He was in Siberia.

他在西伯利亞。

One of the many places where, in about 3 weeks, there would be local and regional elections.

眾多地方之一，大約3周後，將舉行地方和地區選舉。

But he wasn't running for office.

但他不是在競選辦公室。

He was urging people to vote out the ruling party, United Russia, led by the president,

他是在敦促人們把總統上司的執政黨聯合俄羅斯投出去。

Vladimir Putin.

弗拉基米爾-普京。

He's made many videos like this before and they usually rack up millions of views.

他之前做了很多這樣的視頻，通常都能積累上百萬的觀看量。

It's this ability to reach people via the internet that has helped make Navalny the

正是這種通過互聯網接觸人們的能力，幫助納瓦爾尼成為了。

face of Russia's opposition movement.

俄羅斯反對派運動的面孔。

Soon after making his case in Siberia, he got on a plane bound for Moscow.

在西伯利亞說明情況後不久，他就坐上了飛往莫斯科的飛機。

But the plane was suddenly diverted to Omsk.

但飛機突然改道飛往鄂木斯克。

Navalny had been poisoned.

納瓦尼已經被毒死了。

And collapsed on the plane.

並倒在了飛機上。

An investigation later revealed that he had been poisoned with Novichok, a highly-toxic

後來的調查顯示，他是被諾維喬克毒死的，這是一種劇毒。

nerve agent, that was developed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s.

神經毒劑，是蘇聯在上世紀70年代研製的。

It was also used, likely by Russia in 2018 to attack Sergei Skirpal, a former spy.

它也被使用，很可能是俄羅斯在2018年攻擊前間諜謝爾蓋-斯基爾帕。

Navalny survived the assassination attempt and set off a movement unlike any in recent

納瓦利尼在暗殺行動中倖存下來，並掀起了一場近代以來前所未有的運動。

history.

歷史。

So how did he do it?

那麼他是怎麼做到的呢？

And why is he such a big threat to Putin?

而他為什麼對普京有這麼大的威脅？

On December 31, 1999, Putin became the President of Russia.

1999年12月31日，普京成為俄羅斯總統。

The Soviet Union had collapsed just 8 years earlier and the new Russian Federation was

蘇聯在8年前剛剛解體，而新的俄羅斯聯邦是

slowly transitioning to democracy.

逐漸向民主過渡。

Previously, Putin had been a spy in the Soviet KGB and head of the Russian security service.

此前，普京曾是蘇聯克格勃的間諜，也是俄羅斯安全部門的負責人。

Roles that shaped how he wanted to govern as President.

角色，形成了他作為總統想要的施政方式。

So, he was trying to remake Russia in the image of the KGB.

所以，他是想按照克格勃的形象改造俄羅斯。

Like if everything in the world could be as centralized, insular, and secretive as the

就像如果世界上所有的東西都能像中央集權的、孤立的、祕密的。

KGB, it would work well.

克格勃，會有很好的效果。

So in order to maximize his control, Putin surrounded himself with the most powerful

所以，為了最大限度地控制自己，普京身邊有了最強大的力量

elements in Russia.

俄羅斯境內的分子。

Starting with the media.

從媒體開始。

Police were sent into Russia's independent media companies, charging their owners, and

警方被派入俄羅斯的獨立媒體公司，對其老闆進行指控，並。

bringing newsrooms under state control.

將新聞編輯室置於國家控制之下；

After federal television, it went on to regional television and then, it went to print newspapers.

在聯邦電視臺之後，又上了地區電視臺，然後，上了平面報紙。

It was like a flesh eating machine.

它就像一臺吃肉的機器。

Whatever it could see that was functioning independently, it would gobble up next.

凡是它能看到的獨立運作的東西，接下來都會被它吞噬。

This hid Putin's actions from the public so he was able to go after another powerful

這就把普京的行動隱瞞了起來，所以他可以對另一個強大的

element - Russia's elections.

素--俄羅斯的選舉。

His regime manipulated who could run for office.

