Name: TED】索爾-格里菲斯：日常問題的硬件解決方案 (【TED】Saul Griffith: Hardware solutions to everyday problems)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:05:47.000Z
Duration: 15 min 16 s

I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?"

當他們問我「你是做什麼的?」，我通常會這樣回應

because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do.

因為這樣很方便地涵括了我做的每一個東西。

And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some

而且，我最近在一個矽谷會議上就是這樣隨意地跟一個風險資本家說的。

Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint."

And I really should have said something smart.

And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it,

and we've seen all these problems in the last few days,

而我們在過去那幾天看到了這些問題，

most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy --

大部分這些重大議題，例如: 潔淨的飲水，潔淨的能源，

and they're interchangeable in some respects --

這兩者在某種程度上是可以相互替換的，

and cleaner, more functional materials --

且是更乾淨，更有功能的材料，

they all look to me to be hardware problems.

他們對我來說都是硬體的問題。

This doesn't mean we should ignore software,

And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about.

So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things

所以，這演講是關於我們如何做東西，

and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future.

以及我們將來有那些製造東西的新方法。

Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker

現在，如果你是演講者，TED會寄給你一堆郵件

about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms,

要你去做這個做那個，要你填一大堆表格

and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you,

而事實上你並不知道他們將如何描述你

and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist.

我剛剛才想到他們將把我描述成未來學家。

And I've always been nervous about the term "futurist,"

談到未來學家這個詞我總是感到緊張

because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it.

由於未來是不可預測的，所以你似乎註定失敗。

And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have,

關於這個我和我聰明的同事們都一起笑了，

and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?"

接著說:「如果我必須談論未來，那未來是什麼?」

And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing.

我的同事George Homsey，一個很聰明的傢伙，他說:「未來很美好的

We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut,

我們將給在你腸子內的細菌重新排列

and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint."

我們將讓你的大便聞起來像薄荷。」

So, you may think that's sort of really crazy,

but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening

So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT.

這不是我的作品，是我在MIT的好朋友的作品。

This is called the registry of standard biological parts.

This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight

這是由Drew Endy和Tom Knight主導的，

and a few other very, very bright individuals.

還有一些其他非常非常優秀的人也參加。

Basically, what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system.

基本上，他們所做的是把生物學看做是一個可程式化的系統。

Literally, think of proteins as subroutines

that you can string together to execute a program.

你可以把一些副程式組合成一個可執行的程式。

Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea.

現在，這變成一個相當有趣的想法。

This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer.

這是一個狀態圖。它是一部很簡單的電腦。

So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches.

或從計算的角度來說，相當是兩個燈的開關。

And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich

And from the results of the same competition last year,

a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria

德州大學的學生給細菌寫入程式

so that they can detect light and switch on and off.

使得細菌可以感應燈光並且可以開燈和關燈。

So this is interesting in the sense that you can now

do "if-then-for" statements in materials, in structure.

將if then for的陳述句導入材料中、結構中

because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly,

因為我們以前所生活的世界是一個模糊的世界，

"Form follows function," but I think I've sort of grown up in a world

先有功能後有形態，但我相信我成長在一個

-- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday;

像你昨天聽到Neil Gershenfeld描述的世界。

I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world

我在一個和他有關的實驗室，在那裡

where information defines form and function.

是一個用資訊來定義形態和功能的世界。

but to show you the power of art over science --

但要現在給你們看藝術的力量如何發揮在科學上。

this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called "HowToons."

這是我畫的一部漫畫。它們叫做"好圖"

I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta.

我和一個叫做Nick Dragotta的優秀漫畫家工作。

and about that many pages to describe what I was doing,

必須用很多篇幅來描述我那時做的事

and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker.

但他只用一頁漫畫就夠了。Tucker是我們的靈感來源。

He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine --

他是一個很有趣的小孩，還有他姊姊Celine

is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl.

是去觀察在他碗裡的燕麥圈自行組合的過程。

And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things,

事實上你可以透過寫程式來控制物品自行組合的過程

於是他從沾巧克力的燕麥圈開始做

changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity.

In theory, if you program those sufficiently,

you should be able to do something pretty interesting

In this case, he's done self-replication of a complex 3D structure.

在這裡，他做出可自行複製複雜的三維結構。

And that's what I thought about for a long time,

because this is how we currently make things.

因為這是我們目前做東西的方法。

that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff, sort of layered up.

The feature side is -- you know, people will say,

[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now.

That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans.

它是一種在海洋中大量存在的單細胞生物。

And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers,

We could do a lot more with computers and things generally

如果我們知道如何以這種方式製造

我們還可以用電腦製造很多其他的東西。

The secret to biology is, it builds computation

生物的奧秘在於，製造的時候有精細的計算。

into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase,

is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA.

本質上是一部專門複製DNA的超級電腦。

And the ribosome here is another little computer

that helps in the translation of the proteins.

in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials,

在某方面來說用生物材料來建造是很棒的，

Can we get self-replicating-type behavior?

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TED】索爾-格里菲斯：日常問題的硬件解決方案 (【TED】Saul Griffith: Hardware solutions to everyday problems)

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