identifies eight stages in which a healthy individual

健康的個體從出生到死亡

should pass through from birth to death.

共會經歷8個發展階段

At each stages we encounter different needs,

每個階段我們會有不同的需求

ask new questions and meet people

會有不同的議題

who influence our behaviour and learning.

並遇見許多影響我們行為與學習的人

Stage 1 "Basic Trust vs. Mistrust"

階段1: 信任他人vs.不信任

#Infancy (1-2 years)

嬰兒期(1-2歲)

As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world

當還是嬰兒時我們會問自己，是否能夠信任這世界

and we wonder if it's safe.

以及這世界是否安全

We learn that if we can trust someone now,

如果在此階段我們學習到可以信任某人

we can also trust others in the future.

未來我們也能信任他人

If we experience fear,

但如果我們經歷的是害怕

we develop doubt and mistrust.

則會發展出懷疑與不信任的性格

The key to our development is our mother.

此時影響我們的重要他人是我們的母親

Stage 2 "Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt"

階段2:活潑自信vs.羞恥懷疑

#Early childhood (2-4 years)

幼兒期(2-4歲)

In our early childhood,

在我們的幼兒期

we experience ourselves and discover our body.

我們開始了解自己並發展肢體

We ask: is it okay to be me?

我們會問: 我這樣可以嗎?

If we are allowed to discover ourselves,

如果我們被允許去發掘我們自己

then we develop self-confidence.

那麼我們就會建立自信

If we are not, we can develop shame and self-doubt.

如果不被允許，我們則會產生羞恥與自我懷疑

Both parents now play a major role.

此時父母扮演重要的角色

Stage 3 "Initiative vs. Guilt"

階段3:自動自發vs.退縮內疚

#Preschool Age (4-5 years)

遊戲期(4-5歲)

In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things,

在遊戲期，我們主動嘗試新事物

and learn basic principles like how round things roll.

並學習基本原理

We ask: Is it okay for me to do what I do?

我們會問: 我這樣做是可以的嗎?

If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests.

若我們被鼓勵，我們就可以發展我們的興趣

If we are held back or told that what we do is silly,

如果我們被阻止或被告知我們所做的是丟臉的

we can develop guilt.

我們就會發展罪惡感

We are now learning from the entire family.

此時我們從家庭中學習

Stage 4 "Industry vs. Inferiority"

階段4:勤奮努力vs.自貶自卑

#School Age (5-12 years)

學齡期(5-12歲)

Now we discover our own interests

此階段我們發現了自己的興趣

and realize that we are different from others.

並了解我們與眾不同

We want to show that we can do things right.

我們想表現出我們能做得很好

We ask if we can make it in this world?

我們會問:在這個世界上我們能這麼做嗎?

If we receive recognition from our teachers

如果我們從老師或同儕得到認可

or peers we become industrious,

我們會變得主動

which is another word for hard-working.

也就是自動自發、認真努力

If we get too much negative feedback,

但如果我們得到太多否定的回饋

we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.

我們會開始感到自卑並失去動力

Our neighbors and schools now influence us the most.

此階段中，我們的鄰居和學校是影響我們最大的

Stage 5 "Identity vs. Role Confusion"

階段5:自我認同vs.角色混淆

#Adolescence (13–19 years)

青春期(13-19歲)

During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles.

青春期階段我們學到我們有不同的社會角色

We are friends, students, children and citizens.

我們可能是朋友、學生、小孩和公民

Many experience an identity crises.

每個身分都有認同危機

If our parents now allow us to go out and explore,

如果我們的父母允許我們去探索

we can find identity.

我們就能找到自我認同

If they push us to conform to their views,

如果父母要求我們聽從他們的意見

we can face role confusion and feel lost.

我們可能會面臨角色混淆並感到失落

Key to our learning are our peers and role models.

此時同儕與偶像是我們的重要他人

Stage 6 "Intimacy vs. Isolation"

階段6:親密友愛vs.孤獨疏離

#Early Adulthood (20-40 years)

青年期(20-40歲)

As young adults we slowly understand who we are

在青年期，我們漸漸了解我們是誰

and we start to let go of the relationships

並且開始懂得放棄之前建立的關係

we had built earlier in order to fit in.

以便適應

We ask ourselves if we can love?

我們會問:我能愛嗎?

If we can make a long-term commitment,

若我們能做出長期的承諾

we are confident and happy.

我們將感到自信快樂

If we cannot form intimate relationships,

如果我們無法建立親密關係

we might end up feeling isolated and lonely.

我們可能感受孤立與孤獨

Our friends and partners are now center to our development.

此階段中，我們的朋友/夥伴成為發展中心

Stage 7 "Generativity vs. Stagnation"

階段7 精力充沛vs.頹廢遲滯

#Adulthood (40-65)

成年期(40-65歲)

When we reach our forties we become comfortable,

當我們來到四十歲以後我們變得自在

use our leisure time creatively

能盡情運用我們的休閒時光

and maybe begin contributing to society.

並可能開始貢獻社會

Our concern is Generativity.

我們關心的是生產力

If we think that we are able to lead the next generation into this world,

如果我們認為我們能夠領導下一代進入這世界

we are happy.

我們會感到快樂

If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier,

但如果我們在前階段沒有處理好衝突

we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation.

我們將會變得悲觀並進入停滯

People at home and at work are now who influence us most.

此時家人和工作夥伴影響我們最深

Stage 8 "Ego Integrity vs. Despair"

階段8 完美無憾vs.悲觀絕望

#Maturity (65-death)

老年期(65歲至死亡)

As we grow older we tend to slow down

當我們年老後，我們傾向慢下來

and begin to look back over our lives.

並開始回顧我們的人生

We ask: how have I done?

我們會問: 我的人生如何?

If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity.

如果我們認為我們做得很好，我們會感到滿足無憾

If not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.

如果不是，我們會感到絕望且變得暴躁

Time to compare us with mankind.

Erik Erikson was a German-American psychologist

who together with his wife Joan,

became known for his work on psychosocial development.

He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud

and became famous for coining the phrase "Identity crisis."

Although Erikson lacked even a bachelor's degree,

he served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.

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