and talked about the climate crisis.

他那次談氣候危機

And I referenced that

我上回有提到他的演講

at the end of my last talk.

用來為我的演講作結

So I want to pick up from there

所以我想從上回的結語說起

because I only had 18 minutes, frankly.

畢竟我那時只有18分鐘的時間

So, as I was saying...

好，我演講最後提到...

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

You see, he's right.

的確，他說的沒錯

I mean, there is a major climate crisis, obviously,

也就是說，氣候面臨相當大的危機

and I think if people don't believe it, they should get out more.

那些不相信的人，應該多到戶外走走

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

But I believe there's a second climate crisis,

但我認為還有另一個危機

which is as severe,

跟氣候危機同樣嚴重

which has the same origins,

有同樣的起因

and that we have to deal with with the same urgency.

而且同樣需要我們立即因應

And I mean by this --

我所謂的危機...

and you may say, by the way, "Look, I'm good.

對了，各位可能會說「喂！可以了吧」

I have one climate crisis;

「有一個氣候危機就夠了」

I don't really need the second one."

「誰還想要另一個危機」

But this is a crisis of, not natural resources --

但這個危機跟自然資源無關

though I believe that's true --

雖然我相信自然資源也有危機

but a crisis of human resources.

我要說的是人力資源的危機

I believe fundamentally,

基本上我的看法

as many speakers have said during the past few days,

跟過去幾天其他講者說的一樣

that we make very poor use

就是我們並沒有善用

of our talents.

自己的才能

Very many people go through their whole lives

很多人終其一生

having no real sense of what their talents may be,

都不太清楚自己潛在的才能

or if they have any to speak of.

或不知道自己有沒有才能可言

I meet all kinds of people

我碰過各式各樣的人

who don't think they're really good at anything.

覺得自己沒什麼長處

Actually, I kind of divide the world into two groups now.

其實我覺得全世界大概分為兩種人

Jeremy Bentham, the great utilitarian philosopher,

功利主義哲學大師邊沁

once spiked this argument.

詮釋得很有意思

He said, "There are two types of people in this world:

他說：「全世界可分為兩種人」

those who divide the world into two types

「把世界一分為二的人」

and those who do not."

「和不把世界一分為二的人」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

Well, I do.

我就是會分的那種

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

I meet all kinds of people

我碰過各式各樣的人

who don't enjoy what they do.

說自己不喜歡目前的工作

They simply go through their lives

他們過著單調的生活

getting on with it.

日復一日

They get no great pleasure from what they do.

他們在工作上得不到快樂

They endure it rather than enjoy it

只是在忍受，而不是在享受

and wait for the weekend.

等待著週末來臨

But I also meet people

但我也碰過一些人

who love what they do

說自己熱愛現有的工作

and couldn't imagine doing anything else.

對工作死心塌地

If you said to them, "Don't do this anymore," they'd wonder what you were talking about.

叫他們不要做，他們會一臉納悶

Because it isn't what they do, it's who they are. They say,

因為重點不是工作本身，而是天性如此

"But this is me, you know.

他們會說：「但這就是我啊」

It would be foolish for me to abandon this, because

「我才不會笨到放棄」

it speaks to my most authentic self."

「因為這工作讓我找到真正的自己」

And it's not true of enough people.

對大部份人來說，並非如此

In fact, on the contrary, I think

我覺得正好相反

it's still true of a minority of people.

熱愛工作的人絕對是少數

I think there are many

我想有許多原因

possible explanations for it.

可以用來解釋這件事

And high among them

一大原因

is education,

出在教育

because education, in a way,

因為教育可說是

dislocates very many people

剝奪了許多人

from their natural talents.

與生俱來的才能

And human resources are like natural resources;

而且人力資源跟天然資源一樣

they're often buried deep.

往往「深藏不露」

You have to go looking for them,

我們必須去挖掘

they're not just lying around on the surface.

不是光看表面就會發現

You have to create the circumstances where they show themselves.

我們必須營造良好的環境，幫助他們發展

And you might imagine

各位可能覺得

education would be the way that happens,

只有教育可以做到這件事

but too often it's not.

但往往並非如此

Every education system in the world

世界各國的教育體制

is being reformed at the moment

目前都處於改革的階段

and it's not enough.

但光這樣是不夠的

Reform is no use anymore,

改革是沒有用的

because that's simply improving a broken model.

因為那只是改良舊有的制度

What we need --

我們需要的...

and the word's been used many times during the course of the past few days --

其實這幾天一直都有提到...

is not evolution,

不是緩慢的教改

but a revolution in education.

是教育根本的革命

This has to be transformed

教育一定要轉型

into something else.

完完全全的改變

(Applause)

[觀眾掌聲]

One of the real challenges

當前一大難題

is to innovate fundamentally

就是要徹底

in education.

創新教育

Innovation is hard

創新是很困難的

because it means doing something

因為創新所要做的事

that people don't find very easy, for the most part.

都相當的不容易

It means challenging what we take for granted,

創新是要去挑戰我們固有的思維

things that we think are obvious.