他的政權操縱著誰可以競選公職。

And that typically meant Putin's party and a few fake candidates, sanctioned by the regime.

而這通常意味著普京的黨和一些假候選人，受到政權的制裁。

This was designed to splinter the opposition vote.

這是為了分裂反對派的選票。

And on top of that,

而在這之上。

The vote counting is rigged.

計票是被操縱的。

Meaning that it was nearly impossible to run against Putin or his party.

意味著幾乎不可能與普京或他的政黨競爭。

And that United Russia had control of the central and local governments all across the country.

而且聯合俄國控制了全國各地的中央和地方政府。

But politicians weren't the only threat to Putin.

但政客並不是普京的唯一威脅。

He also went after Russia's oligarchs and their prominent friends to weed out some powerful

他還對俄羅斯的寡頭和他們的顯貴朋友進行了追殺，以淘汰一些有實力的

critics.

批評家。

In the early 2000s, most of Russia's wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few, very

在2000年代初，俄羅斯的大部分財富集中在少數人手中，很

powerful men.

有權勢的人。

Putin protected those that swore loyalty to him.

普京保護那些宣誓效忠他的人。

And those who didn't were either arrested on trumped up charges or mysteriously killed.

而那些沒有這樣做的人，要麼被以莫須有的罪名逮捕，要麼被神祕地殺害。

So, the most common way to get rid of somebody.

所以，最常見的擺脫某人的方法。

Is to bring them up on embezzlement charges.

是以貪汙罪起訴他們。

Former Russian oil tycoon, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, has been found guilty of embezzlement.

俄羅斯前石油大亨米哈伊爾-霍多爾科夫斯基被認定犯有貪汙罪。

Russian tycoon, Boris Berezovsky, convicted of embezzlement.

俄羅斯大亨鮑里斯-別列佐夫斯基被判貪汙罪。

A former Russian business man, he was accused of embezzling money, Nikolay Glushkov, the

前俄羅斯商人，他被指控貪汙錢財，尼古拉-格盧什科夫，。

cause of death is still unexplained.

死因至今不明。

That's how the judiciary is weaponized.

司法機關就是這樣被武器化的。

With the law on his side, within a decade, Putin insulated himself with the most powerful

有了法律的支持，十年之內，普京用最強大的力量與自己絕緣。

elements on all sides.

四面八方的元素。

And it was all held together by corruption.

而這一切都是靠腐敗來支撐的。

Corruption is a structural feature of the regime.

腐敗是該政權的一個結構性特徵。

It's not an inefficiency of the regime.

這不是政權的低效率。

It's not a drag on the regime.

這不是拖累政權。

It's the core of the regime.

這是政權的核心。

According to a report, over $400 billion were lost to corruption in Russia between 2000

據一份報告顯示，2000年之間，俄羅斯因腐敗而損失的資金超過4000億美元。

and 2008.

和2008年，

But because Putin controlled the media, much of it was hidden.

但因為普京控制了媒體，所以很多事情都被隱藏了起來。

Until a young lawyer named Alexei Navalny found a way to change that.

直到一位名叫阿列克謝-納瓦尼的年輕律師找到了改變這種狀況的方法。

In 2006, Navalny started a blog where he wrote about corruption.

2006年，納瓦爾尼開了一個博客，在那裡他寫了關於腐敗的文章。

In 2010, he wrote that at least $4 billion was stolen out of the state-owned transportation

2010年，他寫道，至少有40億美金從國有運輸業被盜走

company, Transneft.

公司，Transneft。

And he had proof.

而且他有證據。

He had bought stock in the company and was able to access internal documents

他買了公司的股票，可以查閱內部文件。

that plainly showed how government money was funneled into offshore accounts owned

清楚地顯示了政府的資金是如何被轉移到海外賬戶中的

by Transneft officials.

由Transneft官員。

And this was just the beginning.

而這僅僅是個開始。

Navalny soon published investigations on corrupt oil schemes, land deals, and fraud at state-owned

納瓦爾尼很快就發表了關於腐敗的石油計劃、土地交易和國有企業欺詐的調查報告。

banks by Russian oligarchs and politicians.

