Name: 雅加達為何沉淪 (Why Jakarta is sinking)
Uploaded: 2021-02-19T18:10:53.000Z
Duration: 11 min 19 s

這是雅加達的瓦拉杜納清真寺。

And sea water flows through every corner of it.

而海水則流過它的每一個角落。

The last time people prayed here was in 2001, back when it was above ground.

上一次人們在這裡祈禱是在2001年，那時這裡還在地面上。

It signals what could happen to Indonesia's  capital city if things don't change soon.

這預示著，如果事情不盡快改變，印尼首都可能會發生什麼。

Because, even though Jakarta faces the same sea rising levels

因為，儘管雅加達面臨著同樣的海平面上升的問題

as other coastal cities around the world,

that's not quite what we're looking at here.

Jakarta is sinking. And it's been sinking for decades.

雅加達正在下沉。幾十年來，它一直在下沉。

These blue areas show just how much  the city has sunk since the 1970s.

這些藍色的區域顯示了自20世紀70年代以來，這個城市已經沉淪了多少。

The darker the area gets, the more it's dropped.

Most of the sinking happens here, in the north coast,

大部分的下沉發生在這裡，在北海岸。

Here, the land is sinking by about 25 cm a year,  

在這裡，土地每年要下沉25釐米左右。

破壞該地區的穩定，破壞房屋；

and upending people's lives, over and over again.

並顛覆人們的生活，一次又一次。

Many residents here are fishermen, who need  to live by the coast to make a living,

這裡的很多居民都是漁民，他們需要在海邊生活，以維持生計。

but, further inland, Jakarta's more than  10 million residents are also at risk.

但在更遠的內陸地區，雅加達的1000多萬居民也面臨著危險。

A huge portion of the city, and the homes of millions, could be underwater by 2050.

到2050年，城市的一大部分，以及數百萬人的家園，可能會被淹沒。

Jakarta sits on a  swampy plain, on low coastal land.

雅加達坐落在一片沼澤平原上，地處沿海低地。

is actually that most people here don't have enough water.

其實是這裡的大多數人沒有足夠的水。

Most Jakartans lack access to clean, piped water.

大多數雅加達人無法獲得清潔的自來水。

Instead, they get their water  by digging wells like this one.

相反，他們通過挖掘像這樣的井來獲取水源。

The pumps go deep into the ground to  extract the water stored in aquifers,  

水泵深入地下，抽取蓄水層中的水。

underground layers of rock that hold groundwater.

The porous spaces of the rock are filled with it.

Multiply this by a few million,  and you have a problem.

把石頭看成是一塊浸泡過的海綿。

the more water is extracted, the more it deflates,

causing the soil to compact and collapse, and the ground above it to sink.

導致土壤壓實塌陷，上面的地面下沉。

Pumps alone shouldn't be able to do this.

While some layers of earth will never recover their water,

雖然有些土層永遠不會恢復其水分。

aquifers are usually refilled naturally when it rains.

含水層通常會在下雨時自然回填。

But in Jakarta, that's becoming increasingly rare.

但在雅加達，這種情況越來越少。

For decades, Jakarta has been developing at a fast pace,

幾十年來，雅加達一直在快速發展。

So the rainfall that would usually fill up the aquifers isn't being absorbed.

所以通常會填滿含水層的雨水沒有被吸收。

It's gotten so bad that in coastal areas prone to flooding,

它變得如此糟糕，在沿海地區容易發生洪水。

people have built makeshift bridges  to move through their neighborhoods.

人們搭建了臨時的橋樑，以便在他們的社區中移動。

it's also made floods during high tide and rainy seasons much more dangerous.

這也讓漲潮和雨季的洪水變得更加危險。

Like in 2007, when Jakarta experienced one of the worst floods

就像2007年，雅加達經歷了最嚴重的洪災之一

A storm and high tide caused rivers and canals around the city to overflow,

一場暴風雨和大潮導致城市周圍的河流和運河溢出。

Maksim has already lost his home to the sinking,

馬克西姆已經因為沉沒而失去了家園。

And Nondho has had to rebuild his home several times.