那些我們視為理所當然的事

The great problem for reform

改革的一大問題

or transformation

或是轉型

is the tyranny of common sense;

是常識的宰制

things that people think,

就像一般人常會覺得

"Well, it can't be done any other way because that's the way it's done."

做事不按規矩來是會失敗的

I came across a great quote recently from Abraham Lincoln,

最近讀到一句林肯的話，我覺得很有道理

who I thought you'd be pleased to have quoted at this point.

這時候想必各位很高興聽到林肯的話

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

He said this in December 1862

1862年的12月

to the second annual meeting of Congress.

他向國會致詞時說了這句話

I ought to explain that I have no idea what was happening at the time.

我該先跟各位說明，我完全不知那年有什麼大事

We don't teach American history in Britain.

畢竟我們在英國是不學美國歷史的

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

We suppress it. You know, this is our policy.

我們向來都加以打壓，政策就是這樣

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

So, no doubt, something fascinating was happening in December 1862,

反正那年12月一定有發生什麼有趣的事

which the Americans among us

在座的美國人

will be aware of.

想必知道

But he said this:

總之林肯說

"The dogmas

「那些屬於」

of the quiet past

「寧靜往日的教條」

are inadequate to the stormy present.

「已不足以因應今日的風雨」

The occasion

「情勢」

is piled high with difficulty,

「已然升高，愈發困難」

and we must rise with the occasion."

「我們得順勢而起」

I love that.

說的真好

Not rise to it, rise with it.

不是加以抗衡，是順勢而起

"As our case is new,

「由於我們面臨新的問題」

so we must think anew

「故得有新的思維」

and act anew.

「新的作為」

We must disenthrall ourselves,

「我們得掙脫自身的枷鎖」

and then we shall save our country."

「才能拯救我們的國家」

I love that word, "disenthrall."

我很喜歡「掙脫枷鎖」這概念

You know what it means?

各位知道什麼意思嗎？

That there are ideas that all of us are enthralled to,

我們被很多觀念的枷鎖綁住

which we simply take for granted

覺得這些觀念理應如此

as the natural order of things, the way things are.

好像是天經地義、自然法則

And many of our ideas

我們有很多觀念

have been formed, not to meet the circumstances of this century,

之所以形成，不是要符合當今態勢

but to cope with the circumstances of previous centuries.

而是為了因應過去的狀況

But our minds are still hypnotized by them,

但我們仍然對這些觀念深信不疑

and we have to disenthrall ourselves of some of them.

而我們必須要掙脫這些枷鎖

Now, doing this is easier said than done.

這事說來容易

It's very hard to know, by the way, what it is you take for granted. (Laughter)

但要釐清何謂理所當然的事，實在很難

And the reason is that you take it for granted.

正是因為理所當然，所以不會察覺

So let me ask you something you may take for granted.

我來問些各位可能視為理所當然的事

How many of you here are over the age of 25?

在場有多少人超過25歲？

That's not what I think you take for granted,

這跟「理所當然」扯不上關係啦

I'm sure you're familiar with that already.

我相信各位都清楚自己幾歲

Are there any people here under the age of 25?

那在場不到25歲的人呢？

Great. Now, those over 25,

很好，現在25歲以上的人

could you put your hands up if you're wearing your wristwatch?

如果戴著手錶的話，請把手舉起來

Now that's a great deal of us, isn't it?

看到有很多人舉手對吧？

Ask a room full of teenagers the same thing.

如果在場都是青少年，問一樣的問題

Teenagers do not wear wristwatches.

結果會發現青少年不戴手錶

I don't mean they can't or they're not allowed to,

並不是他們不會戴或不准戴

they just often choose not to.

他們只是往往選擇不戴

And the reason is, you see, that we were brought up

因為各位也知道，我們成長過程中

in a pre-digital culture, those of us over 25.

一切都還沒數位化...我指25歲以上的人

And so for us, if you want to know the time

對我們來說，想知道現在幾點

you have to wear something to tell it.

一定要戴著手錶才行

Kids now live in a world which is digitized,

現在的孩子活在數位化的世界

and the time, for them, is everywhere.

對他們來說，到處都看得到時間

They see no reason to do this.

何必還戴手錶

And by the way, you don't need to do it either;

而且其實我們也不需要戴錶

it's just that you've always done it and you carry on doing it.

只是長期以來都有戴錶，習慣成自然

My daughter never wears a watch, my daughter Kate, who's 20.

我女兒從來不戴錶，她叫凱特，今年20歲

She doesn't see the point.

她覺得戴錶很沒意義

As she says, "It's a single function device."

她說：「錶只有單一功能耶」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

"Like, how lame is that?"

「吼，這會不會太瞎了？」

And I say, "No, no, it tells the date as well."

我跟她說：「不會呀，錶還會顯示日期耶」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

"It has multiple functions."

「應該是多功能才對」

But, you see, there are things we're enthralled to in education.

就教育來說，我們也有許多枷鎖

Let me give you a couple of examples.

