Name: 埃里克森八阶段理论（8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson）
Uploaded: 2021-01-29T21:08:01.000Z
Duration: 5 min 20 s

Erikson's Theory of Psycho-social Development

identifies eight stages in which a healthy individual

At each stages we encounter different needs,

who influence our behaviour and learning.

並遇見許多影響我們行為與學習的人

As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world

當還是嬰兒時我們會問自己，是否能夠信任這世界

We learn that if we can trust someone now,

如果在此階段我們學習到可以信任某人

則會發展出懷疑與不信任的性格

The key to our development is our mother.

此時影響我們的重要他人是我們的母親

we experience ourselves and discover our body.

如果我們被允許去發掘我們自己

If we are not, we can develop shame and self-doubt.

如果不被允許，我們則會產生羞恥與自我懷疑

In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things,

在遊戲期，我們主動嘗試新事物

and learn basic principles like how round things roll.

We ask: Is it okay for me to do what I do?

我們會問: 我這樣做是可以的嗎?

If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests.

若我們被鼓勵，我們就可以發展我們的興趣

If we are held back or told that what we do is silly,

如果我們被阻止或被告知我們所做的是丟臉的

We are now learning from the entire family.

and realize that we are different from others.

We want to show that we can do things right.

我們會問:在這個世界上我們能這麼做嗎?

If we receive recognition from our teachers

如果我們從老師或同儕得到認可

但如果我們得到太多否定的回饋

we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.

我們會開始感到自卑並失去動力

Our neighbors and schools now influence us the most.

此階段中，我們的鄰居和學校是影響我們最大的

During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles.

青春期階段我們學到我們有不同的社會角色

We are friends, students, children and citizens.

我們可能是朋友、學生、小孩和公民

If our parents now allow us to go out and explore,

如果我們的父母允許我們去探索

If they push us to conform to their views,

如果父母要求我們聽從他們的意見

we can face role confusion and feel lost.

我們可能會面臨角色混淆並感到失落

Key to our learning are our peers and role models.

此時同儕與偶像是我們的重要他人

As young adults we slowly understand who we are

在青年期，我們漸漸了解我們是誰

and we start to let go of the relationships

並且開始懂得放棄之前建立的關係

If we cannot form intimate relationships,

we might end up feeling isolated and lonely.

Our friends and partners are now center to our development.

此階段中，我們的朋友/夥伴成為發展中心

When we reach our forties we become comfortable,

當我們來到四十歲以後我們變得自在

If we think that we are able to lead the next generation into this world,

如果我們認為我們能夠領導下一代進入這世界

If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier,

但如果我們在前階段沒有處理好衝突

we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation.

People at home and at work are now who influence us most.

此時家人和工作夥伴影響我們最深

當我們年老後，我們傾向慢下來

If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity.

如果我們認為我們做得很好，我們會感到滿足無憾

If not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.

如果不是，我們會感到絕望且變得暴躁

Erik Erikson was a German-American psychologist

became known for his work on psychosocial development.

He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud

and became famous for coining the phrase  "Identity crisis."

Although Erikson lacked even a bachelor's degree,

he served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.

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埃里克森八阶段理论（8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson）

individual

phrase

commitment

intimacy