knowledge or understanding, and "Logia" which means science or study.

知識或理解，以及 "Logia"，意為科學或研究。

So, in a philosophical context Epistemology is the study of knowledge in general. Examples of

是以，在哲學語境中，認識論是對一般知識的研究。 例如

philosophical epistemology questions are - What does knowledge mean and how does a person

哲學認識論的問題是--知識意味著什麼，一個人如何

get to know something and what is the basis for true knowledge?

真正知識的基礎是什麼？

What is knowledge? Some say it's justified true belief. It means that a person must be able to

什麼是知識？ 有人說它是有理由的真實信念。 這意味著一個人必須能夠

justify the claim, and the claim itself must be true, and the person must also actually believe in it.

要證明自己的主張是正確的，主張本身必須是真實的，而且這個人還必須真正相信它。

Let's assume that a person says - I know that people have walked on the Moon. For this to be

假設一個人說--我知道有人登上過月球。 要使這句話

true knowledge, it must be possible to justify that claim, it must also be a fact, and finally the

真正的知識，它必須有可能證明這種主張，它還必須是一個事實，最後才是

person must also actually believe that people have walked on the Moon.

人們還必須真正相信有人登上過月球。

So, how do you justify a belief? Well, it's done by using evidence. This evidence must be of

那麼，如何證明信念的正確性呢？ 嗯，那就是用證據來證明。 這些證據必須是

good quality and it should also be a logical and reasonable piece of evidence.

品質要好，而且證據要合乎邏輯、合理。

Over time there's been two major branches of philosophy called epistemology, namely

隨著時間的推移，哲學中有兩大分支被稱為認識論，即

Empiricism and Rationalism.

經驗主義與理性主義

Empiricism: True knowledge is primarily founded on input from our senses; the empirical world

經驗主義：真正的知識主要建立在我們的感官輸入之上；經驗世界

around us. And it's important to refer to experience and observations when beliefs and claims

在我們周圍。 當信念和主張出現時，參考經驗和觀察結果非常重要。

are justified and proven. So, ideas or traditions, although they might be important, but they are

是有道理的，是經過證明的。 是以，觀念或傳統雖然可能很重要，但它們是

not the primary, most important sources for new knowledge.

而不是新知識最主要、最重要的來源。

Rationalism, on the other hand, emphasizes reason, rather than experience and observations, as

另一方面，理性主義強調的是理性，而不是經驗和觀察。

the primary basis for justifying beliefs and claims. Thus, the rational (hence rationalism) and

是證明信仰和主張合理性的主要依據。 是以，理性（是以是理性主義）和

logical human mind is the source for new knowledge, not the material world around us. So,

人類的邏輯思維是新知識的源泉，而不是我們周圍的物質世界。 那麼

according to rationalism, research results are verified primarily by reasoning.

根據理性主義，研究成果主要通過推理來驗證。

In a non-philosophical context, we've seen the use of the concept of epistemology

在非哲學背景下，我們看到了認識論概念的使用情況

and, this is because the task of producing new knowledge

而且，這是因為產生新知識的任務

is a major part of the everyday work of academics.

是學術界日常工作的重要組成部分。

So, epistemology has a significant impact on the scientific endeavors of most scholars given the

是以，認識論對大多數學者的科學努力都有重大影響，這是因為

importance of this concept for discussing the limits and

這一概念對討論 "閾限 "和 "閾值 "的重要性。

possibilities of creating and reporting new knowledge.

創造和報告新知識的可能性。

Further, scholars in certain academic departments and disciplines such as, for example,

此外，某些學術部門和學科的學者，例如

curriculum and instruction, educational science, and pedagogy have, more or less, an inherent

課程與教學、教育科學和教學法或多或少都有其內在的聯繫。

interest in issues related to knowledge.

對知識相關問題的興趣。

Formal Epistemology, what is that? Well, it is the study of questions such as - what is

形式認識論是什麼？ 它研究的問題包括--什麼是形式認識論？

knowledge, how may a belief be justified, how do we know something, and how do we know

知識，信念如何才能合理，我們如何才能知道某些事情，我們又如何才能知道

something is true?

是真的嗎？

However, the theories, concepts, and arguments used here are used in a non-philosophical

然而，這裡所使用的理論、概念和論據都是在非哲學的情況下使用的。

context, for example, in mathematical logic, statistics, linguistics, computing,

例如，在數理邏輯、統計學、語言學和計算機領域、

and other academic fields.

和其他學術領域。

Genetic Epistemology, well, it's used to understand the cognitive development among children

遺傳認識論，用於瞭解兒童的認知發展情況

and how children interact, understand, learn, and acquire new knowledge about the world. So,

以及兒童如何互動、理解、學習和獲取有關世界的新知識。 那麼

in short, the theory implies that symbolic systems, i.e. the individual's thoughts and knowledge

簡而言之，該理論意味著符號系統，即個人的思想和知識

are based on sensory-motor schemes, i.e. the individual's impressions and experiences in the

是基於感官--運動計劃，即個人在以下方面的印象和經驗

world. And this concept of genetic epistemology comes

世界。 而這種基因認識論的概念來自於

from the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget.

來自瑞士心理學家讓-皮亞傑。

Social epistemology is about the social context for creating new knowledge. Social epistemology

社會認識論是關於創造新知識的社會背景。 社會認識論

is studied in academic fields such as sociology, psychology, and education. In focus are human

在社會學、心理學和教育學等學術領域都有研究。 重點是人類

and social aspects of knowledge production. For example, historical and cultural factors, the

以及知識生產的社會方面。 例如，歷史和文化因素、社會和經濟因素、文化因素

access to and the use of learning tools, and so on.

獲取和使用學習工具等。

So, having access to YouTube and the tutorials about philosophical concepts could be a perfect

是以，訪問 YouTube 和有關哲學概念的教程是一個完美的選擇。

example of aspects that are in focus for those that interested in Social Epistemology.

這些例子是對社會認識論感興趣的人關注的焦點。

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