And I'm Georgina.

我是喬治娜

What do Vincent Van Gogh and Galileo Galilei

文森特-梵高和伽利略-伽利萊是什麼？

have in common, Georgina?

有什麼共同點，喬治娜？

Hmm… their first name and last names

嗯... ... 他們的名字和姓氏。

both start with the same letter?

都是同一個字母開頭的？

Well, that's true… but another similarity is their amazing

嗯，這是真的... ... 但另一個相似之處是，他們的驚人的

contributions – to art and science -

對藝術和科學的貢獻

were only recognised after their death.

在他們死後才被認可。

I know another person whose huge contribution to science

我認識另一個人，他對科學的巨大貢獻

went unrecognised during her lifetime, Rob,

在她生前未被認可，羅布。

but unlike Van Gogh or Galileo, you probably haven't heard of her.

但不像梵高和伽利略，你可能還沒聽說過她。

She's the subject of this programme.

她是這個節目的主題。

Henrietta Lacks was a young, black, American mother

亨麗埃塔-萊克斯是一位年輕的美國黑人母親。

who died of cancer in Baltimore in 1951.

1951年在巴爾的摩死於癌症。

Although she never consented to her tissues being used for

雖然她從來沒有同意她的組織被用於

medical research, doctors at the time found her cells

醫學研究，當時的醫生髮現她的細胞。

to have an extraordinary ability to replace themselves endlessly.

要有一種非凡的能力，可以無休止地替換自己。

Named 'HeLa cells' after her initials, Henrietta Lacks' tissue

命名為 "HeLa細胞"，以她的首字母命名，Henrietta Lacks的組織。

helped make possible all sorts of medical breakthroughs,

幫助使各種醫學突破成為可能。

from the polio vaccine to cancer drugs, to HIV and IVF treatments.

從小兒麻痺症疫苗到癌症藥物，再到艾滋病毒和試管嬰兒治療。

Born one hundred years ago, in 1920,

一百年前，1920年出生。

the great-great-granddaughter of slaves, Henrietta and her cells

奴隸的曾曾孫女，亨麗埃塔和她的細胞

continue to provide medical discoveries to this day…

至今仍在繼續提供醫學發現......。

…most recently, of course, in the race for a coronavirus vaccine.

...最近，當然，在冠狀病毒疫苗的競賽中。

But before we go on, Georgina, it's time for my quiz question.

但在我們繼續之前，喬治娜，該是我的測驗題了。

I mentioned that Henrietta Lacks was born one hundred years ago,

我說過Henrietta Lacks是一百年前出生的。

but do you know what other medical breakthrough happened

但你知道還有什麼其他的醫學突破嗎？

in 1921? Was it: a) the discovery of insulin?,

在1921年？是：a）胰島素的發現？

b) the discovery of penicillin?,

b）青黴素的發現？

or, c) the discovery of vitamin E?

或者，c）維生素E的發現？

I'll say, a) the discovery of insulin.

我要說的是，a）胰島素的發現。

OK, Georgina, we'll find out if that's right later on.

好吧，喬治娜，我們稍後就會知道是否正確。

Now, it was Henrietta's biography by science writer,

現在，這是科普作家亨利埃塔的傳記。

Rebecca Skloot, that brought her remarkable story

麗貝卡-斯克洛特，帶來了她的非凡故事。

to the world's attention a decade ago.

十年前就引起了世界的關注。

Here is Rebecca Skloot, explaining Henrietta's importance

這是Rebecca Skloot在解釋Henrietta的重要性。

to BBC World Service programme, The Forum:

英國廣播公司世界服務節目 "論壇"。

So much of science is based on growing cells in culture

很多科學都是建立在培養細胞的基礎上的。

which started with her cells.

這是從她的細胞開始的。

In vitro fertilization – that started with the ability to grow

embryos in culture which you can do in part thanks to her cells

培養胚胎，這要感謝她的細胞。

so the list just goes on and on, and right now

所以名單只是繼續下去，並在此刻。

people are often asking how are HeLa cells helping with Covid. […]

人們經常問HeLa細胞如何幫助Covid。[…]

Scientists worked that out very quickly using her cells…

科學家用她的細胞很快就研究出了...

they figured out what the receptor looks like

他們找出了受體的樣子。

and they did the same thing with HIV…

他們做了同樣的事情與艾滋病毒... ...

so her cells are just this incredible workhorse

所以她的細胞就是這個不可思議的主力軍。

that is at the base of so much science.

這是在這麼多科學的基礎上。

Doctors used Henrietta's cells to figure out –

醫生們用亨麗埃塔的細胞找出----------。

or understand, how cells reproduce and divide –

或瞭解細胞如何繁殖和分裂-----。

knowledge that was vital in developing in vitro fertilization,

知識，對發展體外受精至關重要。

or IVF, a technique for women who cannot become

或試管嬰兒技術，這種技術適用於不能成為的女性。

pregnant naturally, in which an egg is fertilized

受胎

outside the body.

體外。

Our bodies are made of millions and millions of cells

我們的身體是由數以百萬計的細胞組成的。

and to understand how they work

並瞭解其工作原理

we need to grow them in a lab.

