario where you can get to

有一種情況是，你可以到

a zero carbon future with just renewables

只有可再生能源的零碳未來

and leaving the existing nuclear power plants on.

而讓現有的核電站開著。

But this is specific to America