給各位幾個例子

One of them is the idea of linearity:

一個是線性思維

that it starts here and you go through a track

從起點開始，沿著既定的道路

and if you do everything right, you will end up

只要一切都按部就班

set for the rest of your life.

就能穩穩當當過完後半輩子

Everybody who's spoken at TED has told us implicitly,

TED請來的講者都用或間接

or sometimes explicitly, a different story:

或直接的方式，分享新奇的故事

that life is not linear; it's organic.

告訴我們生命並非直線，而是富有變化

We create our lives symbiotically

生命掌握在自己手中

as we explore our talents

我們探索自己天賦的同時

in relation to the circumstances they help to create for us.

天賦也引領我們找到自己的一片天

But, you know, we have become obsessed

但我們一心相信

with this linear narrative.

線性思維的論述

And probably the pinnacle for education

還有相信教育的最高成就

is getting you to college.

就是上大學

I think we are obsessed with getting people to college.

我覺得我們太執著上大學這件事

Certain sorts of college.

還要特定幾所好大學

I don't mean you shouldn't go to college, but not everybody needs to go

不是說不該上大學，而是不用每個人都上大學

and not everybody needs to go now.

也不用每個人都一畢業就上大學

Maybe they go later, not right away.

有些人可能想緩一緩，不想那麼急

And I was up in San Francisco a while ago

我不久前在舊金山

doing a book signing.

辦了場簽書會

There was this guy buying a book, he was in his 30s.

有個男的買了書，他大約30多歲

And I said, "What do you do?"

我問他：「你是做什麼的？」

And he said, "I'm a fireman."

他說：「我是消防員」

And I said, "How long have you been a fireman?"

我問：「那你從事這行多久了？」

He said, "Always. I've always been a fireman."

他說：「好久了，我一直都是消防員」

And I said, "Well, when did you decide?"

我又問：「那你什麼時候決定當消防員的？」

He said, "As a kid." He said, "Actually, it was a problem for me at school,

他說：「小時候就想了，但這在學校就成了問題」

because at school, everybody wanted to be a fireman."

「因為每個同學都想當消防員」

He said, "But I wanted to be a fireman."

「但我真的想當消防員」

And he said, "When I got to the senior year of school,

「升上高年級的時候」

my teachers didn't take it seriously.

「老師都不當一回事」

This one teacher didn't take it seriously.

「有個老師更是這樣」

He said I was throwing my life away

「他說我這樣只是浪費生命」

if that's all I chose to do with it;

「最好不要想當消防員」

that I should go to college, I should become a professional person,

「說我該讀大學，成為專業人士」

that I had great potential

「說我很有潛力」

and I was wasting my talent to do that."

「不要白白浪費資質」

And he said, "It was humiliating because

「那時我覺得自己好丟臉」

he said it in front of the whole class and I really felt dreadful.

「因為他在全班面前講我，讓人實在很難受」

But it's what I wanted, and as soon as I left school,

「但這是我的夢想，」

I applied to the fire service and I was accepted."

「便申請當消防員，後來就錄取了」

And he said, "You know, I was thinking about that guy recently,

他接著說：「你知道嗎？我剛剛又想到那個老師」

just a few minutes ago when you were speaking, about this teacher,"

「剛剛你還在演講的時候，我正好想到他」

he said, "because six months ago,

「因為半年前」

I saved his life."

「我救了他一命」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

He said, "He was in a car wreck,

「他那時出了車禍」

and I pulled him out, gave him CPR,

「是我把他從車中拖出來，幫他人工呼吸」

and I saved his wife's life as well."

「我還救了他太太一命」

He said, "I think he thinks better of me now."

「他現在應該對我刮目相看了吧」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

(Applause)

[觀眾掌聲]

You know, to me,

對我來說

human communities depend upon

社會靠的是

a diversity of talent,

多元的才能

not a singular conception of ability.

不是單一的能力

And at the heart of our challenges --

我們當前最大難關

(Applause)

[觀眾掌聲]

At the heart of the challenge

最大的難關

is to reconstitute our sense of ability

就是重塑我們對才能的看法

and of intelligence.

還有對智能的看法

This linearity thing is a problem.

線性思維是個大問題

When I arrived in L.A.

我到洛杉磯的時候

about nine years ago,

也就是大概九年前

I came across a policy statement --

那時有個政策口號

very well-intentioned --

出發點很好

which said, "College begins in kindergarten."

「大學從幼稚園開始」

No, it doesn't.

才怪

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

It doesn't.

本來就不是

If we had time, I could go into this, but we don't.

如果有時間我可以細講，但時間很趕

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

Kindergarten begins in kindergarten.

幼稚園從幼稚園開始才對

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

A friend of mine once said,

我有個朋友曾說

"You know, a three year-old is not half a six year-old."

「一個三歲的孩子不等於半個六歲的孩子」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

(Applause)

[觀眾掌聲]

They're three.

三歲就三歲

But as we just heard in this last session,

但前場演講也提到了