我們需要在實驗室裡種植他們。

No-one had succeeded in doing this until

在此之前，沒有人成功地做到這一點。

Henrietta's extraordinary cells which just grew and grew.

亨麗埃塔的非凡的細胞，它只是在不斷地成長。

This resulted not only in new fertility treatments,

這不僅導致了新的生育治療方法。

but later in AIDS and cancer breakthroughs,

但後來在艾滋病和癌症的突破。

which is why Rebecca refers to HeLa cells as a workhorse,

這就是為什麼Rebecca把HeLa細胞稱為主力軍。

meaning someone who does a lot of work.

意思是指做很多工作的人。

But perhaps Henrietta's greatest legacy of all

但也許亨麗埃塔最偉大的遺產是：

was the vaccine for polio.

是小兒麻痺症的疫苗。

Here's professor of genetics, Sir John Burn,

這是遺傳學教授，約翰-伯恩爵士。

talking to BBC World Service's, The Forum:

談到BBC世界服務的，論壇。

Henrietta would have particularly liked the announcement

亨麗埃塔會特別喜歡這個消息

this year that polio vaccine had led to the eradication of

今年，小兒麻痺症疫苗已導致消滅小兒麻痺症。

polio in Africa – so the centenary of her birth

非洲的小兒麻痺症--所以她的百年誕辰

it seems rather symbolic that her

頗具象徵意義的是，她

unwitting contribution to medicine

功夫不負有心人

eventually eradicated that scourge of mankind.

最終剷除了人類的這一禍害。

John Burn calls polio a scourge,

約翰-伯恩稱小兒麻痺症是一種禍害。

meaning something causing much pain and suffering.

意思是說，讓人痛苦不堪的事情。

Henrietta's role in eradicating this terrible disease

亨麗埃塔在消除這種可怕的疾病中的作用。

is all the more remarkable as she was never asked

更加引人注目的是，她從來沒有被問及

permission to use her cells for research,

允許使用她的細胞進行研究。

and it's taken decades for the Lacks family

而且它花了幾十年 為Lacks家族。

to win their grandmother the recognition she deserves.

為他們的奶奶贏得應有的認可。

That's why John Burn calls Henrietta's contribution unwitting –

這就是為什麼約翰-伯恩說亨麗埃塔的貢獻是無意識的--。

it was made without her knowledge or consent.

是在她不知情或不同意的情況下做的。

And with the eyes of the world now focused on vaccines

而現在全世界的目光都集中在了疫苗上。

for the coronavirus, this year is a symbolic

對於冠狀病毒來說，今年是一個象徵性的年份。

time to celebrate her centenary -

是時候慶祝她的百年誕辰了

the one hundredth anniversary of an important event.

一百週年的重要事件。

Henrietta Lacks - a remarkable woman whose name is

亨麗埃塔-萊克斯--一個了不起的女人，她的名字是：

finally making its way into the history books.

終於被載入史冊。

But something else remarkable happened

但是，還有一件了不起的事情發生了

one hundred years ago, didn't it, Rob?

一百年前，不是嗎，羅布？

Ah yes, you mean my quiz question.

啊，對了，你是說我的考題。

I asked you which important medical breakthrough

我問你哪個重要的醫學突破

occurred one hundred years ago, in 1921.

發生在一百年前的1921年。

I said, a) the discovery of insulin.

我說，一）胰島素的發現。

Which was… the correct answer!

那是... 正確的答案！

Discovered by Canadian doctor Frederick Banting,

由加拿大醫生Frederick Banting發現。

insulin saved the lives of millions of diabetics.

胰島素挽救了數百萬糖尿病患者的生命。

And on that healthy note, let's recap the vocabulary

在這個健康的話題上，讓我們來回顧一下這些詞彙

from this programme, starting with in vitro fertilization,

從這個方案開始，從體外受精開始。

or IVF – a medical technique for women who

或試管嬰兒--一種針對女性的醫療技術，如果

cannot become pregnant naturally.

不能自然懷孕。

Henrietta's HeLa cells helped doctors figure out -

亨利埃塔的HeLa細胞幫助醫生找出------------。

or understand - a lot about how cells grow

或瞭解--很多關於細胞如何生長

and led to so many medical discoveries

並導致了許多醫學上的發現

we might call them a workhorse –

我們可以稱他們為工作馬

something which works extremely hard.

極其努力的東西。

A scourge means something that causes much pain

禍害是指讓人痛苦的東西。

and suffering, like the terrible diseases

和痛苦，就像可怕的疾病

which Henrietta's unwitting, or unknowing,

亨麗埃塔的不知不覺，或不知不覺。

contribution helped eradicate.

貢獻有助於消除。

Making 2021 a year of hope and the perfect time to

讓2021年成為充滿希望的一年，也是最理想的時機。

celebrate the centenary of her birth –

紀念她誕辰一百週年

its one hundredth anniversary!

一百週年！

We hope this upbeat programme has been just

我們希望這個歡快的節目能給我們帶來驚喜。

what the doctor ordered.

按照醫生的吩咐。

Remember to join us again soon at 6 Minute English.

記得近期再來6分鐘英語參加我們的活動。

Bye for now!

再見

Goodbye!

再見！