俄羅斯寡頭和政客的銀行。

By posting straight to his blog, Navalny was circumventing state media to reveal corruption

納瓦利尼直接在博客上發帖，是在規避國家媒體，揭露腐敗現象

and expose Putin's regime in a way that Russians had never seen before.

並以俄羅斯人從來沒有見過的方式揭露普京政權。

All the while making a name for himself.

同時也讓自己名聲大噪。

Like he thought that corruption was something knowable.

就像他認為腐敗是可以知道的事情一樣。

That that you could learn about it, you could systematize it.

你可以瞭解它，你可以系統化它。

And, again, you could take it seriously.

而且，你又可以認真對待。

And I said, you know what?

我說，你知道嗎？

I think we now have an actual politician in this country.

我想我們現在有一個真正的政治家在這個國家。

In 2011, huge protests erupted when Putin's party won a majority in parliament despite

2011年，當普京的政黨在議會中贏得多數席位時，爆發了巨大的抗議活動，雖然

reports of voter fraud.

關於選民舞弊的報告；

It was the largest wave of demonstrations Putin's regime had ever faced.

這是普京政權有史以來面臨的最大規模的示威浪潮。

And Navalny was one of the main organizers.

而納瓦尼是主要組織者之一。

He was building on his investigations by speaking out publicly against corruption.

他在調查的基礎上，公開發表反對腐敗的言論。

State television ignored the protests even as the police arrested more than 1,000 people

國家電視臺對抗議活動置之不理，甚至在警察逮捕1 000多人的時候也是如此。

and went after the organizers.

並對組織者進行了追殺。

One of the other ones was jailed, several were forced into exile, one was murdered,

其他的一個被關進監獄，幾個被迫流亡，一個被謀殺。

Boris Nemstov.

Boris Nemstov.

And Navalny was the last guy standing.

而納瓦尼是最後一個站起來的人。

Over time, he developed a talent for organizing protests and gained a following.

久而久之，他在組織抗議活動方面形成了天賦，並有了一批追隨者。

Then in 2013, he ran for mayor of Moscow.

然後在2013年，他參加了莫斯科市長的競選。

And it stirred some controversy.

而這也引發了一些爭議。

He had participated in Russian nationalist marches in the past.

他過去曾參加過俄羅斯民族主義遊行。

And used ethnic slurs when referring to Russian minorities.

並在提到俄羅斯少數民族時，使用了民族汙言穢語。

But people were still drawn to the main message of his campaign.

但人們還是被他競選的主旨所吸引。

State TV didn't give his campaign any airtime, so he relied on rallies, online crowdsourcing,

國家電視臺不給他的競選活動任何播出時間，所以他依靠集會、網絡眾籌。

and an army of volunteers to spread the word.

和一支志願者隊伍來傳播這個消息。

But, just as he was gaining momentum, police arrested him on trumped-up charges of embezzlement

但是，就在他勢頭正盛的時候，警方以貪汙罪的罪名將他逮捕了

and sentenced him to 5 years in jail.

並判處他5年監禁。

His supporters flooded the streets in protest.

他的支持者湧上街頭抗議。

Navalny was eventually released on bail and didn't win the election.

納瓦爾尼最終被保釋，沒有贏得選舉。

But, he went on to finish second place.

但是，他還是獲得了第二名。

He continued to expose corruption through Youtube videos.

他繼續通過Youtube視頻揭露腐敗。

Like this one, in 2017, on the extreme wealth of Putin's ally, Dmitri Medvedev.

像這個，在2017年，關於普京的盟友梅德韋傑夫的極度財富。

It reached millions and sparked another round of protests.

它達到了數百萬人，並引發了新一輪的抗議活動。

At the same time, Navalny was running for office again.

與此同時，納瓦爾尼又在競選公職。

This time, against Putin for President.

這一次，反對普京競選總統。

Predictably, the regime struck back and disqualified him based on the previous embezzlement charges.