而農夫也不得不多次重建家園。

Groundwater pumping is putting  Jakarta's survival at risk.

地下水抽水使雅加達的生存受到威脅。

But to understand how it got into this situation to begin with,

但要明白一開始怎麼會變成這種情況。

In the 1600s, when European  powers were colonizing the world,  

在16世紀，當歐洲列強對世界進行殖民統治時。

the Dutch took over what was then  the port town of Jayakarta.

荷蘭人接管了當時的港口城市查亞加達。

They razed it to the ground, and in its place, built Batavia:

他們把它夷為平地，在它的位置上，建造了巴達維亞。

為他們不斷髮展的帝國提供一個總部。

They began to rule over the Indonesian,  

Chinese, Indian, and Arab people  who had lived there for centuries,  

在那裡生活了幾個世紀的中國人、印度人和阿拉伯人。

and built their new city in the Dutch style,

並以荷蘭風格建造了他們的新城。

with narrow townhouses along a grid of canals.

沿著運河的網格，有狹窄的聯排別墅。

The canals were used for trade, defense,  and to make Batavia feel like a Dutch city.  

運河被用於貿易、防禦，並使巴達維亞感覺像一個荷蘭城市。  

and you can see the city grid served a darker purpose, too.

而且你可以看到城市電網也有更黑暗的目的。

If you look closely, you'll notice  that there aren't many bridges

如果你仔細觀察，你會發現，沒有多少橋樑

between the two sides, or between the blocks.

This was by design. The Dutch were outnumbered.

So, in order to control the local population, they divided it.

於是，為了控制當地的人口，他們將其分化。

Pretty much every group was confined to their city quarter.

幾乎每個團體都被限制在他們的城市區域。

The Dutch ruled over the local population like this for over a century.

荷蘭人就這樣統治了當地居民一個多世紀。

But that began to change in the mid-1700s.

但這種情況在17世紀中期開始發生變化。

Because the Dutch didn't properly maintain  the canals, they began to deteriorate,  

因為荷蘭人沒有好好維護運河，運河開始惡化。

and sediment from earthquakes  blocked the flow of water.

和地震產生的泥沙阻斷了水流。

The water in the canals turned  stagnant, and soon, deadly.

運河裡的水變成了死水，很快，就變成了死水。

the wealthier Dutch moved south of Batavia,

較富裕的荷蘭人搬到了巴達維亞以南。

where they began to develop a new  colonial administrative center.

在那裡他們開始發展一個新的殖民行政中心。

But, despite the death and disease, the Dutch continued to leave the canals untreated.

但是，儘管死傷無數，疾病纏身，荷蘭人還是繼續放任運河不處理。

In the 1870s, they developed the  first centralized water supply,  

19世紀70年代，他們研製出了第一臺集中式供水設備。

with iron pipes to distribute water to homes.

The pipes provided clean drinking  water and indoor bathrooms.

管道提供了清潔的飲用水和室內浴室。

But the pipes were concentrated in these  areas, where the Dutch had moved to.

但管道集中在這些地區，荷蘭人已經搬到了這裡。

The indigenous population was left in  informal settlements, called "kampongs,"

土著居民被留在被稱為 "Kampongs "的非正式住區。

And this created a new kind of division in the city.

而這也造成了城市的一種新的分裂。

Native residents had to rely  on street vendors for water.

土生土長的居民不得不依靠街邊的小販買水。

But most often, they were forced to get  their water from the neglected canals.

但大多數情況下，他們被迫從被忽視的運河中取水。

It took decades before pipes were  finally built in these communities.

花了幾十年時間，這些社區的管道才最終建成。

And when they were, it would  only be a few public standpipes.

而當他們在的時候，也只會是一些公共的站臺。

After an armed conflict, the Dutch finally recognized Indonesia's independence, and left.

一場武裝衝突後，荷蘭人終於承認印尼的獨立，並離開了。

The legacy they left behind was a sprawling city,

他們留下的遺產是一個龐大的城市。

built on marshland, and segregated by water access,

建在沼澤地上，並以水路隔離。

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雅加達為何沉淪 (Why Jakarta is sinking)

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