可想而知，政權反擊，根據之前的貪汙指控，取消了他的資格。

Further revealing just how rigged Russia's laws and elections were.

進一步揭示了俄羅斯的法律和選舉是如何被操縱的。

But in 2020, Navalny found a way to take on the whole electoral system.

但在2020年，納瓦爾尼找到了一種對整個選舉制度的方法。

He called it Smart-Voting.

他稱之為智能投票。

Instead of letting the opposition vote splinter among several dummy candidates, Navalny identified

納瓦爾尼沒有讓反對派的選票在幾個假候選人中分裂，而是確定了。

one candidate and urged people to vote for the same one, even if they were backed by

候選人，並敦促人們把票投給同一個候選人，即使他們的支持者是誰。

Putin's regime.

普京的政權。

It takes an incredible amount of public trust and charisma to get people to

要想得到人們的信任和魅力，就必須要有令人難以置信的程度。

unify behind a meaningless candidate.

統一在一個毫無意義的候選人背後。

But, its true, if you get enough people to do it, it actually can add up to meaningful resistance.

但是，它的的確確，如果你讓足夠多的人去做，其實可以增加有意義的阻力。

And it terrifies the Kremlin.

而這讓克里姆林宮感到恐懼。

During that time, Navalny was the second most popular politician in all of Russia according

在那段時間裡，納瓦利尼是全俄羅斯第二大最受歡迎的政治家。

to some polls.

到一些民調。

While Putin's favorability ratings were slipping because of a struggling economy.

雖然普京的好感度因為經濟困難而下滑。

That made Navalny a threat.

這讓納瓦尼成為威脅。

And it explains why he was poisoned, possibly more than once.

這也解釋了為什麼他被毒死了，可能不止一次。

Once he was very weirdly ill and once his wife, Yulia, was very weirdly ill.

有一次他病得很怪，有一次他的妻子尤麗婭病得很怪。

They were looking for an opportunity, a place and a time and it finally seemed like it was

他們在尋找一個機會，一個地方和一個時間，最後似乎是這樣的

almost perfect.

幾乎完美。

But I think they did expect that they would be rid of him by now and they're not.

但我想他們確實期望現在就能擺脫他，但他們沒有。

After the Siberia attack, Navalny recovered in a German hospital where he miraculously

西伯利亞襲擊事件後，納瓦爾尼在德國醫院康復，在那裡他奇蹟般地。

survived.

倖存。

A few months later, he went back to his investigations.

幾個月後，他又去調查了。

In December 2020, he tricked the secret agent who poisoned him into revealing how he did

2020年12月，他騙下毒害他的特務，讓他說出自己是怎麼做的。

it.

它。

Then, in January, he returned to Russia knowing he would be arrested.

然後，在1月，他回到俄羅斯，知道自己會被逮捕。

Police met him at the airport, and charged him with violating the parole from his 2014

警方在機場見到了他，並指控他違反了2014年的假釋規定。

embezzlement case.

挪用公款案。

While detained, his team released another video, this one attacking Putin directly.

在被拘留期間，他的團隊又發佈了一段視頻，這段視頻直接攻擊普京。

It's been viewed over 100 million times.

它的瀏覽量已經超過1億次。

His supporters flooded the streets in over 100 cities across Russia.

他的支持者在俄羅斯100多個城市湧上街頭。

A few days later, Navalny was sentenced to 2 years and 8 months in prison, sparking even

幾天後，納瓦利尼被判處2年8個月的監禁，引發了更加

more protests.

更多的抗議活動。

Police have arrested more than 5,000 people while state media has downplayed it.

警方已經逮捕了5000多人，而國家媒體卻輕描淡寫。

Even though Navalny ended up in prison again, his movement continued to play out on the

儘管納瓦利尼最終再次入獄，但他的運動仍在繼續上演。

streets.

街道。

By exposing Putin's regime for a decade, Navalny might have found a way to build a movement

通過曝光普京政權十年，納瓦爾尼或許已經找到了建立運動的方法。

that could outlast his freedom.

可以比他的自由更長久。